Answer:
see explaination
Explanation:
1. A metabolic pathway that OXIDIZES an energy-rich source to produce ATP from ADP.
Oxidation reactions are exergonic and can be coupled to produce ATP from ADP + Pi
2. Electrons are transferred from electron DONORS to compounds with a STRONGER reduction potential.
Electrons are moved from compounds with low reduction potential to compounds with high reduction potential.
3. As electrons move through the electron transport chain, ETC, the energy in the electron is used to pump PROTONS across a membrane.
In respiration, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the perimitochondrial space.
4. The pumping of these molecules against their concentration gradient is a form of FACILITATED transport.
Since protons are charged particles, they require a carrier protein for their transport. The movement of these molecules back into the cell (down their concentration gradient) releases energy which the cell couples to the formation of ATP.
6. The energy in PHOTON/LIGHT is absorbed by an electron in a photocenter. This energy is converted from light energy into chemical energy into kinetic energy as the energized electron is used in back to back REDOX reaction in the electron transport chain, ETC.
7. The ETC creates A PROTON GRADIENT which is used by the cell to power the formation of ATP.
8. In CYCLIC ELECTRON TRANSPORT, the electron returns to the photocenter.
9. In NON-CYCLIC photosynthesis the electron reduces NADP+ to form NADPH.
Answer:
Check the explanation
Explanation:
1. A metabolic pathway that OXIDIZES an energy-rich source to produce ATP from ADP.
Oxidation reactions are exergonic and can be coupled to produce ATP from ADP + Pi
2. Electrons are transferred from electron DONORS to compounds with a STRONGER reduction potential.
Electrons are moved from compounds with low reduction potential to compounds with high reduction potential.
3. As electrons move through the electron transport chain, ETC, the energy in the electron is used to pump PROTONS across a membrane.
In respiration, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the perimitochondrial space.
4. The pumping of these molecules against their concentration gradient is a form of ACTIVE transport.
6. The energy in PHOTON/LIGHT is absorbed by an electron in a photocenter. This energy is converted from light energy into chemical energy into kinetic energy as the energized electron is used in back to back REDOX reaction in the electron transport chain, ETC.
7. The ETC creates A PROTON GRADIENT which is used by the cell to power the formation of ATP.
8. In CYCLIC ELECTRON TRANSPORT, the electron returns to the photocenter.
9. In NON-CYCLIC photosynthesis the electron reduces NADP+ to form NADPH.
9. For each reaction listed, identify the proton donor (or acid) and the proton acceptor(or base).
Label each conjugate acid-base pair.
a. CH3COOH + H2O 2 H30° + CH3C00-
b. HCO3 + H2O = H2CO3 + OH
C. HNO3 + SO42- à HSO4 + NO3
Answer:
Explanation:
conjugate acid, based on Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a chemical compound that is formed by the reception of a proton by a base
a. CH₃COOH + H₂O ⇌ H₃0⁺ + CH₃C00-
Acid <> CH₃COOH
Base <> H₂O
Conjugate acid <> H₃0 +
Conjugate base <>CH₃C00-
b. HCO₃ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃⁻ + OH⁻
Acid <> H₂O
Base <> HCO₃
Conjugate acid <> H₂CO₃⁻
Conjugate base <>OH⁻
C. HNO₃ + SO₄²⁻ ⇌ HSO₄⁻ + NO₃⁻
Acid <>HNO₃
Base <>SO₄²⁻
Conjugate acid <>HSO₄⁻
Conjugate base <>NO₃⁻
A Bronsted acid is reffered to as a proton donor while a Bronsted base is a proton acceptor
In the reaction CH3COOH + H2O -> H3O+ + CH3C00-, CH3COOH is the proton donor and H2O is the proton acceptor. In the reaction HCO3- + H2O -> H2CO3 + OH-, HCO3- is the proton donor and H2O is the proton acceptor. In the reaction HNO3 + SO42- -> HSO4- + NO3-, HNO3 is the proton donor and SO42- is the proton acceptor.
Explanation:a. In the reaction CH3COOH + H2O -> H30+ + CH3C00-, CH3COOH is the proton donor (acid) and H2O is the proton acceptor (base). The conjugate acid-base pairs are CH3COOH/CH3COO- and H3O+/H2O.
b. In the reaction HCO3- + H2O -> H2CO3 + OH-, HCO3- is the proton donor (acid) and H2O is the proton acceptor (base). The conjugate acid-base pairs are HCO3-/H2CO3 and H2O/OH-
c. In the reaction HNO3 + SO42- -> HSO4- + NO3-, HNO3 is the proton donor (acid) and SO42- is the proton acceptor (base). The conjugate acid-base pairs are HNO3/NO3- and HSO4-/SO42-
(a) Your TA will give you a 1H NMR spectrum of the 3-nitroaniline product. Using your NMR knowledge and the special NMR section in the lab book (especially pages 48 and 49), assign the 4 peaks in the spectrum to each of the protons in the product - you will need to use coupling pattern and chemical shift to complete the assignment. (b) Explain your assignment, specifically how you differentiated between HA and Hc
Answer: provided in the answer segment
Explanation:
Below is a step by step process to analyzing this problem
Let us begin;
From 1H-NMR singlet at 5.80 ppm show N-H peak as shown in structure.
Here, H(A) hydrogen has no neighbor hydrogen so it appears integrated singlet at 7.38 ppm.
H(C) hydrogen has the next 2 neighbor hydrogen H(B) and H(D) so it appears as a triplet at region 7.23-7.29 ppm.
H(B) hydrogen has next to one neighbor hydrogen H(C) show doublet at 6.92-6.98 ppm.
H(D) hydrogen has next to one neighbor hydrogen H(C) show doublet at 7.28-7.32 ppm.
(b). From our basic chemistry knowledge, we know that benzene molecule is planer so H(A) is more deshielding because of two substituent groups than H(C), which makes the delta value of H(A) is greater than H(C).
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The 1H NMR spectrum of 3-nitroaniline compounds has four different protons which can be differentiated by their chemical shift and coupling pattern. HA is usually the most deshielded due to its closeness to the nitro group. The coupling pattern helps especially in differentiating protons like HA and HC.
Explanation:In 3-nitroaniline compound, the protons, designated as HA, HB, HC, and HD all show up distinctly in the 1H NMR spectrum. The key to differentiating them comes down to their chemical shift and their coupling pattern.
The most deshielded proton (highest chemical shift) is usually HA due to its proximity to the nitro group. HB and HC are the aromatic protons on the benzene ring, and their positions relative to the aniline (amino) group aids in their differentiation. Finally, HD is usually the most shielded proton (lowest chemical shift), as it is the amino proton.
Coupling helps to differentiate between otherwise closely overlapping protons. Due to the nature of the coupling constants involved, HA and HC will generally have distinct coupling patterns that allow them to be differentiated.
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The carbon-oxygen bond in CO has a higher bond dissociation enthalpy than a carbon-oxygen bond in CO2. Which is the best explanation for this difference? Group of answer choices CO has a triple bond while each carbon-oxygen bond in CO2 is a double bond. CO has a lone pair on carbon while CO2 does not. CO is a polar molecule while CO2 is a nonpolar molecule. CO contains one carbon-oxygen bond while CO2 contains two carbon-oxygen bonds.
Answer:
CO HAS A TRIPLE BOND WHILE C-O BOND IN CO2 IS A DOUBLE BOND
CO HAS A LONE PAIR ON CARBON WHILE CO2 DOES NOT
Explanation:
Bond dissociation bond enthalpy or energy is the energy needed to break 1 mole of a divalent molecule into separate atoms mostly in the gaseous state.
The carbon and oxygen in carbon monoxide form a triple bond as carbon monoxide has 10 electrons in their outermost shell which results into six shared electrons in 3 bonding orbitals as against the double bond formed by other carbon compounds. Four electrons come from oxygen and the remaining two from carbon and due to this, two electrons from oxygen will occupy one orbital and this forms a dative bond. Also because of the triple bond, carbon monoxide is often regarded as a more stable compound than carbon dioxide with a double bond. This gives it its higher bond dissociation enthalpy value and more energy is needed to break it into its separate atoms. This is in conjunction with a larger bond length similar to the bong length in a triple bond. This makes it more stronger than the bond dissociation enthalpy of carbon dioxide having a double bond.
Enter your answer in the provided box. Lead(II) nitrate is added slowly to a solution that is 0.0400 M in Cl− ions. Calculate the concentration of Pb2+ ions (in mol / L) required to initiate the precipitation of PbCl2.
(Ksp for PbCl2 is 2.40 × 10−4.)
Answer:
the concentration of Pb2+ ions is [tex][Pb^{2+}] } = 0.15 mol/L[/tex]
Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The concentration of [tex]Cl^{-}[/tex] is [tex]C_s = 0.0400 M[/tex]
The reaction is
[tex]Pb^{2+} + 2Cl^- ----> PbCl_2[/tex]
The solubility constant for this reaction is mathematically represented as
[tex]K_{sp} = [Pb^{2+}][Cl^{-}]^2[/tex]
Substituting values
[tex]2.4 0 * 10^{-4} = 0.0400^2 * [Pb^{2+}][/tex]
[tex][Pb^{2+}] } = \frac{2.4 0 * 10^{-4} }{0.0400^2 }[/tex]
[tex][Pb^{2+}] } = 0.15 mol/L[/tex]
what is the mass of 1.25 moles of Na2O?
Answer:
Explanation:
I have the same question
One type of water softener is precipitation softening, also known as ion-exchange. Based on the reactants used (Na2CO3 and CaCl2), what ions would remain in the softened water that would be consumed by the homeowners? What could be some negative aspects of consuming these ions?
Answer:
Explanation:
In ion exchange softener , the minerals of hard water are in the form of ions of Mg⁺² and Ca⁺² . They are replaced by Na⁺ ion . The Na⁺ that resides on the bed of resin used in ion exchange softener make all heavy ions like Mg⁺² and Ca⁺² . In this way all the hard ions of hard water are removed and they are replaced by Na⁺ ion . hard ions are removed because they form insoluble compounds so they are precipitated out.
The ion that remains in soft water is Na⁺ ion.
The negative aspect of consuming this ion is that it is harmful for those suffering from heart ailment like heart pressure.
Nonmetal oxides can react with water to form acids. For example, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid: CO2 H2O H2CO3. (1) Write an equation to show how diiodine pentaoxide reacts with water to form an acid. Do not include states. Balanced equation for reaction (smallest integer coefficients): (2) What is the name of the acid (include 'acid'):
Answer:
Explanation:
Diiodine pentoxide is I₂O₅
Reaction with water
I₂O₅ + H₂O = 2HIO₃
2 ) HIO₃ is called iodic acid.
Final answer:
Nonmetal oxides react with water to form acids. One example is the reaction of diiodine pentaoxide with water to produce iodic acid.
Explanation:
Nonmetal oxides react with water to form acids. One example is the reaction of diiodine pentaoxide with water to produce iodic acid.
(1) Equation:
Diiodine pentaoxide + Water → 2HI + HIO3
(2) Acid Name:
Iodic acid
What happens to the temperature of the liquid in a cup of water as some of the water evaporates?
A the temperature increases because there are fewer molecules to share energy between
B the temperature decreases because new molecular bonds form
C the temperature decreases because the most energetic molecules escape
D the temperature increases because the vapor pressure increases
Answer: c: The temperature decreases because the most energetic molecules escape
Explanation:
Evaporation is surface phenomenon in which liquid molecules gain energy from surrounding molecules and thus these high energy molecules escape from the surface in the form of vapors thus leaving low energy molecules in the system. As the kinetic energy of the left molecules decreases, the temperature of the molecules decreases as kinetic energy is directly proportional to temperature. Thus low temperature results in cooling of the system.
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Practice the Skill 21.15a When the following ketone is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide, the aldol product is obtained in poor yields. In these cases, special distillation techniques are used to increase the yield of aldol product. Predict the aldol addition product that is obtained, and propose a mechanism for its formation. For the mechanism, draw the curved arrows as needed. Include lone pairs and charges in your answer. Do not draw out any hydrogen explicitly in your products. Do not use abbreviations such as Me or Ph.
Answer:
OH OH ONa NaOH OH
Explanation:
See attached image
Urea (CH4N2O) is a common fertilizer that can be synthesized by the reaction of ammonia (NH3) with carbon dioxide as follows: 2NH3(aq)+CO2(aq)→CH4N2O(aq)+H2O(l) In an industrial synthesis of urea, a chemist combines 142.1 kg of ammonia with 211.4 kg of carbon dioxide and obtains 171.4 kg of urea. Part A Determine the limiting reactant. Express your answer as a chemical formula.
Answer:
The limiting reactant is Carbon dioxide, [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]
Explanation:
The balanced reaction equation is:
[tex]2NH_{3} + CO_{2}[/tex] → [tex]CH_{4} N_{2} O + H_{2} O[/tex]
The mole ratio of ammonia to carbon dioxide is 2:1
142100/17g = 8358.8 mol of NH3
211400/44g = 4, 804.5 mole of CO2
Now:
4,804.5 mol of CO2 × [tex]\frac{2 mol NH_{3} }{1 molCO_{2} }[/tex] = 9,609 mol of NH3 present
8,358.8 mole of NH3 × [tex]\frac{1 moleCO_{2} }{2moles NH_{3} }[/tex] = 4,179.4 mol of CO2 present
NH3 needs 8, 358.8 moles but had 9, 609 moles⇒ excess reactant
CO2 needs 4, 804,5 mol but had 4, 179.4 moles⇒ limiting reactant (used up completely)
The limiting reactant is carbon dioxide, CO2.
Ammonia is the limiting reactant in the synthesis of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Explanation:The reaction between ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) produces urea (CH4N2O) and water (H2O) according to the balanced equation: 2NH3(aq) + CO2(aq) → CH4N2O(aq) + H2O(l).
To determine the limiting reactant, we need to compare the amount of each reactant used to the amount of urea produced. From the given information, 142.1 kg of ammonia and 211.4 kg of carbon dioxide react to produce 171.4 kg of urea.
We can use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to find the theoretical yield of urea from both reactants:
For ammonia: 1 mole of urea is produced from 2 moles of ammonia. The molar mass of ammonia is 17.03 g/mol, so the number of moles of ammonia in 142.1 kg is (142.1 kg) / (17.03 g/mol) = 8358.4 mol. Therefore, the theoretical yield of urea from ammonia is (8358.4 mol) / 2 = 4179.2 mol or 4179.2 mol × 60.06 g/mol = 250783.4 g.For carbon dioxide: 1 mole of urea is produced from 1 mole of carbon dioxide. The molar mass of carbon dioxide is 44.01 g/mol, so the number of moles of carbon dioxide in 211.4 kg is (211.4 kg) / (44.01 g/mol) = 4801.6 mol. Therefore, the theoretical yield of urea from carbon dioxide is 4801.6 mol × 60.06 g/mol = 288255.4 g.Since the actual yield of urea is 171.4 kg, which is less than both the theoretical yields from ammonia and carbon dioxide, the limiting reactant is ammonia (NH3).
Therefore, the limiting reactant is ammonia (NH3).
The frequency table will be used to make a histogram. Use the drop-down menus to answer each question regarding the histogram.
What will the horizontal axis represent?
What will the vertical axis represent?
What is an appropriate scale?
Which interval should be used?
Answer:
What will the horizontal axis represent?
Temperature
What will the vertical axis represent?
number of days
What is an appropriate scale?
0-100
Which interval should be used
20
Answer:
✔ temperature
✔ number of days
✔ 0–100
✔ 20
Explanation:
Use molecular orbital theory to determine whether He2 2+ or He2 + is more stable. Use molecular orbital theory to determine whether He2 2+ or He2 + is more stable. The He2 + ion is more stable since it has a higher bond order (bond order = 1) than the He2 2+ ion (bond order = 1/2). The He2 + ion is more stable since it has a higher bond order (bond order = 2) than the He2 2+ ion (bond order = 1). The He2 2+ ion is more stable since it has a lower bond order (bond order = 1/2) than the He2 + ion (bond order = 1). The He2 2+ a lower bond order (bond order = 3/2) than the He2 + ion (bond order = 2). The He2 2+ ion is more stable since it has a higher bond order (bond order = 1) than the He2 + ion (bond order = 1/2).
Answer:
The He₂ 2+ ion is more stable since it has a higher bond order (bond order = 1) than the He₂ + ion (bond order = 1/2).
Explanation:
Molecular orbital of He₂⁺
[tex]1\sigma_{1s}^21\sigma(star)_{1s}^1[/tex]
There are two electrons in bonding and 1 electron in antibonding orbital
Bond order = [tex]\frac{(2-1)}{2}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex]
Molecular orbital of He₂⁺²
[tex]1\sigma_{1s}^21\sigma(star)_{1s}^0[/tex]
There are two electrons in bonding and 0 electron in antibonding orbital
Bond order = [tex]\frac{(2-0)}{2}[/tex]
= 1
So bond order of He₂⁺² is 1 which is more stable than He₂⁺ whose bond order is [tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex] .
In comparing the He2 2+ and He2 + ions and viewing their stability through the lens of Molecular Orbital Theory, we see that the He2 + ion is more stable due to its higher bond order.
Explanation:Using Molecular Orbital Theory, He2 2+ and He2 + ions can be compared based on their bond order. Bond order is a measure of the stability of a bond. A higher bond order signifies greater stability. The He2 + ion has a bond order of 1, while the He2 2+ ion has a bond order of 0.5. Therefore, the major difference between He2 2+ and He2+ comes from their bond orders, and the He2+ ion is considered more stable because its bond order is higher.
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What volume (mL) of a 15% (m/v) NaOH solution contains 120 g NaOH
Answer:
8.0*10^2
Explanation:
What volume (in milliliters) of a 15% (m/v) NaOH solution contains 120 g NaOH?
For 15% (m/v), the conversion factor can be 15%/100 mL or 100 mL/15%. In this case, 100 mL/15% is used because we need mL as our final expression. 100 mL/15% * 120 g NaOH= 800 mL NaOH. In scientific notation: 8.0*10² or 8.0e² mL NaOH.
To find the volume of a 15% (m/v) NaOH solution that contains 120 grams of NaOH, use the formula V = (mass of solute x 100) / %m/v, which results in 800 mL. Therefore, the correct answer is E) 800 mL.
To find the volume of a 15% (m/v) NaOH solution that contains 120 grams of NaOH, we will use the formula for mass/volume percentage concentration:
%m/v = (mass of solute/volume of solution) x 100%
Given:
Mass of NaOH (solute) = 120 g
Concentration of NaOH solution = 15% (m/v)
We need to find the volume of the solution (V).
Rearranging the formula to solve for V:
V = (mass of solute x 100%) / %m/v
Substituting the given values:
V = (120 g x 100%) / 15%
Converting the percentage:
V = (120 g x 100) / 15 = 12,000 / 15 = 800 mL
Therefore, 800 mL of a 15% NaOH solution contains 120 g NaOH. The correct answer is E) 800 mL.
What volume (mL) of a 15% (m/v) NaOH solution contains 120 g NaOH?
A) 18 mL
B) 0.13 mL
C) 13 mL
D) 120 mL
E) 800 mL
At a certain temperature the vapor pressure of pure acetyl bromide is measured to be . Suppose a solution is prepared by mixing of acetyl bromide and of chloroform . Calculate the partial pressure of acetyl bromide vapor above this solution. Round your answer to significant digits. Note for advanced students: you may assume the solution is ideal.
Answer:
0.22 atm.
Explanation:
Acetyl bromide is a Chemical compound with molar mass of 122.95 g/mol and chemical formula of C2H3BrO. Acetyl bromide has a density of 1.66 g/cm³ and it is often classified as a volatile organic compound.
Chloroform is a Chemical compound with molar mass of 119.38 g/mol and chemical formula of CHCl₃.
So, let us delve right into the Calculations of the question above;
The number of moles of Acetyl bromide, C2H3BrO = mass/molar mass = 51.8/ 122.95 = 0.421 moles.
The number of moles of Chloroform, CHCl₃ = mass/ molar mass = 123/119.38 = 1.03 moles.
Total moles = 1.03 moles + 0.421 moles= 1.4513 moles.
Mole fraction of Acetyl bromide= 0.421 moles/1.4513 moles = 0.2901
Partial Pressure = 0.2901 × 0.75= 0.2176 atm.
= 0.22 atm.
Final answer:
To calculate the partial pressure of acetyl bromide in a solution, Raoult's Law is applied, but specific values are necessary for an exact calculation. Without these values, a general explanation of the methodology is provided.
Explanation:
To calculate the partial pressure of acetyl bromide in a solution with chloroform, we use Raoult's Law, which states the partial vapor pressure of a component in a mixture is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture. The equation for Raoult's Law is Pi = Xi * P0i, where Pi is the partial pressure of the component i, Xi is the mole fraction of the component i in the liquid phase, and P0i is the vapor pressure of the pure component i. However, the question does not provide specific values for the initial vapor pressure of acetyl bromide or the quantities of acetyl bromide and chloroform, making it impossible to calculate the exact partial pressure without these inputs. Typically, you would calculate the mole fraction of acetyl bromide by dividing the moles of acetyl bromide by the total moles of solution and then use Raoult's Law to find the partial pressure of acetyl bromide vapor.
what is number of unpaired
electron of Mg
Answer:
2 unpaired Electrons
Explanation:
Answer:
I was told 2 I'm not so sure, But if it's wrong I'm Sorry :( I'm having a sorta bad day...I'm trying to help everyone to make my troubles go away god bless you and have a wonderful day, ~~ Night.
Which of the following item(s) explain the differences between the Ka values. Choose one or more: A. The oxidation state for oxygen in trifluoroacetate is more negative than the oxidation state for oxygen in acetate. B. The trifluoroacetate molecule has more resonance structures than the acetate molecule. C. The electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms pull electron density from the oxygen in trifluoroacetate. The negative charge is more stabilized in trifluoroacetate by this effect. D. The negative charge is on the more electronegative fluorine atom in trifluoroacetate.
Answer:
C. The electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms pull electron density from the oxygen in trifluoroacetate. The negative charge is more stabilized in trifluoroacetate by this effect.
Explanation:
The structures of trifluoroacetate and acetic acid are both shown in the image attached.
The trifluoroacetate anion (CF3CO2-), just like the acetate anion has in the middle, two oxygen atoms.
However, in the trifluoroacetate anion, there are also three electronegative fluorine atoms attached to the nearby carbon atom attached to the carbonyl, and these pull some electron density through the sigma bonding network away from the oxygen atoms, thereby spreading out the negative charge further. This effect, called the "inductive effect" stabilizes the anion formed,the trifouoroacetate anion is thus more stabilized than the acetate anion.
Hence, trifluoroacetic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid, having a pKa of -0.18.
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The acid dissociation constant (Ka) is used to distinguish strong acids from weak acids. Strong acids have exceptionally high Ka values.
The Ka value is found by looking at the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of the acid. The higher the Ka, the more the acid dissociates.
The structures of trifluoroacetate and acetic acid are both shown in the image attached. It contains
The trifluoroacetate anion[tex](CF_3CO_2^-)[/tex],The acetate anion Two oxygen atoms.
However, in the trifluoroacetate anion, there are also three electronegative fluorine atoms attached to the nearby carbon atom attached to the carbonyl.
These pull some electron density through the sigma bonding network away from the oxygen atoms, thereby spreading out the negative charge further. This effect, called the "inductive effect" stabilizes the anion formed, the trifluoroacetate anion is thus more stabilized than the acetate anion.
Hence, the correct option is C that is The electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms pull electron density from the oxygen in trifluoroacetate. The negative charge is more stabilized in trifluoroacetate by this effect.
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Matt has found a book on various marine zones. A picture illustrates a zone that shows diffused penetration of sunlight in water, but no marine plants. There are a few marine fish though. Which zone is illustrated?
Answer:
the mesopelagic, dysphotic, or twilight zone
Explanation:
Marine zones are the divisions of the ocean. The ocean is divided into two basic parts; the pelagic or open ocean, and the benthic or sea floor.
The pelagic zone is further divided into five broad zones according to how far down sunlight penetrates and they are:
1) the epipelagic, euphotic, or sunlit zone: the top layer of the ocean where enough sunlight penetrates for plants to carry on photosynthesis.
2) the mesopelagic, dysphotic, or twilight zone: a dim zone where some light penetrates, but not enough for plants to grow.
3) the bathypelagic, aphotic, or midnight zone: the deep ocean layer where no light penetrates.
4) the abyssal zone: the pitch-black bottom layer of the ocean; the water here is almost freezing and its pressure is immense.
5) the hadal zone: the waters found in the ocean's deepest trenches.
Choose the selection which correctly characterizes all three of the following substances in terms of whether they are polar or nonpolar: SiH4 and BBr3 and SiF4 a) SiH4 is nonpolar and BBr3 is polar and SiF4 is nonpolar. b) SiH4 is nonpolar and BBr3 is polar and SiF4 is polar. c) SiH4 is nonpolar and BBr3 is nonpolar and SiF4 is polar. d) SiH4 is polar and BBr3 is nonpolar and SiF4 is polar. e) SiH4 is nonpolar and BBr3 is nonpolar and SiF4 is nonpolar.
Answer:
SiH4 is nonpolar and BBr3 is nonpolar and SiF4 is nonpolar.
Explanation:
SiH4 is a non-polar compound. Though the Si–H bonds are polar, as a result of different electronegativities of Si and H. However, as there are 4 electron repulsions around the central Si atom, the polar bonds are arranged symmetrically around the central atom having a tetrahedral shape hence they cancel out making the compound nonpolar.
SiF4 is a nonpolar molecule because the fluorine atoms are arranged symetrically around the central silicon atom in a tetrahedral molecule with all of the regions of negative charge cancelling each other out just like in SiH4.
The 3 bromine atoms all lie in the same plane thus the geometry of the compound will be trigonal planar. The BBr3 will be non polar because the three B-Br bonds will cancel out each others' dipole moment given that they are in the same plane.
A non-polar chemical is SiH4. Despite the fact that the Si-H bonds are polar, this is because Si and H have differing electronegativities.
Thus, The polar bonds are symmetrically organized around the center Si atom, which has a tetrahedral form, and thus cancel out because there are four electron repulsions around it, rendering the combination nonpolar.
Because the fluorine atoms are symmetrically positioned around the center silicon atom in a tetrahedral molecule with all of the negative charge regions canceling each other out, SiF4 is a nonpolar molecule and electronegativities.
The geometry of the compound will be trigonal planar since all three bromine atoms are located in the same plane. The three B-Br bonds will cancel, making the BBr3 non-polar.
Thus, A non-polar chemical is SiH4. Despite the fact that the Si-H bonds are polar, this is because Si and H have differing electronegativities.
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The cell potential for the cell Zn(s) + 2H+(? M) LaTeX: \longrightarrow⟶ Zn2+(1.3 M) + H2(g) (8 atm) is observed to be 0.68 V. What is the pH in the H+/H2 half-cell? Reduction potential for H2(g)/H+(aq) is 0.00 V, for Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq) is -0.76 V. Enter number to 2 decimal places.
Answer:
pH in the [tex]H_{2}/H^{+}[/tex] half cell is 0.84.
Explanation:
Oxidation: [tex]Zn(s)-2e^{-}\rightarrow Zn^{2+}(aq.)[/tex]
Reduction: [tex]2H^{+}(aq.)+2e^{-}\rightarrow H_{2}(g)[/tex]
-------------------------------------------------------
Overall: [tex]Zn(s)+2H^{+}(aq.)\rightarrow Zn^{2+}(aq.)+H_{2}(g)[/tex]
[tex]E_{cell}^{0}=E_{H^{+}\mid H_{2}}^{0}-E_{Zn^{2+}\mid Zn}^{0}[/tex] = (0.00 V) + (0.76 V) = 0.76 V
According to Nernst equation for this cell reaction at room temperature (298 K):
[tex]E_{cell}=E_{cell}^{0}-\frac{0.0592}{n}log\frac{[Zn^{2+}].P_{H_{2}}}{[H^{+}]^{2}}[/tex]
where, [tex]E_{cell}[/tex] is cell potential, n is number of electron exchanged, [tex]P_{H_{2}}[/tex] is pressure of [tex]H_{2}[/tex] in atm and species under third bracket represent molarity of the respective species.
So, [tex]0.68V=0.76V-\frac{0.0592}{2}log\frac{(1.3M)\times (8atm)}{[H^{+}]^{2}}V[/tex]
[tex]\Rightarrow[/tex] [tex][H^{+}]=0.1436M[/tex]
pH = [tex]-log[H^{+}][/tex] = -log(0.1436) = 0.84
Final answer:
The pH in the H+/H2 half-cell of the given galvanic cell is 8.5.
Explanation:
In the given galvanic cell, the reduction half-reaction is 2H+ (aq) + 2e → H₂(g), and the overall reaction is Zn(s) + 2H+ (aq) -> Zn²+ (aq) + H₂(g). The reduction potential for the H2(g)/H+(aq) half-reaction is 0.00 V, and for the Zn(s)/Zn²+(aq) half-reaction is -0.76 V.
To find the pH in the H+/H2 half-cell, we can use the Nernst equation:
Ecell = E°cell - (0.0592 V / n) * log[H+]
Using the given cell potential of 0.68 V and plugging in the values, we can calculate the pH in the H+/H2 half-cell to be 8.5.
What causes the formation of ionic bonds?
When two or more atoms loss or gain electrons to produce an ion there is a formation of ionic bonds.
What do you mean by an ionic bond ?The bond is produced when an atom, specially a metal, loses an electron or electrons, and becomes a positive ion, or cation. Another atom, typically a non-metal, is able to get the electron(s) to become a negative ion, or anion.
Ionic bonds affect a cation and an anion.Ionic bonds are produce only between metals and nonmetals.
The ionic bond is produce through the transportation of electrons from the metal atoms to the non-metal atoms. The metal atoms lose their valence electrons to attain a stable noble gas electron arrangement.
Thus, The strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely-charged ions is known as ionic bond.
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Which statement is always true of the cathode in an electrochemical cell? Reduction occurs here. It is considered the "negative" electrode. Negative ions flow toward the cathode. Metal is plated out here. It is considered the "positive" electrode.
The cathode is where reduction occurs, it's regarded as the 'positive' electrode, and in electrochemical cells, it's where metal is plated out. Negative ions do not necessarily flow toward the cathode.
Explanation:In an electrochemical cell, some statements are always true for the cathode. The cathode is considered the "positive" electrode in the cell, it is where the reduction reaction (gain of electrons) occurs, and it is the location where metal is plated out (in electrolytic cells). Negative ions do not flow toward the cathode; ions flow based on their charge and the charge of the electrode. Positive ions (cations) move toward the cathode.
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why would defective collagen proteins affect an individuals joints?
Answer:
Defective collagen proteins affect an individuals joints, as collagen is an important component protein in body connective tissues
Explanation:
Collagen is a crucial protein in the extracellular matrix of various connective tissues in body (tendons, ligaments, muscles). It constitutes major protein component in mammals body.
Collagen Vascular disease is a group of diseases affecting 'collagen' connecting tissue. Apart from inheritance, they can con occur due to autoimmune disease. This implies that body's immune system fights against itself & mistakenly damages its own tissues. So, these diseases have a huge bearing on body joints components. Eg : Lupus , Arthritis are common collagen vascular diseases. Arthritis mostly affects adults above 30 years of age, lupus can be diagnosed in younger people above 15 years of age also.
Compare the value you calculated for the number of sand grains on Earth’s beaches to the number of particles in a mole. What can you conclude about the size of a mole?
The number of particles in a mole is about ____(blank) the number of grains of sand on Earth’s beaches.
Final answer:
The number of particles in a mole is far greater than the number of grains of sand on Earth's beaches, showcasing the mole's significance in representing vast quantities of atoms or molecules in chemistry.
Explanation:
When comparing the number of grains of sand on Earth’s beaches to the number of particles in a mole, it becomes evident that a mole represents a vastly larger quantity. The number of particles in a mole is 6.022x10²³, which dwarfs the estimated 7.5x10¹¸ grains of sand on Earth's beaches. This expansive difference illustrates that the mole is an incredibly large unit, used to easily convey numbers of particles or atoms that would otherwise be incomprehensible in scale. A mole's enormity is further illustrated by examples such as a mole of paper sheets extending more than a million times the distance from the Earth to the Sun, or a mole of sand filling a cube about 32 kilometers on a side. Therefore, the number of particles in a mole is far greater than the number of grains of sand on Earth’s beaches, highlighting the mole's utility in chemistry for working with the huge numbers of atoms and molecules involved in even small chemical samples.
The number of particles in a mole is about [tex]\(7.5 \times 10^{18}\),[/tex] (blank) the number of grains of sand on Earth’s beaches.
The number of particles in a mole, also known as Avogadro's number, is approximately [tex]\(6.022 \times 10^{23}\).[/tex]
Comparing this to the estimated number of sand grains on Earth's beaches, which is on the order of [tex]\(7.5 \times 10^{18}\),[/tex] we can conclude that the number of particles in a mole is significantly larger than the number of sand grains on Earth's beaches.
In fact, the number of particles in a mole is approximately 80 million times greater than the number of sand grains on Earth's beaches.
This stark difference highlights the immense size of a mole, indicating that it represents an enormous quantity of particles.
Therefore, a mole encompasses an incredibly large number of particles, underscoring its importance in chemistry and the sciences.
2. If 2.50g of sodium hydroxide is being reacted with 4.30g of magnesium chloride, how many grams of magnesium hydroxide would be produced?
how should i go about solving this equation
Answer:
1.822 g of magnesium hydroxide would be produced.
Explanation:
Balanced reaction: [tex]2NaOH+MgCl_{2}\rightarrow Mg(OH)_{2}+2NaCl[/tex]
Compound Molar mass (g/mol)
NaOH 39.997
[tex]MgCl_{2}[/tex] 95.211
[tex]Mg(OH)_{2}[/tex] 58.3197
So, 2.50 g of NaOH = [tex]\frac{2.50}{39.997}[/tex] mol of NaOH = 0.0625 mol of NaOH
4.30 g of [tex]MgCl_{2}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{4.30}{95.211}[/tex] mol of [tex]MgCl_{2}[/tex] = 0.0452 mol of [tex]MgCl_{2}[/tex]
According to balanced equation-
2 mol of NaOH produce 1 mol of [tex]Mg(OH)_{2}[/tex]
So, 0.0625 mol of NaOH produce [tex](\frac{0.0625}{2})[/tex] mol of NaOH or 0.03125 mol of NaOH
1 mol of [tex]MgCl_{2}[/tex] produces 1 mol of [tex]Mg(OH)_{2}[/tex]
So, 0.0452 mol of [tex]MgCl_{2}[/tex] produce 0.0452 mol of [tex]Mg(OH)_{2}[/tex]
As least number of moles of [tex]Mg(OH)_{2}[/tex] are produced from NaOH therefore NaOH is the limiting reagent.
So, amount of [tex]Mg(OH)_{2}[/tex] would be produced = 0.03125 mol
= [tex](0.03125\times 58.3197)[/tex] g
= 1.822 g
To find the grams of magnesium hydroxide produced, you need to balance the chemical equation and calculate stoichiometry.
To find the grams of magnesium hydroxide produced, we need to balance the chemical equation and calculate the stoichiometry.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
2NaOH + MgCl2 → Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl
Using the molar masses of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), we can calculate the grams of magnesium hydroxide produced:
Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide and magnesium chloride using their respective masses and molar masses.Use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to determine the moles of magnesium hydroxide produced.Convert the moles of magnesium hydroxide to grams using its molar mass.After performing these calculations, we find that 4.59g of magnesium hydroxide would be produced.
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The addition of 5.0x10–3 total moles of Zn2+ to a 1.0 L solution of NaCN gives a solution of the complex ion [Zn(CN)4] 2– (Kf = 4.17x1019). What is the equilibrium concentration of uncomplexed Zn2+ ions if the concentration of cyanide ions at equilibrium is 0.50 M?
Answer:
Concentration of [tex]Zn^{+2}[/tex] = 1.9 * [tex]10^{-19}[/tex]
Explanation:
Find the provided attachment for solution.
The equilibrium concentration of uncomplexed Zn²⁺ ions if the concentration of cyanide ions at equilibrium is 0.50 M, is 19.18 × 10⁻²² M.
How do we calculate the equilibrium constant?Equilibrium constant of any reaction will be calculated as the ration of the concentration of products to the concentration of reactants with raise to to respective coefficients at the equilibrium condition.
Moles of Zn²⁺ & Zinc cyanide complex are equal, so the concentration of 5×10⁻³ moles of Zinc cyanide complex in 1 liter of the solution is 5×10⁻³ M.
Chemical reaction for the formation of given complex with ICE table is:
Zn²⁺ + 4(cyanide ions) ⇄ Zinc cyanide complex
Initial: 0 0.50 5×10⁻³
Change: +x +4x -x
Equilibrium: x 0.50+4x 5×10⁻³-x
Equilibrium constant for the above reaction will be calculated as:
Kf = Zinc cyanide complex / [Zn²⁺][cyanide ion]⁴
Given value of Kf = 4.17 × 10¹⁹
On putting all values on the above equation we get,
4.17 × 10¹⁹ = [5×10⁻³-x] / [x].[0.50+4x]⁴
x is very small as compared to the 5×10⁻³ and 0.50, so we can neglect x and equation becomes:
4.17 × 10¹⁹ = [5×10⁻³] / [x].[0.50]⁴
x = 19.18 × 10⁻²² M
Hence, required concentration of Zn²⁺ is 19.18 × 10⁻²² M.
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IS PLUTO ROCKY OR GASY
Answer:
Rocky.
Explanation:
Jovian planets are giant gas balls not unlike the SUN although they have a small rocky central core. Pluto is a rock ice planet---more like Europa, a satellite of Jupiter. In fact, Pluto is probably the largest of the so-called KUIPER BELT objects
A student wishes to calculate the experimental value of Ksp for AgI. S/he follows the procedure in Part 3 and finds Ecell to be 0.839 V. S/he does not perform Part 2; instead, s/he uses the theoretical slope of the Nernst plot for an Ag/Ag+ concentration cell, as instructed by her/his TA; this value is −0.0591 V. (a) What is the concentration of Ag+(aq) in the saturated solution of AgI (i.e., [Ag+ ]dilute)? ([Ag+ ]conc = 1.0 ✕ 10−1 M.) M (b) Using [I− ] = 0.20 M, calculate the experimental Ksp. (c) Suppose s/he mistakenly uses 1.039 V as Ecell. How does this affect [Ag+ ]dilute? Will it be too high, too low, or unaffected?
Answer:
a) [Ag+]dilute = 6.363 × 10⁻¹⁶ M
b) 1.273 × 10⁻¹⁶
c) 2.629×10⁻¹⁹ M Thus; the value for [Ag+ ]dilute will be too low
Explanation:
In an Ag | Ag+ concentration cell ,
The anode reaction can be written as :
Ag ----> Ag+(dilute) + e- &:
The cathode reaction can be written as:
Ag+(concentrated) + e- ----> Ag
The Overall Reaction : is
Ag+(concentrated) -----> Ag+(dilute)
However, the Standard Reduction potential of cell = E°cell = 0
( since both cathode and anode have same Ag+║Ag )
Also , given that the theoretical slope is - 0.0591 V
Therefore; the reduction potential of cell ; i.e
Ecell = E°cell - 0.0591 V × log ( [Ag+]dilute / [Ag+]concentrated )
0.839 V = 0 - 0.0591 V × log ( [Ag+]dilute / ( 1.0 × 10⁻¹ M ) )
log ( [Ag+]dilute / ( 1.0 × 10⁻¹ M ) ) = - 14.1963
[Ag+]dilute = [tex]\mathbf{10^{-14.1963} }[/tex] × 1.0 × 10⁻¹ M
[Ag+]dilute = 6.363 × 10⁻¹⁶ M
b)
AgI ----> Ag + (dilute) + I⁻
So , Solubility product = Ksp = [Ag⁺]dilute × [I⁻]
= 6.363 × 10⁻¹⁶ M × 0.20 M
= 1.273 × 10⁻¹⁶
c) If s/he mistakenly uses 1.039 V as Ecell; then the value for [Ag+]dilute will be :
Ecell = E°cell - 0.0591 V × log ( [Ag+]dilute / [Ag+]concentrated )
1.039 V = 0 - 0.0591 V × log ( [Ag+]dilute / ( 1.0 × 10⁻¹ M ) )
log ( [Ag+]dilute / ( 1.0 × 10⁻¹ M ) ) = - 17.5804
[Ag+]dilute = [tex]\mathbf{10^{-17.5804} }[/tex] × 1.0 × 10⁻¹ M
[Ag+]dilute = 2.629×10⁻¹⁹ M
Thus, the value for [Ag+ ]dilute will be too low
What is the molarity (concentration) of 2.53 L of NaOH which exactly neutralizes 5.0L of 1.25 M HCl?
Answer:
The concentration of NaOH is 2.47 M
Explanation:
The equation of the reaction is
HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq) ------> NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Given;
Concentration of acid CA= 1.25 M
Volume of acid VA= 5.0L
Concentration of base CB= ????
Volume of base VB= 2.53 L
Number of moles of acid NA= 1
Number of moles of base NB= 1
From;
CAVA/CBVB= NA/NB
CAVANB= CBVBNA
CB= CAVANB/VBNA
CB= 1.25 × 5.0 ×1 / 2.53×1
CB= 2.47 M
Therefore the concentration of NaOH is 2.47 M
The starting materials for this reaction are ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. The letters A and B represent organic groups that are unreactive. What reactive organic functional group does ethylene glycol (containing the A functional group) contain?
Answer:
Functional groups are group of atoms which are responsible for the reactivity of compound. In ethylene glycol, organic functional group is OH which is ALCOHOL.
Explanation:
Ethylene glycol, the starting material in the reaction, contains two reactive hydroxyl groups (-OH). These groups enable it to react with terephthalic acid, which has carboxylic acid functional groups, resulting in a polymerization reaction that forms a plastic named polyethylene terephthalate.
Explanation:Ethylene glycol, also known as 1,2-ethanediol, is an organic compound with two hydroxyl groups (-OH). These hydroxyl groups are the reactive functional groups in ethylene glycol, making it a type of alcohol. In the context of the reaction mentioned, ethylene glycol can react with terephthalic acid, another organic molecule with carboxylic acid (-COOH) as the functional group, which will yield a polymer called polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
PET is a type of plastic used commonly for making bottles, films, and fibers for clothing. The formation of plastics by reaction of alcohols (like ethylene glycol) and carboxylic acids (like terephthalic acid) is known as a polymerization reaction. In these reactions, many small monomer units (the alcohol and the acid, in this case) join together to form a large polymer molecule.
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BALANCE the equation
2.How many moles of chlorine gas can be produced if 4 moles of FeCl3 react with 4 moles of O2?
Answer:
1. 4FeCl3 + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 6Cl2
2. 6 moles of Cl2
Explanation:
1. The balanced equation for the reaction. This is illustrated below:
4FeCl3 + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 6Cl2
2. Determination of the number of mole of Cl2 produce when 4 moles of FeCl3 react with 4 moles. To obtain the number of mole of Cl2 produced, we must determine which reactant is the limiting reactant.
This is illustrated below:
From the balanced equation above,
4 moles of FeCl3 reacted with 3 moles of O2.
Since lesser amount of O2 (i.e 3 moles) than what was given (i.e 4 moles) is needed to react completely with 4 moles of FeCl3, therefore FeCl3 is the limiting reactant and O2 is the excess reactant.
Finally, we can obtain the number of mole Cl2 produced from the reaction as follow:
Note: the limiting reactant is used as it will produce the maximum yield of the reaction since all of it is used up in the reaction.
From the balanced equation above,
4 moles of FeCl3 will react to produced 6 moles of Cl2.