25.0 ml of 0.212 m naoh is neutralized by 13.6 ml of an hcl solution. The molarity of the naoh solution is

Answer:

w gang alright

Explanation:

ay its b alright

Answer:

C is the right one

Explanation:

That dude is bugging that said B

The reaction of ammonia with α-ketoglutarate is catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase and requires NADH or NADHPH as a reactant.

Answer:

See below  

Explanation:

[tex]\rm HCOOH + H_{2}O \rightleftharpoons H_{3}O^{+} + HCOO^{-}[/tex]

The general formula for an equilibrium constant expression is

[tex]K_{eq} = \dfrac{[\text{Products}]}{[\text{Reactants}]}[/tex]

For this reaction,  

[tex]K_{eq} = \dfrac{[\text{HCOO}^{-}][\text{H}_{3}\text{O}^{+}]}{[\text{HCOOH}]}[/tex]

C) Space exploration gives scientists important data they can use to determine the origin of the universe.

Answer:

C) Space exploration gives scientists important data they can use to determine the origin of the universe

Explanation:

Space is being explored from decades now in order to accumulate data that can provide us knowledge about origin of universe and, moreover it may help us finding some different natural resources which are not present on earth. Voyager 1 and 2 are such huge milestone in providing data that is being used for our concerns.

Answer: Option D it separates the hydrogen ion (H+) from the chlorine ion (Cl-)​

Answer: The role of water in the given reaction is that it separates the hydrogen ion [tex](H^+)[/tex] from the chlorine ion [tex](Cl^-)​[/tex]

Explanation:

Ionization reaction is defined as the reaction in which an ionic compound dissociates into its ions when dissolved in aqueous solution.

HCl is an ionic compound made by the combination of hydrogen and chlorine atoms.

When HCl is dissolved in water, it leads to the ionization of the compound and separates the ions.

The chemical equation for the ionization of HCl follows:

[tex]HCl(aq.)\rightarrow H^+(aq.)+Cl^-(aq.)[/tex]

Here, aqueous solution represents the compound is dissolved in water.

Hence, the role of water in the given reaction is that it separates the hydrogen ion [tex](H^+)[/tex] from the chlorine ion [tex](Cl^-)​[/tex]

Answer:

Kindly find the attached image.

Explanation:

Reactants, intermediate, products, activation energy (Ea), and enthalpy change (ΔH).

ΔH = E of products - E of reactants.

Answer: Arrow E represents the enthalpy of the reaction.

Explanation:

Enthalpy of the reaction is defined as the difference in the potential energy of the products and the reactants. It is represented as [tex]\Delta H_{rxn}[/tex]

[tex]\Delta H_{rxn}=H_{products}-H_{reactants}[/tex]

From the image, the points marked represents:

Point A represents the potential energy of the reactants.

Point B represents the intermediate state or transition state in a reaction.

Point C represents the potential energy of the products.

Arrow D represents the activation energy of the reaction.

Arrow E represents the enthalpy of the reaction.

Hence, arrow E represents the enthalpy of the reaction.

Answer:

bromine (Br) and mercury (Hg

Explanation:

Although, elements caesium (Cs), rubidium (Rb), Francium (Fr) and Gallium (Ga) become liquid at or just above room temperature. Mercury doesn't conduct heat or electricity as well as other members of its group. Most metals are solids at room temperature because they share their valence electrons with surrounding metal atoms. However Mercury hangs onto its 6 valence electrons tighter than any other atom.

Answer:

Explanation:

Taking 25°C as the room temperature, there are only two elements that are remarkably  liquid at room temperature; they are bromine, Br, (a nonmetal) and mercury, Hg,  (a metal).

It is very surprisingly: the other 116 elements are either solid or gaseous at room temperature.

Nevertheless, a few degrees above 25° other elements will be liquid.

This is the case of:

This information, of course, is found in tables which are available in internet and some textbooks.

Answer:

About 280 km

Explanation:

1. Find the footprint area of a marble

A marble will fit into a square 1.6 cm on each side.

A = l² = (1.6 cm)² = 2.56 cm²

2. Convert the area of the continental U.S. into square centimetres

(a) Convert to square metres

[tex]A = 8.08 \times 10^{6} \text{ km}^{2}\times \left(\dfrac{\text{1000 m}}{ \text{1 km}}\right) ^{2} = 8.08 \times 10^{12}\text{ m}^{2}[/tex]

(b) Convert to square centimetres

[tex]A = 8.08 \times 10^{12} \text{ m}^{2}\times \left(\dfrac{\text{100 cm}}{ \text{1 m}}\right) ^{2} = 8.08 \times 10^{16}\text{ cm}^{2}[/tex]

3. Calculate the number of marbles to make one layer.

[tex]\text{No. of marbles} = 8.08 \times 10^{16} \text{ cm}^{2}\times \left(\dfrac{ \text{1 marble }}{ \text{2.56 cm}^{2}}\right) = 3.12 \times 10^{16}\text{ marbles}[/tex]

4. Calculate the number of layers needed for Avogadro's number of marbles

Assume the marbles will stack on top of each other like sugar cubes.

[tex]\text{No. of layers}\\= 6.022 \times 10^{23} \text{ marbles} \times \left(\dfrac{ \text{1 layer}}{3.16 \times 10^{16}\text{ marbles}}\right) =1.91\times 10^{7} \text{ layers}[/tex]

5. Calculate the height of the layers

[tex]h = 1.91 \times 10^{7} \text{ layers} \times \dfrac{\text{1.6 cm}}{\text{1 layer}} \times \dfrac{\text{1 cm}}{\text{100 m}} \times \dfrac{\text{1 km}}{\text{1000 m}} = \text{305 km}[/tex]

However, the marbles aren't cubes; they are spheres. Each layer of marbles will slide into the "dimples" of the layer below, like packing oranges into a crate.

The effective height of each layer decreases by about 10 %.

The height of the stack will be about 280 km. That's approximately the straight-line distance from Boston to New York.

A mole of marbles, assuming each marble has a volume of 0.5 cm³, would cover the continental United States to a depth of approximately 37.5 kilometers.

This question is a great example of understanding the concept of moles and units of length in chemistry. A mole, in chemistry, refers to Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10^23) of things, regardless of what the 'things' are. In this case, they're marbles.

If we assume the average marble has a volume of 0.5 cm³ (marbles vary, this is just an estimate), then a mole of marbles would have a volume of: 0.5 cm³/marble x (6.022 x 10^23 marbles/mole) = 3.011 x 10^23 cm³.

To convert this to a more reasonable volume unit, we can use the conversion factor for cm³ to km³, which is 1 km³ = 1 x 10^15 cm³. This gives us approximately 3 x 10^8 km³.

The continental United States has an area of approximately 8 x 10^6 km². To figure out the depth to which a mole of marbles would cover we simply divide the volume by the area 3 x 10^8 km³ ÷ 8 x 10^6 km² = 37.5 km deep.

The mole of marbles would cover the continental United States to a depth of approximately 37.5 kilometers.

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Answer:

D. The process in which a substance gains energy

Explanation:

An endothermic reaction is a reaction in which heat energy is absorbed from the surroundings therefore we can imply that in such reaction, the substances gains energy. In endothermic reactions, the surrounding becomes colder at the end of the changes.

Here, the heat energy level of the final state is higher than that of the initial state. Most dissolution reactions are endothermic in nature. Examples are dissolution of Sodium chloride in water.

Note: it is in exothermic reaction that heat energy is liberated to the surrounding

Answer:

D. The process in which a substance gains energy

Explanation:

The pOH of the solution was used to calculate the pH. Using the pH, the hydrogen ion concentration was calculated to be approximately 3.16 × 10^-10 M.

The question is asking about calculating the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, given the pOH and the ion product constant for water, Kw. To solve this, we have to use the relationship between pOH, pH, and Kw; where at 25°C, the sum of pH and pOH is equal to 14. Since we know the pOH, we can calculate pH first. The pH value would be 14 - 4.50 = 9.50.

To find the hydrogen ion concentration ([H3O+]), we can use the formula [H3O+] = 10^-pH. Therefore [H3O+] = 10^-9.50 ≈ 3.16 × 10^-10 M. Hence, the hydrogen ion concentration of this solution is 3.16 × 10^-10 M.

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Answer:

4 atoms.

Explanation:

1 atom of C and 4 atoms F.

So, a molecule of carbon tetrafluoride contains 4 atoms of flourine.

Answer:

[tex]\boxed{\text{True; False; True}}[/tex]

Explanation:

Catalysts lower activation energy. TRUE.  

They provide an alternate pathway with a lower activation energy.

Catalysts are consumed by the overall reaction. FALSE.

They take part in the reaction, but they can be recovered unchanged at the end.

Catalysts speed up the chemical reactions. TRUE.

If the activation energy is lowered, a greater percentage of the molecules will have enough energy to get over the energy barrier.

Its like lowering the high-bar in a track and field meet. The lower the bar, the more athletes will be able to get over it.

Answer:

D

Explanation:

There are four types of protein structures:

1. Primary Structure - linear order of amino acids in a polypeptide

2. Secondary Structure - folding of the amino acids into a repeated pattern due to hydrogen bonding of the polypeptide backbone

3. Tertiary Structure - the three dimensional structure created by a single polypeptide

4. Quaternary Structure - the arrangement of a number of polypeptide (two or more) folded into a larger complex.

The figure shows the Quaternary structure found in proteins, as is evident from the two different polypeptide chains (identified as light grey and a darker grey) that fold into a complex. This structure is often held together by van der waals forces, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and in some cases, covalent bonds.

Answer:

Explanation:

You need the conversion factor to convert the value of 12.33 kPa to milimiters of mercury, mmHg.

The converstion factors are looked at tables, which today you can find in internet.

Since the conversions between kPa and atm and between atm and mmHg are more widely known, I will show the conversion using those relations:

⇒ 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg

Then, dividing both sides by 101.325 kPa you get the conversion factor:

Now, multiply 12.33 kPa by that conversion factor:

Final answer:

The vapor pressure of water at 50.0°C, which is 12.33 kPa, when converted to millimeters of mercury, is approximately 92.906 mmHg.

Explanation:

The vapor pressure of water at 50.0°C is given as 12.33 kPa. To convert this to millimeters of mercury (mmHg), we can use the conversion factor that 1 atm is equivalent to 101.325 kPa and also to 760 mmHg. Therefore, to convert kPa to mmHg, we multiply the pressure in kPa by the ratio of these two constants:

12.33 kPa * (760 mmHg / 101.325 kPa) = 92.906 mmHg (rounded to three significant figures).

Thus, the vapor pressure of water at 50.0°C is approximately 92.906 mmHg.

your answer should be B. “The universe began as a small, dense ball of matter.”

mark me brainliest please

Answer:

H2S.

Explanation:

That would be H2S,  hydrogen sulphide. (Smells like bad eggs!).

Answer:

Structural formulas

Explanation:

I know cause i just did it

The isomers butane and methyl propane differ in their structural formulas. Hence, option 2 is correct.

Structural formulas identify the location of chemical bonds between the atoms of a molecule.

Isomers are compounds with different physical and chemical properties but the same molecular formula.

In organic chemistry, there are many cases of isomerism.

For example, the formula [tex]C_4H_10[/tex] represents both butane and methylpropane.

Hence, option 2 is correct.

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Answer:

See below  

Explanation:

Each metal oxide reacts with HCl to form water and the metal chloride

[tex]\rm SrO + 2HCl \longrightarrow SrCl_{2} + H_{2}O\\\\Na_{2}O + 2HCl \longrightarrow 2NaCl + H_{2}O\\\\Li_{2}O + 2HCl \longrightarrow 2LiCl + H_{2}O\\\\BaO + 2HCl \longrightarrow BaCl_{2} + H_{2}O[/tex]

Answer:

Generally, metal oxides reacts with hydrochloric acid(HCl) to form the corresponding salts and water

SrO + 2HCl  → SrCl2 + H2O

Na2O + 2HCl  → 2NaCl + H2O

Li2O + 2HCl  → 2LiCl + H2O

BaO + 2HCl  → BaCl2 + H2O

Explanation:

Metal oxides are basic in nature .This means they have a high pH value ( >7 ). This is why if they react with acid  the product becomes salt and water. Now let us write a balance equation between the following metal oxides and Hydrochloric acid(HCl) as stated in the questions.

SrO + 2HCl  → SrCl2 + H2O

The above equation has the reactant at the left hand side and the products at the right hand side. Balancing the equation requires that the number of each element present on the reactant sides need to be equal on the product sides . Sr(strontium) has only one atom(SrO) and one atom of oxygen (SrO) on the reactant side. On the product side, Sr has one atom(SrCl) and one atom of oxygen(H2O). So Sr and O is balanced on both sides. The hydrogen on the product sides has 2 atom and the chlorine has 2 atom too . To balance the 2 atoms with that on the reactant side we add 2 in front of HCl  to make hydrogen 2 atoms and chlorine 2 atoms.

Na2O + 2HCl  → 2NaCl + H2O

Same method applied to balance the first equation is used here . Make sure every number of atom on the left side is equal to the right sides. The sodium is diatomic on the left and right sides. The oxygen has one atom on both sides .The hydrogen is diatomic on both sides  and chlorine is diatomic on both sides. so the equation is balanced.

Li2O + 2HCl  → 2LiCl + H2O

The equation is balance  here as I added 2 in front of HCl to balance hydrogen and chlorine on both sides. And add 2 in front of LiCl  to balance with the diatomic Chlorine and lithium on the reactant side.

BaO + 2HCl  → BaCl2 + H2O

I only added 2 to the HCl acid to balance it with what we have on the right sides.

Answer:

Explanation:

Chemical compounds are pure substances constituted by two or more different elements. They have fixed composition and have their unique chemical properties, different from their individual components (elements) and from other compounds.

Thus chemical compounds can be broken down by a chemical change into their individual atoms or other simpler compounds.

The substances indicated by the choices A) methane, B) propanal, and D) water, are chemical compounds with chemical formulae CH₄, C₃H₆O, and H₂O, respectively, so they can be broken down into their consitutents by a chemical change.

On the other hand, tungsten is one of the 118 known elements. Its atomic number is 74, and its chemical symbol is W.

Then, being tungsten an element, which means that all the atoms present in a pure sample have the same number of protons and electrons, it cannot be broken down by a chemical change. The only way to split an atom of tungsten is by a nuclear reaction.

Answer:

[tex]\huge \boxed{\mathrm{C) \ Tungsten}}[/tex]

Explanation:

Tungsten cannot be broken by any physical or chemical methods, because it is an element. It has properties of an element not a compound nor mixture.

Tungsten is an element in the periodic table with an atomic number of 74, symbol W, and atomic mass of 183.84 u.

Tungsten is also a rare metal and is the strongest known metal on Earth. Tungsten can be used to make bullets and missiles.

It seems like the answer is C, you really just need to use the process of elimination.

Suspect A's ability to recount events in reverse order demonstrates reliance on the power of their memory. However, eyewitness confidence does not necessarily equate to memory accuracy due to potential suggestibility and memory distortion.

When Suspect A retells the events of a certain evening in the reverse order after confidently describing them one way, they are relying primarily on the power of their memory. This ability demonstrates that they have a concrete and detailed recollection of the events. Contrary to being an attempt to confuse the interrogator or a function of inexperience or a demonstration of lying ability, being able to retell events in reverse order suggests a strong and accurate memory. It is important to note, however, that eyewitnesses may be very confident in their recollections even when their memories are incorrect, which is a natural flaw in human cognition known as memory distortion. Furthermore, eyewitnesses can have their memories influenced by external factors, such as the suggestibility that can occur during police questioning.

There are 79.7 moles of tungsten atoms in 4.8 x 10^25 tungsten atoms, calculated by dividing the total number of atoms by Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol).

To determine how many moles of tungsten atoms are in 4.8 x 10^25 atoms, we utilize Avogadro's number, which states that one mole of any substance contains 6.022 x 10^23 representative particles (atoms, molecules, etc.). To perform the conversion, we divide the total number of tungsten atoms by Avogadro's number.

The calculation would be:
(4.8 x 10^25 atoms of W) / (6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol) = 7.97 x 10^1 mol of W

Therefore, there are 79.7 moles of tungsten atoms in 4.8 x 10^25 atoms.

Approximately 80.0 moles of tungsten atoms are in 4.8 x10²⁵.

To find the number of moles of tungsten atoms in 4.8 × 10²⁵ atoms, we can use Avogadro's number. Avogadro's number is 6.022 × 10²³ atoms/mol, which tells us the number of atoms in one mole of a substance.

Step-by-Step Solution:

moles of tungsten = (4.8 × 10²⁵ atoms) / (6.022 × 10²³ atoms/mole)

Now, perform the division:

moles of tungsten = 4.8 / 6.022 × [tex]10^{(25 - 23)[/tex]

moles of tungsten = 0.797 × 10²

moles of tungsten ≈ 79.7

Therefore, there are approximately 80.0 moles of tungsten atoms in 4.8 × 10²⁵ atoms of tungsten.

3.44x10^23 divided by 6.02x10^23 equals 0.571 mol Cu.

Final answer:

To find the number of moles equivalent to 3.44 × 10²³ atoms of copper, you divide the given number of atoms by Avogadro's number, resulting in approximately 0.571 moles of copper.

Explanation:

To calculate the number of moles of copper equivalent to 3.44 × 10²³ atoms of copper, we need to use Avogadro's number, which is approximately 6.02 × 10²³ atoms/mol. This is the number of atoms in one mole of any element.

Here is the step-by-step calculation:

Therefore, there are roughly 0.571 moles of copper in 3.44 × 10²³ copper atoms.

Answer:

All samples of a given chemical compound will be composed of the same elements in the same proportion.

Explanation:

The law of constant composition or definite proportions states that "all pure samples of the same chemical compound contain the same proportions of the elements by mass". For example, every time water H₂O forms, it would always  have the same proportion of hydrogen and oxygen.

The law of constant composition states that all samples of a given chemical compound will have the same elements in the same proportion by mass. This law helps in understanding chemical reactions and stoichiometry.

The law of constant composition (also known as the law of definite proportions) states that all samples of a given chemical compound will be composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass. This means that regardless of the size or source of the compound, the ratio of the elements in the compound will always be the same.

For example, if we take water (H2O) as a compound, it will always have two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom. This ratio of 2:1 is the same for any sample of water. This law highlights the fundamental principle that the composition of a compound is fixed and predictable, and it forms the basis for understanding chemical reactions and stoichiometry.

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Answer:

[tex]\boxed{\text{O}_{2}^{+}}[/tex]

Explanation:

We must fill in the MO diagrams and calculate the bond orders for each species.  

1. O₂⁺

An O atom has six valence electrons, so two O atoms have 12 valence electrons.

O₂⁺ has lost an electron. In Figure 1, we give one O atom six electrons and the other atom five.

Then we add 11 electrons to the molecular orbitals, using the same rules as for atomic orbitals.

Bond order = (Bonding electrons – antibonding electrons)/2

BO = ½(B – A)

B = ½ (8 – 3) = 2.5

2. O₂

O₂ has 12 valence electrons, so we put 12 electrons in Figure 2 and calculate the bonding order.

B = ½ (8 - 4) = 2

3. O₂⁻

O₂⁻ has 13 valence electrons, so we put 13 electrons in Figure 3 and calculate the bonding order.

B = ½ (8 – 5) = 1.5

The species with the highest bond order has the strongest bonds.

O₂⁺ has the highest bond order, so [tex]\boxed{\text{O}_{2}^{+}}[/tex] has the strongest bonds.

According to Molecular Orbital Theory, the species O2+ has the strongest bond. The bond order calculation reveals that O2+ has a bond order of 2.5, compared to O2 with a bond order of 2, and O2-, which has a bond order of 1.5.

To determine which species (O2-, O2 or O2+) has the strongest bond according to Molecular Orbital Theory, we need to consider the bond order, which is an indicator of bond strength. The bond order is determined by subtracting the number of electrons in antibonding orbitals from the number of electrons in bonding orbitals, and halving the result.

The diatomic oxygen molecule, O2, has a bond order of 2. For O2+, one electron is removed, creating a bond order of 2.5. For O2-, an electron is added, which must enter an antibonding orbital, resulting in a bond order of 1.5.

Therefore, according to Molecular Orbital Theory, O2+ (with a bond order of 2.5) has the strongest bond.

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Answer:

The reaction requires 0.795 grams of HCl. True.

This reaction also produces 1.04 grams of MgCl₂. True.

The number of moles of the reactants consumed will equal the number of moles of the products made. False.

Explanation:

2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) → MgCl₂(aq) + H₂(g),

It is clear that 2 mol of HCl react with 1 mol of Mg to produce 1 mol of MgCl₂ and 2 mol of H₂.

The reaction requires 0.795 grams of HCl.

no. of moles of H₂ = mass/molar mass = (0.022 g)/(2.015 g/mol) = 0.01092 mol.

using cross multiplication:

2 mol of HCl produce → 1 mol of H₂, from stichiometry.

??? mol of HCl produce → 0.01092 mol of H₂.

∴ The no. of moles of HCl needed to produce (0.01092 mol) of H₂ = (2 mol)(0.01092 mol)/(1 mol) = 0.02184 mol.

∴ The mass of HCl needed = no. of moles * molar mass = (0.02184 mol)*(36.46 g/mol) = 0.796 g.

So, this statement is true.

This reaction also produces 1.04 grams of MgCl₂.

using cross multiplication:

1 mol of MgCl₂ produced with → 1 mol of H₂, from stichiometry.

0.01092 mol of MgCl₂ produce with → 0.01092 mol of H₂.

∴ The mass of MgCl₂ produced = no. of moles * molar mass = (0.01092 mol)*(95.211 g/mol) = 1.04 g.

So, this statement is true.

The number of moles of the reactants consumed will equal the number of moles of the products made.

From the stichiometry 3 moles of reactants (2 mol of HCl, 1 mol of Mg) are reacted to produce 2 moles of products (1 mol of MgCl₂, 1 mol of H₂).

So, the statement is false.

Out of the given statements, True are:

The reaction requires 0.795 grams of HCl.

This reaction also produces 1.04 grams of MgCl₂.

Out of the given statements, False are:

The number of moles of the reactants consumed will equal the number of moles of the products made.

2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) → MgCl₂(aq) + H₂(g),

When 2 mol of HCl react with 1 mol of Mg to produce 1 mol of MgCl₂ and 2 mol of H₂.

The reaction requires 0.795 grams of HCl.

Calculation for number of moles:

No. of moles of H₂ = mass/molar mass = (0.022 g)/(2.015 g/mol) = 0.01092 mol.

To find:

The required mass of HCl to produce 0.022 g of H₂ (0.01092 mol):

2 mol of HCl produce → 1 mol of H₂, from stoichiometry.

??? mol of HCl produce → 0.01092 mol of H₂.

Thus, the no. of moles of HCl needed to produce (0.01092 mol) of H₂ = (2 mol)(0.01092 mol)/(1 mol) = 0.02184 mol.

And , the mass of HCl needed = no. of moles * molar mass = (0.02184 mol)*(36.46 g/mol) = 0.796 g.

So, this statement is true.

This reaction also produces 1.04 grams of MgCl₂.

To find:

The mass of MgCl₂ produced with 0.022 g of H₂ (0.01092 mol):

1 mol of MgCl₂ produced with → 1 mol of H₂, from stoichiometry.

0.01092 mol of MgCl₂ produce with → 0.01092 mol of H₂.

Thus, the mass of MgCl₂ produced = no. of moles * molar mass = (0.01092 mol)*(95.211 g/mol) = 1.04 g.

So, this statement is true.

Thus, the true statements are given above.

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Answer:

Inert gases

Explanation:

Inert elements have a stable electron configuration meaning their shells/orbitals are full with their requisite number of electrons. Therefore, gaining or losing an electron would take high ionization energy. Therefore they are less likely to be involved in chemical reaction unless a high amount of energy is used. An example of an inert gas is Helium.

Answer:

[tex]\boxed{-6.29 \times10^{5}\text{ J}}[/tex]

Explanation:

Step 1. Determine the cell potential

                                                     E°/V    

2×[Cr ⟶ Cr³⁺ + 3e⁻]                  0.744  V

3×[Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ ⟶ Cu]               0.3419 V

2Cr + 3Cu²⁺ ⟶ 3Cu  + 2Cr³⁺    1.086  V

Step 2. Calculate ΔG°

[tex]\Delta G^{\circ} = -nFE_{\text{cell}}^{^{\circ}} = -6 \times 96 485 \times 1.086 = \text{-629 000 J}\\\\= \boxed{-6.29 \times10^{5}\text{ J}}[/tex]

The value of change in free energy of the given cell reaction is -6.2×10⁵J.

Change in free energy for a cell will be calculated by using the below equation as:

ΔG° = -nFE°, where

2×[Cr ⟶ Cr³⁺ + 3e⁻]              

3×[Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ ⟶ Cu]            

Overall reaction will be

2Cr + 3Cu²⁺ ⟶ 3Cu  + 2Cr³⁺

So number of electrons involved are 6.

On putting all these values on the above equation, we get

ΔG° = -(6)(96485)(1.08) = -625,222.8J = -6.2×10⁵J

Hence required value of ΔG° for the cell is -6.2×10⁵J.

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4.73 mol (OPTION C)

In order to find the moles of Li produced by the reaction, we have to work from the known information (moles of barium), make a connection between the two species (mole ratio between barium and lithium), then we can calculate determine the moles of Lithium.

Balanced Equation:  2LiBr  +  Ba   →   BaBr₂  +  2Li

                       moles = mass ÷ molar mass

Since the mass of barium is 325 g and its molar mass is 137 g/mol,

then the moles of barium = 325 g ÷ 137 g/mol

                                          = 2.37 mol

Now to find the number of moles of Lithium,  compare the mole ratio of Barium to Lithium based on the stoichiometric values of the balance equation:

      mole ratio of Ba : Li is 1 : 2

    ∴ for every moles of barium in the reaction, there are two moles of Lithium produced

⇒ if moles of Ba = 2.37 moles

then moles of Li = 2.37 moles × 2 moles

                           =  4.74 moles (OPTION C)                                  

4.73 mol of lithium (Li) are produced

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An indicator in a titration indicates when the reaction has reached its equivalence point by undergoing a noticeable color change. This color change marks the end point of the titration, providing an estimate for more accurate calculations of analyte concentration.

The function of an indicator in a titration is to show when a reaction has reached its equivalence point, which is typically determined by a noticeable change in the color of the solution. Indicators like methyl orange, litmus, or phenolphthalein are substances that change color at or near the equivalence point of the titration. These color changes, which are sensitive to the pH level of the solution, mark the end point of the titration, allowing for accurate measurements and calculations of analyte concentration.

For instance, in a strong acid titration, the solution pH hits the lower limit of the methyl orange color change interval after the required amount of titrant has been added, thus changing the initial red solution to appear orange. On reaching the equivalence point, the solution turns yellow, suggesting the endpoint of the titration. Similarly, phenolphthalein goes colorless to pink around the equivalence point, helping to identify when the titration has been completed.

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The function of an indicator in a titration is to signal the end point of the reaction, which ideally corresponds to the equivalence point.

In titration, an indicator is a substance that changes color at a specific pH level, which is chosen to match the completion of the chemical reaction being studied. The equivalence point is the point at which the amount of titrant added is stoichiometrically equivalent to the amount of analyte in the solution. Since the equivalence point cannot be observed directly, an indicator is used to mark the end point, which is a visible change that occurs at or very near the equivalence point.

 The choice of indicator is crucial and depends on the nature of the titration. For acid-base titrations, indicators are selected based on their pKa values, which should be close to the pH at the equivalence point. For example, phenolphthalein is commonly used for strong acid-strong base titrations because it changes color in the pH range of 8.2 to 10.0, which is suitable for such reactions.

 The accuracy of the titration can be affected by the choice of indicator. If the pKa of the indicator is not close enough to the pH of the equivalence point, the end point and equivalence point may not coincide, leading to a titration error. Therefore, a good indicator should have a sharp color change within a narrow pH range that brackets the expected pH at the equivalence point.

In summary, the function of an indicator in titration is to provide a clear, observable change that indicates when the equivalence point has been reached, allowing for the precise determination of the concentration of the analyte.

The process of fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage. During fermentation, yeasts transform sugars present in the juice into ethanol and carbon dioxide (as a by-product).

Fermentation is the process by which yeast, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, converts the sugars in grapes into alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide. The chemical equation for this conversion is C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2CO₂ + 2C₂H₅OH +energy. Wine fermentation tanks have valves to release the CO₂ by product.

The conversion of sugar in grapes into alcohol is done through a biological process called fermentation. During fermentation, yeast, specifically a type called Saccharomyces cerevisiae, plays a vital role. Yeasts consume the sugars in grapes, such as glucose, and convert them into alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide as byproducts. The overall chemical reaction for producing ethanol from glucose during fermentation is represented as:

C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2CO₂ + 2C₂H₅OH + energy

In the winemaking process, the grape juice, or 'grape must', is inoculated with S. cerevisiae to initiate the fermentation. As the yeast metabolizes the sugar, ethanol is produced, which gives wine its alcoholic content. Fermentation tanks used to make wine have valves to release the carbon dioxide that is created as a byproduct of this process.