A __________ is a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity.

The two characteristics that viruses have same as that of living things are mentioned as under:-

1. They have genetic material & 5.They reproduce.

They have genetic material as either DNA or RNA like living beings. The genetic material of viruses is surrounded by capsid which is made up of proteins. Apart from this basic feature they have the ability to reproduce. They infect a host cell and take control of host's cellular machinery to reproduce. They use host's energy in the form ATP and use the host's resources to regenerate their own replicas. They are basically parasitic in nature because they infect a host and use its resources without providing it any benefit.

Rest of the options are incorrect. Viruses do not increase in size. They are acellular i.e. they are not cellular neither they eliminate wastes.

Answer:  The two characters that viruses exhibit like that of living things are :

1. Viruses have genetic material, they carry RNA or DNA as genetic material. The nucleic acid may be double or single stranded. The virus is entirely an infectious particle. which consists of virons and outer shell which is made up of nucleic acid.

2. They reproduce: Viruses during the infection process in the target host cell reproduce and produce many viruses.

Answer:

Homeostatsis

Explanation:

Mammals are homoeothermic, which means they can adjust their body temperature as per change in temperature of the surroundings. This is called homeostasis.

Homeostasis is a self-regulatory process by which some organisms such as mammals, birds maintains their internal environment constant.

For examples, the body of a human body functions optimum at normal temperature which is  37°C. If the body temperature increases well above 37°C, then by self-regulatory process body bring down temperature to the normal.

The nurse must determine before discontinuing airborne precautions if the sputum is free of acid – fast bacteria. Sputum is a mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up by the patient from his respiratory tract. This is typically a result of infection or other diseases. 

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the interlaced network of nerve fibers that enables communication between the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system, or CNS) and the rest of the body. It serves a key role in transmitting sensory inputs and motor responses and comprises the sensory-somatic and the autonomic nervous systems. The PNS is vulnerable to injury and infections, which can result in neuropathy.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a network of interlacing nerve fibers that serve as the connection between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body. The PNS consists of nerve cord-like bundles of axons that transmit both sensory inputs from the body to the CNS and motor responses from the CNS to the rest of the body. The nerves within the PNS are divided into the sensory-somatic nervous system, which manages the transmission of sensory information, and the autonomic nervous system, overseeing involuntary body functions.

The PNS operates much like the wires that connect a power source to individual houses. It carries the signals generated by the 'power plant' of the CNS, enabling these signals to control the body's functions and allowing the CNS to receive sensory information from the body. The PNS comprises bundles of axons, which, unlike the tracts in the CNS, are bound by multiple layers of connective tissue and supplied with nourishment by blood vessels.

Damage or infection to the nerves of the PNS can lead to neuropathy, resulting in sensations of tingling or numbness. The PNS and CNS are critical subsystems of the human nervous system, working interactively to maintain the communication network of the body.

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In the process of tubular secretion, this is where the renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary’s blood chemicals and secretes these to the tubular fluid. The two main purposes are waste removal and the maintenance of acid-base balance. This is the process in the urine formation where urea, uric acid, bile acids, ammonia and creatinine exits to the renal tubule. This clears the pollutants in the blood as well. It is also in this process where tubular secretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate irons functions to regulate the pH of the fluids of the body.

The fibrous skeleton of the heart functions in all of these ways: when the positions of the muscle fibers and valves in the heart is stabilized, when for the cardiac muscle fibers and myocardial blood vessels and nerves physical support is provided, the distribution of the muscles contraction forces are controlled. The fibrous layer is the reinforcing layer of the pericardium.

The fibrous skeleton of the heart does not initiate cardiac contractions, a role instead fulfilled by the SA node. Cardiac muscle tissue, composed of cardiomyocytes connected by intercalated discs, synchronizes contractions to effectively pump blood. The fibrous skeleton provides structural support, anchors heart valves, and serves as an electrical insulator.

The fibrous skeleton of the heart serves several functions, including providing structural support for the heart, anchoring the heart valves, thus preventing their overextension, and acting as an electrical insulator that allows for the correct timing of atrial and ventricular contractions. However, one function that it does not serve is the initiation of cardiac contractions. Instead, specialized cardiac muscle cells known as the sinoatrial (SA) node are responsible for generating electrical impulses that initiate the heartbeat.

Cardiac muscle, also referred to as heart muscle, is under involuntary control and does not require stimulation by the nervous system to contract. Unlike skeletal muscle fibers, cardiac muscle cells or cardiomyocytes are shorter, typically have a single nucleus located centrally, and feature many mitochondria and myoglobin for aerobic metabolism. Cardiomyocytes are connected via intercalated discs, enabling synchronized contractions throughout the heart muscle. These characteristics allow the cardiac muscle tissue to efficiently pump blood into the vessels of the circulatory system.

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Final answer:

The Calvin cycle makes direct use of ATP and NADPH to make glucose and other carbohydrates. It consists of two phases: carbon fixation and reduction, where ATP and NADPH are utilized to produce GA3P.

Explanation:

The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose, storing energy from photosynthesis. Specifically, the cycle harnesses energy in the form of 6 ATP and 6 NADPH to produce Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GA3P) molecules. These molecules store the energy captured from photosynthesis. During the cycle, GA3P is used to regenerate Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) which continues the cycle enabling the fixation of CO2.

The Calvin cycle consists of two main phases. Initially, CO2 is fixed into an organic molecule. Subsequently, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used to reduce the fixed carbon into GA3P, which can then be used to form sugars like glucose.

The cycle is crucial for building high-energy carbohydrates necessary for plant growth and energy storage, demonstrating how light energy is converted into chemical energy during the process of photosynthesis.

Answer:

Granite

Explanation:

In the annunciation of the death of the virgin 13.23, duccio employs an innovative use of architecture. During this period the most fervent development in painting occurred in Italy. At the end of the thirteenth century, Italian artist began demonstrating an astonishing genius for strikingly dramatic works. Incorporating the neo greek influences acquired from the fourth crusade with the gothic style and a bold new emotional intensity was exposed. The first major step eliminating painting from the architectural setting of other art forms can be seen in the Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin by the Sienese master, Duccio. Earlier painters always placed architectural features in arrears the figures which makes a new perspective of space and depth. While duccio, in structural space and depth on a two dimensional surface, opening a window onto a distant scene, giotto distilled these concepts of depth and space to startling simplicity drawing the viewer into a picture. 

Answer:BB ONLY

Explanation:

The outermost layer of a hair shaft, consisting of cells that overlap one another like shingles, is called the cuticle. This layer provides protection to the inner parts of the hair. Option b is correct.

Complete question as follows:

In a hair the outermost single layer of cells that overlap one another like shingles is called the

a. Cortex

b. Cuticle

c. Medulla

d. Papilla

If the client is experiencing nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, thirst, polyuria, slurred speech, and muscle weakness, then the most appropriate nursing intervention would be withholding the next dose of lithium and drawing blood to test it for toxicity to avoid worsening the client’s condition.

To add, the variety of toxicities wherein some substances may give rise causes of harm to the entire body, hazard to specific organs, major/minor damage, or cause cancer are called health hazards. Anything falling outside of the definition cannot be classified as that type of toxicant. In treating schizophrenia, impulse control disorders, depression, eating disorders and certain mental illnesses in kids, lithium is used for them.