Force P is 11304 N and normal stress is 400 N/mm²
Explanation:
Given-
Length, l = 9 m = 9000 mm
Diameter, d = 6 mm
Radius, r = 3 mm
Stretched length, Δl= 18 mm
Modulus of elasticity, E = 200 GPa = 200 X 10³MPa
Force, P = ?
According to Hooke's law,
Stress is directly proportional to strain.
So,
σ ∝ ε
σ = E ε
Where, E is the modulus of elasticity
We know,
ε = Δl / l
So,
σ = E X Δl/l
σ =
[tex]200 X 10^3 * \frac{18}{9000} \\\\ = 400N/mm^2[/tex]
We know,
σ = P/A
And A = π (r)²
σ = P / π (r)²
[tex]400 N/mm^2 = \frac{P}{3.14 X (3)^2} \\\\400 = \frac{P}{28.26} \\\\P = 11304N[/tex]
Therefore, Force P is 11304 N and normal stress is 400 N/mm²
The magnitude of the force is 11.3KN and the normal stress is 400 MPa
Given that length (L) = 9 m, diameter (d) = 6 mm = 6 * 10⁻³ m, extension (δ) = 18 mm = 18 * 10⁻³ m, E = 200 GPa = 200 * 10⁹ Pa
The area of the wire (A) is:
[tex]A=\pi*\frac{diameter^2}{4}=\pi*\frac{(6*10^{-4})^2}{4} =28*10^{-6}\ m^2[/tex]
[tex]\delta=\frac{PL}{AE} \\\\P=\frac{AE\delta}{L}=\frac{28*10^{-6}*200*10^9*18*10^{-3}}{9}=11300N\\\\\\Normal\ stress(\sigma)=\frac{P}{A} =\frac{11300}{28*10^{-6}} =400*10^6\ Pa[/tex]
The magnitude of the force is 11.3KN and the normal stress is 400 MPa
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(TCO 4) A system samples a sinusoid of frequency 190 Hz at a rate of 120 Hz and writes the sampled signal to its output without further modification. Determine the frequency that the sampling system will generate in its output.
Answer:
The frequency that the sampling system will generate in its output is 70 Hz
Explanation:
Given;
F = 190 Hz
Fs = 120 Hz
Output Frequency = F - nFs
When n = 1
Output Frequency = 190 - 120 = 70 Hz
Therefore, if a system samples a sinusoid of frequency 190 Hz at a rate of 120 Hz and writes the sampled signal to its output without further modification, the frequency that the sampling system will generate in its output is 70 Hz
2. The initially velocity of the box and truck is 60 mph. When the truck brakes such that the deceleration is constant it takes the truck 350 ft to come to rest. During that time the box slides 10 ft and slams into the end of the truck at B. If the coeff of kinetic friction is 0.3, at what speed relative to the truck does the box hit at B? Ans: 5.29 ft/s.
Answer:
Speed with which the box hits the truck at B relative to the truck = 5.29 ft/s
Explanation:
First of, we calculate the deceleration of the truck+box setup using the equations of motion.
x = distance tavelled during the deceleration = 350 ft
u = initial velocity of the truck = 60 mph = 88 ft/s
v = final velocity of the truck = 0 m/s
a = ?
v² = u² + 2ax
0² = 88² + 2(a)(350)
700 a = - 88²
a = - 11.04 ft/s²
But this deceleration acts on the crate as a force trying to put the box in motion.
The motion of the box will be due to the net force on the box
Net force on the box = (Force from deceleration of the truck) - (Frictional force)
Net force = ma
Frictional Force = μmg = 0.3 × m × 32.2 = 9.66 m
Force from the deceleration of the truck = m × 11.04 = 11.04 m
ma = 11.04m - 9.66m
a = 11.04 - 9.66 = 1.4 ft/s²
This net acceleration is now responsible for its motion from rest, through the 10 ft that the box moved, to point B to hit the truck.
x = 10 ft
a = 1.4 ft/s²
u = 0 m/s (box starts from rest, relative to the truck)
v = final velocity of the box relative to the truck, before hitting the truck's wall = ?
v² = u² + 2ax
v² = 0² + 2(1.4)(10)
v² = 28
v = 5.29 ft/s
A solid titanium alloy [G 114 GPa] shaft that is 720 mm long will be subjected to a pure torque of T 155 N m. Determine the minimum diameter required if the shear stress must not exceed 150 MPa and the angle of twist must not exceed 7?. Report both the maximum shear stress ? and the angle of twist ? at this minimum diameter. ?Part 1 where d is the shaft diameter. The polar moment of inertia is also a function of d. Find Incorrect. Consider the elastic tors on formula. The maximum shear stress occurs at the radial location ? = (d 2 the value of d for which the maximum shear stress in the shaft equals 150 MPa. Based only on the requirement that the shear stress must not exceed 150 MPa, what is the minimum diameter of the shaft? dr 16.1763 the tolerance is +/-2% Click if you would like to Show Work for this question: Open Show Work Attempts: 1 of 3 used SAVE FOR LATER SUBMIT ANSWER Part 2 Based only on the requirement that the angle of twist must not exceed 7°, what is the minimum diameter of the shaft?
Answer:
Part 1: The diameter of the shaft so that the shear stress is not more than 150 MPa is 17.3 mm.
Part 2: The diameter of the shaft so that the twist angle is not more than 7° is 16.9 mm.
Explanation:
Part 1
The formula is given as
[tex]\dfrac{T}{J}=\dfrac{\tau}{R}[/tex]
Here T is the torque which is given as 155 Nm
J is the rotational inertia which is given as [tex]\dfrac{\pi d^4}{32}[/tex]
τ is the shear stress which is given as 150 MPa
R is the radius which is given as d/2 so the equation becomes
[tex]\dfrac{T}{J}=\dfrac{\tau}{R}\\\dfrac{155}{\pi d^4/32}=\dfrac{150 \times 10^6}{d/2}\\\dfrac{155 \times 32}{\pi d^4}=\dfrac{300 \times 10^6}{d}\\\dfrac{1578.82}{d^4}=\dfrac{300 \times 10^6}{d}\\d^3=\dfrac{1578.82}{300 \times 10^6}\\d^3=5.26 \times 10^{-6}\\d=0.0173 m \approx 17.3 mm[/tex]
So the diameter of the shaft so that the shear stress is not more than 150 MPa is 17.3 mm.
Part 2
The formula is given as
[tex]\dfrac{T}{J}=\dfrac{G\theta}{L}[/tex]
Here T is the torque which is given as 155 Nm
J is the rotational inertia which is given as [tex]\dfrac{\pi d^4}{32}[/tex]
G is the torsional modulus which is given as 114 GPa
L is the length which is given as 720 mm=0.720m
θ is the twist angle which is given as 7° this is converted to radian as
[tex]\theta=\dfrac{7*\pi}{180}\\\theta=0.122 rad\\[/tex]
so the equation becomes
[tex]\dfrac{T}{J}=\dfrac{G\theta}{L}\\\dfrac{155}{\pi d^4/32}=\dfrac{114 \times 10^9\times 0.122}{0.720}\\\dfrac{1578.81}{d^4}=1.93\times 10^{10}\\d^4=\dfrac{1578.81}{1.93\times 10^{10}}\\d=(\dfrac{1578.81}{1.93\times 10^{10}})^{1/4}\\d=0.0169 m \approx 16.9mm[/tex]
So the diameter of the shaft so that the twist angle is not more than 7° is 16.9 mm.
In C++ the declaration of floating point variables starts with the type name float or double, followed by the name of the variable, and terminates with a semicolon. It is possible to declare multiple variables separated by commas in one statement. The following statements present examples, float z; double z, w; The following partial grammar represents the specification for C++ style variable declaration. In this grammar, the letters z and w are terminals that represent two variable names. The non-terminal S is the start symbol. S=TV; V=CX X = , VIE T = float double C = z w 1 - Determine Nullable values for the LHS and RHS of all rules. Please note, your answer includes all Nullable functions for LHS and RHS, in addition to the resulting values. (25 points)
Answer:
The given grammar is :
S = T V ;
V = C X
X = , V | ε
T = float | double
C = z | w
1.
Nullable variables are the variables which generate ε ( epsilon ) after one or more steps.
From the given grammar,
Nullable variable is X as it generates ε ( epsilon ) in the production rule : X -> ε.
No other variables generate variable X or ε.
So, only variable X is nullable.
2.
First of nullable variable X is First (X ) = , and ε (epsilon).
L.H.S.
The first of other varibles are :
First (S) = {float, double }
First (T) = {float, double }
First (V) = {z, w}
First (C) = {z, w}
R.H.S.
First (T V ; ) = {float, double }
First ( C X ) = {z, w}
First (, V) = ,
First ( ε ) = ε
First (float) = float
First (double) = double
First (z) = z
First (w) = w
3.
Follow of nullable variable X is Follow (V).
Follow (S) = $
Follow (T) = {z, w}
Follow (V) = ;
Follow (X) = Follow (V) = ;
Follow (C) = , and ;
Explanation:
Imagine two tanks. Tank A is filled to depth h with water. Tank B is filled to depth h with oil. Which tank has the largest pressure? Why? Where in the tank does the largest pressure occur?
Answer:
Tank A, due to higher density of water. At the bottom of the tank.
Explanation:
According to the theory of hydrostatics, pressure change is the product of density, gravity constant and depth. The higher the density, the higher the depth. As oil ([tex]\rho_{oil} = 920 \frac{kg}{m^{3}}[/tex]) has a density lower than in water ([tex]\rho_{water} = 1000 \frac{kg}{m^{3}}[/tex]), the largest pressure occur in tank A. The highest pressure occurs at the bottom of the tank A due to the fluid column.
The primary mirror of a large telescope can have a diameter of 10 m and a mosaic of 36 hexagonal segments with the orientation of each segment actively controlled. Suppose this unity feedback system for the mirror segments has the loop transfer function
L(s) = Gc (s)G(s) = K / s(s^2 + 2s + 5) .
(a) Find the asymptotes and sketch them in the s-plane.
(b) Find the angle of departure from the complex poles.
(c) Determine the gain when two roots lie on the imaginary axis.
(d) Sketch the root locus.
Answer:
b. Angle of departure=26.56 degrees
c. √5j
Please see attachment for the sketch and step by step guide.
A photovoltaic panel of dimension 2m×4m is installed on the
roof of a home. The panel is irradiated with a solar flux of GS =700W /m2, oriented normal to
the top panel surface. The absorptivity of the panel to the solar
Irradiation is s =0.83, and the efficiency of conversion of the absorbed flux to electrical power
is P /sGsA =0.553−0.001Tp, where Tp is the panel temperature expressed in Kelvins and A is
the solar panel area. Determine the electric power generated for
a. A still summer day, in which Tsur =T[infinity]=35C, h=100W /m2 â‹…K, and
b. A breezy winter day, for which Tsur =T[infinity]=−15oC, h=30W /m2 ⋅K. The panel Emissivity is 0.90.
The electric power generated by a photovoltaic panel is calculated using the panel's dimensions, solar flux, absorptivity, conversion efficiency, and environmental conditions such as temperature and heat transfer coefficient, with different calculations for summer day and breezy winter day scenarios.
Explanation:Calculation of Electric Power Generated by a Photovoltaic Panel
To determine the electric power generated by a photovoltaic panel, we use the given parameters of the panel's dimensions, solar flux, absorptivity, efficiency of conversion, and the various conditions of the environment as provided in the question. On a still summer day with given temperature and heat transfer coefficient, we would need to calculate the temperature of the panel and use it in the efficiency formula to find the electrical power generated. Similarly, calculations would be performed for a breezy winter day. These calculations involve physics principles like heat transfer, solar radiation, and photovoltaic efficiency.
g Double‑reciprocal, or Lineweaver–Burk, plots can reveal the type of enzyme inhibition exhibited by an inhibitor. Competitive inhibitors increase the K M without affecting the V max . Noncompetitive inhibitors decrease the V max without affecting the K M . Uncompetitive inhibitors decrease both the K M and V max . A Lineweaver Burk plot shows two lines representing the kinetics of an enzyme with and without inhibitor. The x-axis plots the inverse of the substrate concentration, and the y-axis plots the inverse of the reaction velocity. The x-intercept of the line with inhibitor is more negative than the line with no inhibitor. Both lines have the same y-intercept. Based on the Lineweaver–Burk plot, what type of enzyme inhibition is exhibited by the inhibitor?
competitive
noncompetitive
uncompetitive
cannot be determined
Answer:
The answer is competitive inhibitor.
Explanation:
Line-Weaver Burk Plots are designed by Hans Lineweaver and Dean Burk in 1934 and they are used to show the inhibition process of the enzymes in biochemistry.
In the question we are given the description of competitive inhibitors, non-competitive inhibitors and uncompetitive inhibitors. According to the example given later where the x-axis plot and y-axis plot is described with their interceptions of the x and y axis, since both lines have the same y intercept and the no-inhibitor line is more negative than the inhibitor line, we can deduce that the type of enzyme inhibition is exhibited by a competitive inhibitor.
I hope this answer helps.
Calculate the modulus, in GPa, of the bar of a steel alloy that has a measured stress of 321 MPa corresponding to a measured strain of 0.00155 in the linear elastic portion of the curve. Round answer to 3 significant figures and report answer in the format: 123 GPa
Answer:
E = 207 GPa
Explanation:
Young's modulus is given by following equation:
[tex]E = \frac{\sigma}{\epsilon}[/tex]
Where [tex]\sigma[/tex] and [tex]\epsilon[/tex] are stress and strain, respectively.
By replacing terms:
[tex]E = \frac{0.321 GPa}{0.00155}\\E = 207 GPa[/tex]
214Bi83 --> 214Po84 + eBismuth-214 undergoes first-order radioactive decay to polonium-214 by the release of a beta particle, as represented by the nuclear equation above. Which of the following quantities plotted versus time will produce a straight line?(A) [Bi](B) [Po](C) ln[Bi](D) 1/[Bi]
Answer:
(C) ln [Bi]
Explanation:
Radioactive materials will usually decay based on their specific half lives. In radioactivity, the plot of the natural logarithm of the original radioactive material against time will give a straight-line curve. This is mostly used to estimate the decay constant that is equivalent to the negative of the slope. Thus, the answer is option C.
Answer:
Option C. ln[Bi]
Explanation:
The nuclear equation of first-order radioactive decay of Bi to Po is:
²¹⁴Bi₈₃ → ²¹⁴Po₈₄ + e⁻
The radioactive decay is expressed by the following equation:
[tex] N_{t} = N_{0}e^{-\lambda t} [/tex] (1)
where Nt: is the number of particles at time t, No: is the initial number of particles, and λ: is the decay constant.
To plot the variation of the quantities in function of time, we need to solve equation (1) for t:
[tex] Ln(\frac{N_{t}}{N_{0}}) = -\lambda t [/tex] (2)
Firts, we need to convert the number of particles of Bi (N) to concentrations, as follows:
[tex] [Bi] = \frac {N particles}{N_{A} * V} [/tex] (3)
[tex] [Bi]_{0} = \frac {N_{0} particles}{N_{A} * V} [/tex] (4)
where [tex]N_{A}[/tex]: si the Avogadro constant and V is the volume.
Now, introducing equations (3) and (4) into (2), we have:
[tex] Ln (\frac {\frac {[Bi]*N_{A}}{V}}{\frac {[Bi]_{0}*N_{A}}{V}}) = -\lambda t [/tex]
[tex] Ln (\frac {[Bi]}{[Bi]_{0}}) = -\lambda t [/tex] (5)
Finally, from equation (5) we can get a plot of Bi versus time in where the curve is a straight line:
[tex] Ln ([Bi]) = -\lambda t + Ln([Bi]_{0}) [/tex]
Therefore, the correct answer is option C. ln[Bi].
I hope it helps you!
Choose the best data type for each of the following so that any reasonable value is accommodated but no memory storage is wasted. Give an example of a typical value that would be held by the variable, and explain why you chose the type you did.
a. the number of siblings you have
b. your final grade in this class
c. the population of Earth
d. the population of a U.S. county
e. the number of passengers on a bus
f. one player's score in a Scrabble game
g. one team's score in a Major League Baseball game
h. the year an historical event occurred
i. the number of legs on an animal
j. the price of an automobile
Answer:
Explanation:
Part (a):
Statement : The number of siblings you have
Suitable Data type : Byte
Typical Value : From -128 and up to 127
Explanation: Byte data type is the most suitable since it can covers minimum and maximum number of siblings one can have.
Part (b):
Statement : Your final grade in this class
Suitable Data type : Char
Typical Value : 1 byte
Explanation: Grades is in the form of alphabetical letter which is either A, B, C, D, F or E which can be stored in character data type.
Part (c):
Statement : Population of Earth
Suitable Data type : Long
Maximum Value : 9223372036854775807
Explanation: Long Data takes up to 8 bytes and can store up to 9223372036854775807 which can cater for more than 36 billion. The population of earth is only around 7 billion currently making Long data type the most suitable data type to store earth population.
Part (d):
Statement : Population of US Country
Suitable Data type : Integer
Typical Value :2147483647
Explanation: Integer data type takes up to 4 bytes and can store up to 2147483647 making it suitable to store U.S population.
Part (e):
Statement : The number of passengers on bus
Suitable Data type : Byte
Typical Value :From -128 up to 127
Explanation: The typical maximum number of passengers of a bus are only around 72. Byte data type is the most suitable since it can cater the number up to 127.
Part (f):
Statement : Player's score in a Scrabble game
Suitable Data type : Short
Typical Value : 32767
Explanation: The maximum point can be scored in the Scrabble game is only 830 therefore the most suitable data type for this case is the short data type.
Part (g):
Statement : One team's score in a Major League Baseball game
Suitable Data type : Byte
Typical Value : From -128 up to 127
Explanation: The maximum point can be scored in the Base ball game is only 49 therefore the most suitable data type for this case is the Byte data type since it can cater up to 127.
Part (h):
Statement : The year an historical event occurred
Suitable Data type : Short
Maximum Value: 32767
Explanation: The historic event year can be any number from 1 to 2020 therefore the most suitable data type is the short data type.
Part (i):
Statement : The number of legs on an animal
Suitable Data type : Short
Maximum Value: 32767
Explanation: The most number of legs found are 750 legs therefore the most suitable data type is the short data type which can cater up to 32767.
Part (j):
Statement : The Price of an automobile
Suitable Data type : Float
Maximum Value: 340282350
Explanation: The most expensive car is around 15 million therefore the most suitable data type is the float data type which can cater up to 340 million.
As per the question the best data type for following so that a reasonable value is accommodated as per the type of example.
The number of siblings The number of siblings you have, Data type: Byte and has a Value: From -128 and up to 127The final grade in class, Data type: Char, Value: 1 byteStatement Population of the Earth, Data type: Long. Value: 9223372036854775807.The statement of Population of US Country, Data type: Integer, Value 2147483647.The statement: passengers on the bus, Data type: Byte, Value: From -128 up to 127. The statement of scrabble game, type: Short, Value: 32767.Learn more about the data type for each.
brainly.com/question/24871576.
Your program will be a line editor. A line editor is an editor where all operations are performed by entering commands at the command line. Commands include displaying lines, inserting text, editing lines, cutting and pasting text, loading and saving files. For example, a session where the user enters three lines of text and saves them as a new file may appear as:
Answer:
Java program given below
Explanation:
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
public class Lineeditor
{
private static Node head;
class Node
{
int data;
Node next;
public Node()
{data = 0; next = null;}
public Node(int x, Node n)
{data = x; next =n;}
}
public void Displaylist(Node q)
{if (q != null)
{
System.out.println(q.data);
Displaylist(q.next);
}
}
public void Buildlist()
{Node q = new Node(0,null);
head = q;
String oneLine;
try{BufferedReader indata = new
BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); // read data from terminals
System.out.println("Please enter a command or a line of text: ");
oneLine = indata.readLine(); // always need the following two lines to read data
head.data = Integer.parseInt(oneLine);
for (int i=1; i<=head.data; i++)
{System.out.println("Please enter another command or a new line of text:");
oneLine = indata.readLine();
int num = Integer.parseInt(oneLine);
Node p = new Node(num,null);
q.next = p;
q = p;}
}catch(Exception e)
{ System.out.println("Error --" + e.toString());}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{Lineeditor mylist = new Lineeditor();
mylist.Buildlist();
mylist.Displaylist(head);
}
}
It takes a resistance heater having 2 kW power to heat a room having 5 m X 5 m X 6 m size to heat from 0 to 33 oC at sea level. Calculate the amount of time needed for this heating to occur in min (Please take Patm=101 kPa, give your answer with three decimals, and do NOT enter units!!!).
Answer: 50 minutes
Explanation:
The energy needed to heat air inside the room is the electric energy dissipated by the resistance. It is known after using First Principle of Thermodynamics:
[tex]Q_{in,air} = \dot W_{dis, heater} \cdot \Delta t[/tex]
[tex]\rho_{air} \cdot V_{room} \cdot c_{p,air} \cdot \Delta T = \dot W_{dis,heater} \cdot \Delta t[/tex]
The needed time is:
[tex]\Delta t =\frac{\rho_{air}\cdot V_{room}\cdot c_{p,air} \cdot\Delta T}{\dot W_{dis,heater}}[/tex]
Where [tex]\rho_{air} = 1.20 \frac{kg}{m^{3}}[/tex] and [tex]c_{p,air} = 1.012 \frac{kJ}{kg \cdot ^{\circ} C}[/tex]:
[tex]\Delta t = 3005.640 s (50.094 min)[/tex]
A gas refrigeration system using air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of 5. Air enters the compressor at 0°C. The high-pressure air is cooled to 35°C by rejecting heat to the surroundings. The refrigerant leaves the turbine at −80°C and then it absorbs heat from the refrigerated space before entering the regenerator. The mass flow rate of air is 0.4 kg/s. Assuming isentropic efficiencies of 80 percent for the compressor and 85 percent for the turbine and using constant specific heats at room temperature, determine (a) the effectiveness of the regenerator, (b) the rate of heat removal from
Answer:
(a) Effectiveness of the regenerator= 0.433
(b) The rate of heat removal=21.38 kW
Explanation:
The solution and complete explanation for the above question and mentioned conditions is given below in the attached document.i hope my explanation will help you in understanding this particular question.
In order to test the feasibility of drying a certain foodstuff, drying data were obtained in a tray dryer with air flow over the top exposed surface having an area of 0.186 m2. The bone dry sample weight was 3.765 kg dry solid. At equilibrium after a long period, the wet sample weight was 3.955 kg (water plus solid). Hence, 3.955-3.765 or 0.190 kg of equilibrium moisture was present. The following table provides the sample weights versus time during the drying test:
Time (hr)
Weight (kg)
Time (hr)
Weight (kg)
Time (hr)
Weight (kg)
0
4.944
2.2
4.554
7.0
4.019
0.4
4.885
3.0
4.404
9.0
3.978
0.8
4.808
4.2
4.241
12.0
3.955
1.4
4.699
5.0
4.150
A) Calculate the free moisture content, X (kg water per kg dry solid) for each data point and plot X versus t;
B) Using the slope, calculate the drying rate, R in kg water per hour per square meter and plot R versus X;
C) Using this drying rate curve, predict the total time to dry the sample from X = 0.20 to X = 0.04. Use numerical integration in the falling rate period. What is the drying rate in the constant rate period and what is X in the constant rate period?
The question involves calculating free moisture content, plotting it against time, determining the drying rate, and predicting the total drying time using numerical integration during the falling rate period. The constant and falling rate periods of drying are crucial in understanding the sample's drying behavior.
Explanation:The student is tasked with calculating the free moisture content ( extit{X}) for various data points during the drying of a foodstuff in a tray dryer, plotting extit{X} versus time (t), determining the drying rate ( extit{R}), and predicting the total drying time using numerical integration for the falling rate period of drying.
Firstly, free moisture content is calculated by finding the difference in sample weight at each time from the bone-dry weight and dividing by the dry solid weight (3.765 kg).Plot this free moisture content versus time to visualize the drying curve.Next, by calculating the slope of the initial linear portion of the plot, the constant drying rate can be obtained. This is the weight of water removed per hour per square meter of exposed surface area.Then determine the drying rate at various intervals.Plot the drying rate versus free moisture content ( extit{X}).Finally, use numerical methods to integrate the drying rate over the moisture content to predict the total drying time from a moisture content of 0.20 to 0.04.The falling rate period is characterized by a decreasing drying rate which requires numerical integration to find the total drying time. The constant rate period is defined by a uniform drying rate and typically occurs before the falling rate period.
The detailed answer provides calculations for free moisture content, drying rate, and prediction of total drying time. It also includes instructions for plotting the moisture ratio vs. time.
Calculating the Free Moisture Content:
To calculate the free moisture content (X) for each data point, subtract the bone dry weight from the wet weight. Then, divide by the bone dry weight.
Calculating Drying Rate and Predicting Total Drying Time:
Determine the drying rate using the slope of the moisture ratio vs. time plot. Then, use numerical integration to predict the time to dry the sample from X = 0.20 to X = 0.04. Identify the drying rate in the constant rate period and X in that period.
Moisture Ratio vs. Time Plot:
Plot the moisture ratio (MR) versus time to observe the constant rate and falling rate periods during the drying.
Design a circuit with output f and inputs x1, x0, y1, and y0. Let X = x1x0 and Y = y1y0 represent two 2-digit binary numbers. The output f should be 1 if the numbers represented by X and Y are equal. Otherwise, f should be 0.
Complete question
The complete question is shown on the first uploaded image
Answer:
a The table is shown on the second uploaded image
b The simplest possible sum product is shown on the fifth uploaded image
Explanation:
The explanation is shown on the third fourth and fifth uploaded image
An AISI 1040 cold-drawn steel tube has an OD 5 50 mm and wall thickness 6 mm. Whatmaximum external pressure can this tube withstand if the largest principal normal stress is notto exceed 80 percent of the minimum yield strength of the material?
Calculating the maximum external pressure that a cold-drawn AISI 1040 steel tube can withstand involves using the formula for hoop stress and considering 80 percent of the steel's minimum yield strength. The formula relates the difference in pressure across the tube wall to its inner and outer radii.
Explanation:The question asks for the maximum external pressure a cold-drawn AISI 1040 steel tube can withstand, given that the largest principal normal stress should not exceed 80 percent of the steel's minimum yield strength. The tube's outer diameter (OD) is 50 mm, and it has a wall thickness of 6 mm. To solve this, we must utilize the formula for hoop stress (sigma) in a thin-walled cylinder under external pressure, which is σ = δP(r_o/(r_o - r_i)), where δP is the difference in internal and external pressure, r_o is the outer radius, and r_i is the inner radius. The yield strength of AISI 1040 steel must be considered, and 80 percent of this value is taken as the maximum allowable stress. Without knowing the exact yield strength, it cannot be directly calculated in this response. However, the process would involve deriving δP from the given conditions and substituting into the hoop stress formula to find the maximum external pressure.
. A 10W light bulb connected to a series of batteries may produce a brighter lightthan a 250W light bulb connected to the same batteries. Why? Explain.
Answer:
Explanation:
From the equation:
Power dissipated= square of voltage supplied by battery ÷ Resistance of the load
i.e P= V^2/R
It means that at constant voltage, the the power consumed is inversely related to the resistance. Therefore the 10W bulb which has a higher resistance will consume less power using the sufficiently excess power dissipated to glow brighter than the 250W bulb which has a low resistance. The power dissipated will partly be used to overcome this low resistance making less power available for heating up the 250W bulb .
ANSWER:
A 10W bulb may shine brighter than a 250W bulb, when the two are connected to the same battery. This can happen when the battery is low or not fully charged. Because the 10W bulb has a high resistance more than a 250W bulb, it makes the 10W bulb to be more efficient than the 250W bulb.
When a low current is passed through the fillament of the two bulbs, the 10W bulb which has high resistance, uses almost all the current that enters the filament to emit more light, more than the 250W bulb which has a low resistance and will converts almost all the current that enters the filament into heat energy. In the 250W bulb only about 8% of the current are used to light up the bulb and the rest are converted to heat energy. This explains why a bulb which it's watt is higher will be more hotter when lighted up, than a bulb which watt is lower.
Another reason while the 10W bulb will shine brighter is when the fillament in it are coiled tight round itself ( example is a fluorescent bulb). It will emit more light than a 250W watt bulb that the filament are not coiled (example is an incandescent bulb).
NOTE : On a normal circumstances, a 250W bulb will shine brighter than a 10W bulb, because the higher the electric energy a bulb consumes the brighter light the filament will produce. Watt is the amount of electric energy the bulb can consume, therefore a bulb with 250W is assumed to produce more light than a bulb with 10W.
Problem 6.3 7–20 Consider a hot automotive engine, which can be approximated as a 0.5-m-high, 0.40-m-wide, and 0.8-m-long rectangular block. The bottom surface of the block is at a temperature of 80°C and has an emissivity of 0.95. The ambient air is at 20°C, and the road surface is at 25°C. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the bottom surface of the engine block by convection and radiation as the car travels at a velocity of 80 km/h. Assume the flow to be turbulent over the entire surface because of the constant agitation of the engine block
Answer:
Q_total = 1431 W
Explanation:
Given:-
- The dimension of the engine = ( 0.5 x 0.4 x 0.8 ) m
- The engine surface temperature T_s = 80°C
- The road surface temperature T_r = 25°C = 298 K
- The ambient air temperature T∞ = 20°C
- The emissivity of block has emissivity ε = 0.95
- The free stream velocity of air V∞ = 80 km/h
- The stefan boltzmann constant σ = 5.67*10^-8 W/ m^2 K^4
Find:-
Determine the rate of heat transfer from the bottom surface of the engine block by convection and radiation
Solution:-
- We will extract air properties at 1 atm from Table 15, assuming air to be an ideal gas. We have:
T_film = ( T_s + T∞ ) / 2 = ( 80 + 20 ) / 2
= 50°C = 323 K
k = 0.02808 W / m^2
v = 1.953*10^-5 m^2 /s
Pr = 0.705
- The air flows parallel to length of the block. The Reynold's number can be calculated as:
Re = V∞*L / v
= [ (80/3.6)*0.8 ] / [1.953*10^-5]
= 9.1028 * 10^5
- Even though the flow conditions are ( Laminar + Turbulent ). We are to assume Turbulent flow due to engine's agitation. For Turbulent conditions we will calculate Nusselt's number and convection coefficient with appropriate relation.
Nu = 0.037*Re^0.8 * Pr^(1/3)
= 0.037*(9.1028 * 10^5)^0.8 * 0.705^(1/3)
= 1927.3
h = k*Nu / L
= (0.02808*1927.3) / 0.8
= 67.65 W/m^2 °C
- The heat transfer by convection is given by:
Q_convec = A_s*h*( T_s - T∞ )
= 0.8*0.4*67.65*(80-20)
= 1299 W
- The heat transfer by radiation we have:
Q_rad = A_s*ε*σ*( T_s - T∞ )
= 0.8*0.4*0.95*(5.67*10^-8)* (353^4 - 298^4)
= 131.711 W
- The total heat transfer from the engine block bottom surface is given by:
Q_total = Q_convec + Q_rad
Q_total = 1299 + 131.711
Q_total = 1431 W
Following are the calculation to the given question:
Calculating the average film temperature:
[tex]\to T_f = \frac{T_s + T_{\infty}}{2} =\frac{80+20}{2}= 50^{\circ}\ C\\\\[/tex]
At [tex]T_f = 50^{\circ}\ C[/tex], obtain the properties of air:
[tex]\to k=0.02735\ \frac{W}{m \cdot K} \\\\\to v=1.798 \times 10^{-5} \ \frac{m^2}{s}\\\\ \to Pr =0.7228 \\\\\to Re_{L} =\frac{VL}{v} =\frac{80 (\frac{5}{18}) \times 0.8}{1.798 \times 10^{-5}} = 988752.935 \\\\[/tex]
Assume the engine block's bottom surface is a flat plate.
For
[tex]\to 5\times 10^{5} \leq Re_{L} \leq {10^7}, 0.6 \leq Pr \leq 60 \\\\[/tex]
[tex]\to Nu=0.0296 \ \ Re_{L}_{0.8} Pr^{\frac{1}{3}}\\\\[/tex]
[tex]= 0.0296(988752.935)^{0.8} (0.7228)^{\frac{1}{3}}\\\\ = 1660.99[/tex]
But,
[tex]\to Nu=\frac{hL}{k} \\\\ \to h= Nu \frac{k}{L}\\\\[/tex]
[tex]=\frac{1660.99 \times 0.02735}{0.8}\\\\ = 56.7850 \frac{W}{m^2 . K}\\\\[/tex]
[tex]\to A_s= L \times w\\\\[/tex]
[tex]= 0.8 \times 0.4\\\\ =0.32\ m^2\\\\[/tex]
[tex]\to Q_{com} = h A_s (T_s -T_{\infty})\\\\[/tex]
[tex]= 56.7850 \times 0.32 \times (80-20)\\\\ = 1090.272\ W\\\\[/tex]
[tex]\to Q_{rad} = \varepsilon A_s \sigma (T_{s}^{4} -T_{surr}^4) \\\\[/tex]
[tex]= (0.95)(0.32 )(5.67 \times 10^{-8}) [(80+273)^4-(25+273)^4]\\\\ = 131.710\ W\\\\[/tex]
Then the total rate of heat transfer is
[tex]\to Q_{total} = Q_{corw} + Q_{rad}\\\\[/tex]
[tex]=1090.272 +131.710 \\\\= 1221.982\ W\\\\[/tex]
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StackOfStrings s = new StackOfStrings(); while (!StdIn.isEmpty()) { String item = StdIn.readString(); if (!item.equals("-")) s.push(item); else if (s.isEmpty()) StdOut.println("BAD INPUT"); else StdOut.print(s.pop() + " "); }
Explanation
Question 1:
!StdIn.isEmpty() is false.
So, it does not run the loop body.
So, It does not print anything.
Answer:
none of these
Question 2:
If we print the list starting at x, the result would be: 2 3
Answer:
none of these
What are the molar volumes(cm3/mole) for the physically realistic stable root of ethylene gas at the given conditions? Note: Some mathematical solutions to the cubic may not be physically realistic.
Answer:
See the attached pictures.
Explanation:
See the attached pictures for explanation.
A vertical plate has a sharp-edged orifice at its center. A water jet of speed V strikes the plate concentrically. Obtain an expression for the external force needed to hold the plate in place, if the jet leaving the orifice also has speed V. Evaluate the force for V 5 15 ft/s, D 5 4 in., and d 5 1 in. Plot the required force as a function of diameter ratio for a suitable range of diameter d.
Answer:
184.077N
Explanation:
Please see attachment for step by step guide
Answer:
Answer is 184.077
Refer below for the explanation.
Explanation:
As per the question,
V 5 15 ft/s,
D 5 4 in,
d 5 1 in
Refer to the picture for detailed explanation.
The presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere is attributed mainly to Volcanic activity Development of plant life, especially algae Formation of the inner core Formation of the outer core
Answer:
Development of plant life, especially algae
Explanation:
The main source of oxygen in the atmosphere is the photosynthesis process that produces sugars and oxygen by utilizing carbon dioxide and water.Tiny oceanic plants called phytoplanktons have the ability to support life in water bodies for plants, animals and fish.The phytoplanktons consume most of the carbon dioxide in air and with the help of energy from the sun, they convert nutrients and carbon dioxide to complex organic compounds which are main source of plant material. Phytoplanktons are responsible for oxygen in water which is approximated to be 50% of world's oxygen.Green-algae is a good example of phytoplankons.
Two soils are fully saturated with liquid (no gas present) and the soils have the same void ratio. One soil is saturated with water and the other is saturated with alcohol. The unit weight of water is approximately 1g/cm3 while that of alcohol is about 0.8 g/cm3. Which soil sample has the larger water content? Why?
Answer:
water sample have more water content
Explanation:
given data
soil 1 is saturated with water
unit weight of water = 1 g/cm³
soil 2 is saturated with alcohol
unit weight of alcohol = 0.8 g/cm³
solution
we get here water content that is express as
water content = [tex]S_s \times \gamma _w[/tex] ....................1
here soil is full saturated so [tex]S_s[/tex] is 100% in both case
so put here value for water
water content = 100 % × 1
water content = 1 g
and
now we get for alcohol that is
water content = 100 % × 0.8
water content = 0.8 g
so here water sample have more water content
The soil sample saturated with water has a larger water content than the one with alcohol because water's unit weight is greater than that of alcohol and both soils have the same void ratio.
Explanation:The soil sample saturated with water will have a larger water content compared to the soil saturated with alcohol. This is because the unit weight of water is greater than that of alcohol. Since both soils are fully saturated and have the same void ratio, the volume of liquid in both cases is identical. Therefore, the soil with the denser liquid (water) will contain more mass of liquid per unit volume, leading to a higher water content.
Consider a room with dimensions as in the sketch. Assuming all emissivities of surfaces are equal to 0.9, calculate the radiative heat transfer between the floor and the ceiling, if you know the surface temperature of the floor equal to 25o C and the surface temperature of the ceiling is equal to 10o C
Explanation:
Below is an attachment containing the solution.
The radiative heat transfer between the floor and the ceiling is 1,534.55 kW.
Given the following data:
Emissivity of surfaces = 0.9.Surface temperature of the floor = 25°C °C to K = [tex]273 +25[/tex] = 298 K.Surface temperature of the ceiling = 10°C to K = [tex]273 +10[/tex] = 283 K.View factor = 0.2.Boltzmann's constant = [tex]5.67 \times 10^{-8}[/tex]Length of room = 4.45 m.How to calculate the radiative heat transfer.Mathematically, the radiative heat transfer between the floor and the ceiling is given by this formula:
[tex]Q=\epsilon \sigma A(T_2^4-T_1^4)[/tex]
Where:
[tex]\sigma[/tex] is Boltzmann's constant.A is the area.[tex]\epsilon[/tex] is the emissivity.Substituting the given parameters into the formula, we have;
[tex]Q=0.9 \times 5.67 \times 10^{-8} \times 4.45^2 \times (298^4-283^4)\\\\Q=0.00000005103 \times 20.4304 \times 1471902495[/tex]
Q = 1,534.55 kW.
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A 2-m3 rigid tank initially contains air at 100 kPa and 22°C. The tank is connected to a supply line through a valve. Air is flowing in the supply line at 600 kPa and 22°C. The valve is opened, and air is allowed to enter the tank until the pressure in the tank reaches the line pressure, at which point the valve is closed. A thermometer placed in the tank indicates that the air temperature at the final state is 77°C. Determine (a) the mass of air that has entered the tank and (b) the amount of heat transfer
Answer:
9.58 Kg of air has entered the tank.
heat entered=3483.76 Kilo.Joule
Explanation:
(A) R=287 Kilo.J/Kg.K
as per initial conditions P=100 Kilo.Pa ,V=2 cubic meter, T=22 C=295.15 K,
using the relation P*V=m*R*T
m=(100*1000*2)/(287*295.15)=2.36 Kg this is the mass that is already present in tank.
after filling tank at 600 Kilo.Pa.
P=600 Kilo Pa T=77 C=350.15 K
P*V=m*R*T
m=(600*1000*2)/(287*350.15)=11.94 Kg
mass that has entered=11.94-2.36=9.58 Kg
(b) using air psychometric property table
specific heat content initial 100 KILO Pa and 22 C=295.576 Kilo.Joule/Kg
specific heat content final 600 Kilo Pa and 77 C=350.194 Kilo.Joule/Kg
heat at initial stage=295.576*2.36=697.56 Kilo.Joule
heat at final stage=350.194*11.94=4181.32 Kilo.Joule
heat entered=4181.32-697.56=3483.76 Kilo.Joule
Suppose we have a classification problem with classes labeled 1, . . . , c and an additional "doubt" category labeled c + 1. Let r : R d → {1, . . . , c + 1} be a decision rule. Define the loss function
Answer:
The answer and explanation to this question is attached.
Answer:
Explanation:
Let first simplified the risk given our specific loss function. if f(x) = i i is not double , then the risk is
R(f(x) = i|x) = ∑ L(f(x) = i , y = j ) P(y = j|x) 2
=0.P (Y= i|x) +λc ∑ P (Y= j|x) 3
=λc (1 - P(Y= i|x)) 4
When f(x) = c + 1, meaning you have choosing doubt , the risk is
R(f(x) = c +1|x) = ∑ L (f(x)= c+1, y=j) P(Y=j|x) 5
=λd∑ P(Y=j|x) 6
=λd 7
because ∑ P(Y=j|x) should sum to 1 since its a proper probability distribution.
Now let fopt : Rd→ {1, . . . , c + 1} be the decision rule which implements (R1)–(R3).We want to show that in expectation the rule foptis at least as good as an arbitrary rulef. Let x ∈ Rdbe a data point, which we want to classify. Let’s examine all the possiblescenarios where fopt(x) and another arbitrary rule f(x) might differ:Case 1: Let fopt(x) = i where i 6= c + 1.– Case 1a: f(x) = k where k 6= i. Then we get with (R1) thatR(fopt(x) = i|x) = λc1 − P(Y = i| x)≤ λc1 − P(Y = k|x)= R(f(x) = k|x).– Case 1b: f(x) = c + 1. Then we get with (R1) thatR(fopt(x) = i|x) = λc1 − P(Y = i| x)≤ λc(1 − (1 −λdλc)) = λd= R(f(x) = c + 1|x).Case 2: Let fopt(x) = c + 1 and f(x) = k where k 6= c + 1. Then:R(f(x) = k|x) = λc(1 − P (Y = k|x)R(fopt(x) = c + 1|x) = λ
We would like to measure the density (p) of an ideal gas. We know the ideal gas law provides p= , where P represents pressure, R is a constant equal to 287.058 J/kg-K and I represents temperature. We use a pressure transducer to take 15 measurements, all under the same conditions. The sample mean and standard deviation obtained from these 15 pressure measurements are 120,300 Pa and 6,600 Pa respectively. The pressure transducer specifications sheet reports an accuracy of 0.6% of the full-scale output (FSO) and a sensitivity error of 0.3% of the FSO. The FSO for this instrument is 180,000 Pa. In addition, we use a thermocouple to measure the gas temperature. We take 20 temperature measurements and obtain a sample mean and standard deviation of 340 K and 8 K, respectively. The accuracy of the thermocouple is 0.25% of the reading and its hysteresis uncertainty is + 2 K. Calculate the density of the ideal gas and its total uncertainty for a 95% probability. (Sol: 1.2325 +0.1578 kg/m3)
Answer: =
Explanation:
= P / (R * T) P- Pressure, R=287.058, T- temperature
From the given that
Sample mean(pressure) = 120300 Pa
Standard deviation (pressure) = 6600 Pa
Sample mean(temperature) = 340K
Standard deviation(temperature) = 8K
To calculate the Density;
Maximum pressure = Sample mean(pressure) + standard deviation (pressure) = 120300+6600 = 126900 Pa
Minimum pressure = Sample mean (pressure) - standard deviation (pressure)= 120300-6600 = 113700 Pa
Maximum temperature = Sample mean (temperature) + standard deviation (temperature) = 340+8 = 348K
Minimum temperature = Sample mean (temperature) - standerd deviation (temperature) = 340-8 = 332K
So now to calculate the density:
Maximum Density= Pressure (max)/(R*Temperature (min))= 126900/(287.058*332)= 1.331
Minimum density=Pressure(min)/(R*Temperature (max))= 113700/(287.058*348)= 1.138
Average density= (density (max)+ density (min))/2= (1.331+1.138)/2= 1.2345
cheers i hope this helps
Consider a steam turbine, with inflow at 500oC and 7.9 MPa. The machine has a total-to-static efficiency ofηts=0.91, and the pressure at the outflow is 16kPa. Power extracted by the turbine is 38 MW. Assuming heat transfer and kinetic energy in the machine is negligible, find the mass flow rate and static enthalpy at the outflow.
Answer: [tex]\dot m_{in} = 23.942 \frac{kg}{s}[/tex], [tex]\dot H_{out} = 39632.62 kW[/tex]
Explanation:
Since there is no information related to volume flow to and from turbine, let is assume that volume flow at inlet equals to [tex]\dot V = 1 \frac{m^{3}}{s}[/tex]. Turbine is a steady-flow system modelled by using Principle of Mass Conservation and First Law of Thermodynamics:
Principle of Mass Conservation
[tex]\dot m_{in} - \dot m_{out} = 0[/tex]
First Law of Thermodynamics
[tex]- \dot W_{out} + \eta\cdot (\dot m_{in} \dot h_{in} - \dot m_{out} \dot h_{out}) = 0[/tex]
This 2 x 2 System can be reduced into one equation as follows:
[tex]-\dot W_{out} + \eta \cdot \dot m \cdot ( h_{in}- h_{out})=0[/tex]
The water goes to the turbine as Superheated steam and goes out as saturated vapor or a liquid-vapor mix. Specific volume and specific enthalpy at inflow are required to determine specific enthalpy at outflow and mass flow rate, respectively. Property tables are a practical form to get information:
Inflow (Superheated Steam)
[tex]\nu_{in} = 0.041767 \frac{m^{3}}{kg} \\h_{in} = 3399.5 \frac{kJ}{kg}[/tex]
The mass flow rate can be calculated by using this expression:
[tex]\dot m_{in} =\frac{\dot V_{in}}{\nu_{in}}[/tex]
[tex]\dot m_{in} = 23.942 \frac{kg}{s}[/tex]
Afterwards, the specific enthalpy at outflow is determined by isolating it from energy balance:
[tex]h_{out} =h_{in}-\frac{\dot W_{out}}{\eta \cdot \dot m}[/tex]
[tex]h_{out} = 1655.36 \frac{kJ}{kg}[/tex]
The enthalpy rate at outflow is:
[tex]\dot H_{out} = \dot m \cdot h_{out}[/tex]
[tex]\dot H_{out} = 39632.62 kW[/tex]
In a tensile test on a steel specimen, true strain = 0.12 at a stress of 250 MPa. When true stress = 350 MPa, true strain = 0.26. Determine the strength coefficient and the strain-hardening exponent in the flow curve equation.
Answer:
The strength coefficient is [tex]625[/tex] and the strain-hardening exponent is [tex]0.435[/tex]
Explanation:
Given the true strain is 0.12 at 250 MPa stress.
Also, at 350 MPa the strain is 0.26.
We need to find [tex](K)[/tex] and the [tex](n)[/tex].
[tex]\sigma =K\epsilon^n[/tex]
We will plug the values in the formula.
[tex]250=K\times (0.12)^n\\350=K\times (0.26)^n[/tex]
We will solve these equation.
[tex]K=\frac{250}{(0.12)^n}[/tex] plug this value in [tex]350=K\times (0.26)^n[/tex]
[tex]350=\frac{250}{(0.12)^n}\times (0.26)^n\\ \\\frac{350}{250}=\frac{(0.26)^n}{(0.12)^n}\\ \\1.4=(2.17)^n[/tex]
Taking a natural log both sides we get.
[tex]ln(1.4)=ln(2.17)^n\\ln(1.4)=n\times ln(2.17)\\n=\frac{ln(1.4)}{ln(2.17)}\\ n=0.435[/tex]
Now, we will find value of [tex]K[/tex]
[tex]K=\frac{250}{(0.12)^n}[/tex]
[tex]K=\frac{250}{(0.12)^{0.435}}\\ \\K=\frac{250}{0.40}\\\\K=625[/tex]
So, the strength coefficient is [tex]625[/tex] and the strain-hardening exponent is [tex]0.435[/tex].