Answer:
a."Alkylating agents are toxic to tissues that have rapidly dividing cells."
Explanation:
In the given example the patient is about to begin chemotherapy with a bifunctional alkylating agent.
when the two dna strands are cross linked they will not separate for dna replication which will halt the cell division process so rapidly dividing cells will stop dividing and die
Moreover,Chemotherapeutic agents, also known as antineoplastic agents, are used to prevent the growth of fast-growing cells, usually in the sense of malignancy, directly or indirectly.
Therefore, Chemotherapeutic agents are Alkylating agents that are toxic to tissues that have rapidly dividing cells
So, this statement by student indicates an understanding of his chemotherapeutic agent.
The majority of lipid absorption occurs in the small intestine with the help of a spherical compound called a(n) __________.
Answer: micelle
Explanation:
Micelle can be defined as the small aggregate of bile acids and mixed lipids which are suspended in the ingesta. An ingesta can be defined as the mixed, micelles bump that is present on the brush border of the small intestine. The kind of lipids responsible for formation of micelle includes the monoglycerides and the fatty acids.
Answer:
The correct answer is micelle
Explanation:
Lipids are mainly digested in the small intestine. The digestion of lipids requires emulsification which is done by bile that is produced by the liver. During emulsification, the lipids are broken down into small globules of lipids.
This small lipid globule is converted into fatty acids and glyceraldehydes by lipase enzyme. Bile salt than surrounds these smaller and simpler lipid molecules and convert them into tiny sphere called micelle.
These micelle are than absorbed in the small intestine therefore the correct answer is micelle.
Which study performed earlier this century established that the fourteenth-century black plague was spread from rats to humans via fleas?
descriptive
epidemiological
experimental
observational
Answer:
epidemiological
Explanation:
Epidemiological studies are the ones that are conducted on human populations to determine the cause of the disease and also to evaluate the protective factors against the disease in a given population. These studies aim to identify a disease in the population, identify when, where and how it occurred so as to identify a definite cause and then to look for ways to eradicate the disease from the population or to decrease its frequency. The epidemiological studies were conducted in 14th century to determine the cause of black plague which caused the death of millions and the death was termed as black death.The epidemiological studies led to the conclusion that the deaths were caused due to the transmission of the plague from rats to humans via fleas.In Africa, AIDS takes its toll on the population, but deaths occur most frequently in the 20-40 age group. Show a survivorship curve that would illustrate this pattern.
Answer:
Late diagnosis and poor treatment is the major cause of death in the 20-40 age group in the Africa.
Explanation:
The people get AIDS from to main sources
1. Use of infected syringe
2. Unprotected sex with infected person
The teen age group is mainly infected from sources mentioned above.
In the Africa people are poor. They got infected but not early diagnosed. The disease become so severe when diagnosed. In the Africa population is poor. so they cannot afford the expensive the antiretroviral treatment.
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Bowhunters should avoid _______ shots, because the vital areas are protected by bone from this angle.
A. quartering-away
B. quartering-toward
C. broadside
D. rear-end
Answer:
The correct answer is B. quartering-toward
Explanation:
Shot angle is important to do a successful hunt. It is the angle that denotes the position of animals concerning to he hunter. The best shot angle is the broad shot angle for big game animals.
Quartering towards is the marginal shot angle which can result in the ruining of edible meat in large amounts. The risk of failing in making a clean and quick kill is also low in this angle because bones can protect the vital organs of the animal at this angle and the animal can change its position quickly as it can see the action of hunter.
Colchicine is a chemical that when applied to a cell during mitosis can be used to "freeze" cells in metaphase by preventing the chromosomes from moving away from the metaphase plate. What part of the cell does colchicine most likely affect?
a. chromosome structure
b. spindle fibers
c. nuclear membrane
d. cell membrane
Answer:
The correct answer is - spindle fibers.
Explanation:
The colchicine is the chemical that obtains from the plant which is used to treat gout and joint swellings. Colchicine freezes the cell metaphase stage by inhibiting microtubule polymerization.
This inhibits the function of the tubulin enzyme that prevents the assembly of the mitotic spindle fibers which separates the chromosomes to opposite poles from the metaphase plate.
Thus, the correct answer is - spindle fibers.
The flow of electrons down the respiratory chain allows the active transport of _________ to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane.
Answer:hydrogen ions
Explanation:in the mitochondria,electrons pass down a chain of carrier molecules from a higher energy level to a lower energy level.energy is released from this process and this energy is used to pump hydrogen ions into the inter membrane space of the mitochondria.this causes a gradient which is harnessed for the formation of ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate.
In order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must _____1. have identical DNA sequences2. originate from the same type of cell3. code for the same gene product4. be cut by the same restriction enzyme5. be the same length
Answer:
4. be cut by the same restriction enzyme
Explanation:
Restriction enzymes are the endonucleases and cut the DNA molecules at specific sites. These sites are unique for each restriction enzyme and are called restriction sites. Since restriction enzymes cut DNA only at their respective restriction sites, digestion of two DNA molecules with the same restriction enzyme creates DNA fragments with complementary ends.
The restriction digested DNA fragments then can be ligated with each other with the help of enzyme DNA ligase. Therefore, to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must be digested with the same restriction enzyme to create restriction fragments with complementary ends which in turn would facilitate their ligation.
To insert a human gene into a plasmid, both the gene and the plasmid must be cut by the same restriction enzyme to ensure that their ends are compatible for ligation.
Explanation:In order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must be cut by the same restriction enzyme. This process involves cutting the gene of interest with a restriction enzyme, and doing the same to the expression plasmid DNA to generate compatible ends. The DNA fragment, usually isolated by PCR and/or restriction digestion, is then cloned into a plasmid that has been cut with a compatible restriction enzyme. These enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cut them in such a way that the cut ends have single-stranded overhangs, which are complementary and can therefore anneal to each other. The plasmid and the human gene are then joined using DNA ligase, creating a recombinant DNA molecule that can be introduced into a bacterial cell for replication and gene expression.
A 9-month old baby with a macular rash is brought to the hospital. Parents report that the rash started on the face, spread to the rest of the body, and was preceded with coldlike symptoms. There are small reddish spots in the baby's mouth. What is the diagnosis?
a) shingles
b) smallpox
c) chickenpox
d) rubeola
Answer: d) rubeola
Explanation:
Rubeola is a virus which causes measles. The virus lives inside the nose and throat mucus of the infected adult or child. The infection of the virus remains for 4 days. The infection spread through the infected droplets from an infected person. The symptoms include fever, cough and red rashes which firstly appear on face and then to entire body.
Why do so many geneticists focus on studying yeast, fruit flies, nematodes, mice or the small plant Arabidopsis?
Answer: They are all genetically tractable
Explanation:
Yeast, fruit flies, nematodes, mice or the small plant Arabidopsis have known genome i.e their entire genetic information is known to the scientific community, thus they are EASILY MODIFIED in genetic research.
Also, they are simple eukaryotes (having cells with defined nucleus) so they can explain the processes in the human eukaryotic cell during genetic research
Both reasons make them genetically tractable
Answer:
They have multiple features that allow for cheap, fast and efficient manipulation of genes and chromosomes.
Explanation:
Once macrophages "gobble up" cholesterol-laden LDL and become enlarged, they are transformed into
Answer:
Foam cells
Explanation:
Foam cells are a form of macrophage that is restricted to fatty deposits on blood vessel walls. It feeds on low-density lipoproteins to become enlarge with lipids forming a foam like substance. Hence, it's name foam cells
Which of the following distinguishes prophase 1 of meiosis from prophase of mitosis?
A. homologous chromosomes pair up
B. spindle forms
C. nuclear membrane breaks down
D. chromosomes become visible
Answer:
The correct answer is A). Homologous chromosomes pair up.
Explanation:
During prophase 1, it occurs chromosomes condensation. The principal difference with the mitosis prophase is that during meiosis prophase 1, each chromosome gets carefully in pair with its homologous chromosome. They do so to make the crossing-over possible, stage where they interchange their parts.
The distinguishing feature of prophase I of meiosis is the [ option a ] pairing of homologous chromosomes (synapsis), which does not occur in prophase of mitosis.
To distinguish prophase I of meiosis from prophase of mitosis, you need to identify what is unique to each process. This pairing, known as synapsis, is specific to prophase I of meiosis and does not occur during prophase of mitosis.
Here is a step-by-step comparison:
Prophase I of Meiosis: Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis). This is followed by crossing-over, where genetic material is exchanged between chromatids, contributing to genetic diversity.Prophase of Mitosis: Homologous chromosomes do not pair up. Instead, individual chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle forms, but without the specific pairing of homologs.One of the keys to success for Mendel was his selection of pea plants. Explain how using pea plantsallowed Mendel to control mating; that is, how did this approach let Mendel be positive about theexact characteristics of each parent?
Answer:
Because of the polination characteristics of the pea plant.
Explanation:
Mendel had various reasons to use pea plants for his genetic experiments such as the observability of the pea's traits, ease of reproduction etc. but the main reason he used them is because they allowed him to have controlled mating which made the traits more controllable and therefore Mendel was sure of his observations and results. This was possible because the pea plants, during their flowering periods, are protected from alien pollinating, therefore he could control the polination process of the experiment, which was crucial in terms of accuracy and reliability of the results.
I hope this answer helps.
Could a person inherit homozygous recessive alleles for both alkaptonuria and and phenylketonuria? If so, what would the symptoms be?
Answer:
The correct answer is "It is possible to inherit homozygous recessive alleles for both alkaptonuria and and phenylketonuria, but only the symptoms of phenylketonuria will be present".
Explanation:
Alkaptonuria (AKU) and and phenylketonuria (PKU) are two homozygous recessive alleles located at different chromosomal loci, therefore it is possible that a person inherit the two conditions. However, under this condition only the symptoms of PKU will be present. The PKU would prevent the accumulation of homogentisic or melanic acid, which would remediate the symptoms of AKU.
Answer:
Explanation:Becos it will speed up the blood pressure and the heart beat rate. They also prevent high blood pressure drugs from working
The guidelines for trauma triage and transport, as released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, take into consideration each of the following factors except:
a. Physiological determination
b. Patient's sex
c. MOI
d. Anatomic criteria
Answer:
Patient's sex.
Explanation:
Trauma triage and transport process main aim is to provide the proper facility to the injured patient so they can easily reach at the trauma center. Emergency medical services also plays an important role.
Different rules and guidelines have been implemented in the trauma triage and transport. The physiology of the patient is determined and proper medical facility is provided to the patient. The patient sex is not determined and keep not in consideration in the guidelines.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B).
In intestinal epithelial cells, a transport protein moves the bulky, polar glucose molecules through the membrane into the cytoplasm, while simultaneously transporting Na through the membrane into the cell down its electrochemical gradient. Which example correctly describes this cotransport of glucose and sodium
Answer:
Secondary active transport by symporter.
Explanation:
Secondary active transport is known as an active transport which moves two different types of molecules or ions across a transport membrane. In this transport one of the molecules moves down its electrochemical gradient across the biological membrane, and this helps another molecule to move in the uphill direction against the concentration gradient.
In symport transport the molecules moves in similar direction across the membrane. So, this is the example of Secondary active transport by symporter.
Leona is making lemon pudding from "scratch." Her ingredients include fat-free milk, corn starch, lemon juice, egg yolks, salt, sugar, and butter. When she added some of the ingredients together, little clumps formed in the mixture before she could heat it. What happened to those ingredients?a. The acid in the lemon juice denatured the milk proteins. b. The cholesterol in the raw egg yolks reacted with the butter. c. The salt activated the sugar after being mixed with the egg yolks.
Answer:
The acid in the lemon juice denatured the milk proteins.
Explanation:
The important biomolecule of the living organism is protein. Proteins are made of the repeating units of the alpha amino acids that are attached together through the peptide bond.
The proteins get denatured if they are subjected to the change in the temperature conditions or the additions of the chemicals. The addition of the lemon juice that acts as the acid coagulates the protein present in the milk and results in the clump formation.
Thus, the correct answer is option (a).
A message in the brain is "ferried" across the synapse by a _____, which pours out information contained in chemicals when it crosses the synapses.
Answer:
Answer is neurotransmitter.
Explanation:
The neurotransmitters are regarded as chemical messengers that carry messages or transmit signals to neighboring cells.
Examples of neurotransmitters include serotonin, glutamate, endorphin among others.
_____ influences are stronger predictors of bipolar disorder than of depressive disorders.
Answer:
Genetic
Explanation:
Genetics has an influence of 60-85 % of chances of inherting bipolar disorder.
The responsible for this is GRK3. The recommended genetic test is called PSYNOME.
Its operational principle is to look for 2 mutations in the gene above.
Basically bipolar disorder is a state of mentally health conditions in which there is a shift in mood of an induvidual,his energy and behavior.it is always refer to as Manic depression because of the switch in the mood and sometimes aggressive behaviours.
The individual cells making up a tissue differ from single-celled organisms such as Paramecium in that only the latter:
A. reproduce by mitosis.
B. have subcellular organelles.
C. are capable of extended independent life.
D. can metabolize nutrient molecules.
Answer:
C. are capable of extended independent life.
Explanation:
The single-celled organisms such as Paramecium have only one cell in their bodies. The cells of the unicellular organisms are capable of independent existence as an individual organism. On the other hand, the cells that make up a tissue are not able to survive as an individual organism. The cells of the tissue are specialized to perform some specific functions and cannot perform all the life process independently as the single cell of Paramecium does.
A nurse is reviewing discharge plans with a client who is hospitalized with hepatitis A. The nurse concludes that the client understands preventive measures to reduce the risk of spreading the disease when the client makes what statement?
Answer:
Maintaining good hand hygiene
Explanation:
Hepatitis A is also known as infectious hepatitis. It is caused by a non-enveloped RNA virus, Hepatitis A virus (HAV). This virus is shed in the stool of the infected individual and is transmitted by fecal-oral route.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO REDUCE THE RISK OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION:
Maintaining good hygiene i.e. washing hands with water after toileting is of paramount importance in preventing HAV transmission as this virus is shed in the stool and is transmitted via fecal-oral route. Washing hands after toileting removes the virus from the hands and prevents its transmission to other individuals in contact with the patient.Placing the tissues used during defecating in trash bin is also important.Suppose that you are a member of a public health agency that will assist in the investigation of a local outbreak of gastroenteritis that officials suspect may be related to egg salad sandwiches served at a school athletic event. The first step in the investigation of the infectious disease outbreak is:
Answer:
The first step of investigation is to verify the existence of the infectious disease outbreak
Explanation:
Answer:
The first step of investigation is to verify the existence of the infectious disease outbreak
Explanation:
disorders involve a real physical illness that is largely caused by psychological factors such as stress and anxiety (tension headaches area good example) while _____ disorders have an apparent physical illness for which there is no organic cause; in other words physical symptoms are occurring without an identifiable physical cause.
Answer: somatoform or somatic symptom disorder
Explanation:
It is any mental or psychological disorders where patients experience unexplained physical symptoms of illness which are idiopathic and not consistent with general medical guidelines.
Symptoms These depend on the age group of individuals , it usually begins as reoccurring stomachaches, followed by headache in early childhood. As age increases, the symptoms changed to insomnia, fatigues, depression and at chronic state seizure, and paralysis,
The plasma membrane prevents all potassium ions from leaking out but allows all sodium ions to cross into the cell from the extracellular fluid.True / False.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation:
The plasma membrane has both Na –K channels across it walls. They are membrane transport proteins which hydrolyse ATP s for the active transport mechanisms for transport of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membranes .
Naturally,there are more potassium ion channels than sodium channels in plasma membrane; potassium is also extracellular while sodium is extracellular
Therefore ,when some potassium ions diffused into the Axoplasm, from the extracellular medium;;some potassium ions still move out BACK into the extracellular environments. Not all potassium are restricted from leaving .
This leakage occurs because of more available potassium ions channels than sodium ions, and higher number of available potassium ions
Thus the answer is FALSE
the ratio of diffusion is 3 sodium out to 2 potassium in
Final answer:
The claim in the question is false; the plasma membrane lets potassium ions leak out due to its high permeability to K⁺, while it is normally impermeable to sodium ions.
Explanation:
The statement given is false. The plasma membrane does not prevent all potassium ions (K⁺) from leaking out; in fact, it is very permeable to potassium ions, especially at rest. Potassium ions can diffuse out of the cell at a faster rate than sodium ions (Na⁺) can enter because there are more potassium leakage channels. It is also important to note the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting potential of the cell membrane. This pump actively transports three sodium ions out of the cell and brings two potassium ions into the cell, which contributes to the negative charge inside the cell relative to the extracellular fluid. While potassium has high permeability at rest, the membrane is normally impermeable to sodium ions.
Which of the following medications produces a significant pharmacokinetic interaction when administered with azathioprine?
A. allopurinol
B. fluconazole
C. sirolimus
D. probenacid
E. tacrolimus
Answer:
A - allopurinol
Explanation:
When one drug interacts with another at the level of metabolism, absorption or excretion then such interaction is known as Pharmacokinetic interaction.Due to these Pharmacokinetic interactions, the effect of the drugs administered together is different than when the drugs are administered individually. Concomitant use of allopurinol with azathioprine results in significantly increased azathioprine-induced toxicity as it shows significant pharmacokinetic interaction when administered with azathioprine.Therefore, it necessary to decrease its dosage.Which of the following statements about the role of the respiratory system in maintenance of blood pH is not true?Select one:
a. Increasing the breathing rate rids the body of hydrogen ions because more carbon dioxide is breathed out.b. The respiratory center in the medulla oblongata increases the breathing rate if the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood rises.c. The lungs are able to rid the body of a wide variety of acidic and basic substances, thereby directly adjusting the pH of the blood.d. Breathing readjusts the proportion of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions in the blood.e. When the buffer system of the blood is overwhelmed by an acidic or basic substance, the respiratory center adjusts the breathing rate to compensate.
Answer:
c. The lungs are able to rid the body of a wide variety of acidic and basic substances, thereby directly adjusting the pH of the blood
Explanation:
Lungs help maintain the blood pH by regulating the partial pressure of CO2 and thereby, the amount of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions in the blood. As CO2 enters the blood, it is converted to carbonic acid (H2CO3) which in turn dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. As the H+ concentration increases, the blood pH decreases. The increased breathing rate and increased gaseous exchange in the lungs compensate for the change in the blood pH. Removal of CO2 from blood reduces the H+ concentration in the blood and thereby, the blood pH is increased towards the normal range.
The abiotic synthesis of ____________________, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases, may have occurred near volcanoes or around deep-sea vents.
Answer:
Polypeptides
Explanation:
Final answer:
The abiotic synthesis of organic compounds, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases, has been demonstrated in lab conditions resembling early Earth and may have occurred naturally near volcanoes or deep-sea vents. This process was facilitated by an oxygen-poor atmosphere and catalytic surfaces provided by mineral-rich hydrothermal vents.
Explanation:
The abiotic synthesis of organic compounds, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases, may have occurred near volcanoes or around deep-sea vents. Laboratory experiments have shown that this process is possible under conditions similar to those of early Earth. For instance, cyanoacetylene can react with water to form cyanoacetaldehyde, which can then condense to form cytosine, demonstrating the synthesis of nitrogenous bases. Similarly, hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor provide conditions conducive to the synthesis of amino acids and peptides, with their reducing molecules and metallic catalytic surfaces supporting the formation of these prebiotic molecules.
A key factor in the abiotic synthesis of these compounds is the absence of oxygen in Earth's early atmosphere, which consisted mostly of methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water. The successful synthesis of pyrimidine ribonucleotides, as reported in Nature, indicates that even the components necessary for the formation of nucleic acids could have been created abiogenetically under early Earth conditions.
In Epic, which tool should you use to find information related to a particular condition?
Answer and Explanation:
The tool is Chart Search or just hit 'Ctrl+Spacebar'
Using Epic,
In a patient’s chart, press 'Ctrl+Spacebar' (or you may just use the Search box located in the top right corner)
Through the Chart Search, you can enter keywords (for instance, - Alzheimer's). You can now sort the search results swiftly into various categories like (problems, notes, meds, labs, etc.) in a way that makes it possible to find out any information related to that particular condition you're searching out.
A 4-year-old girl ingested a bottle of aspirin approximately 30 minutes ago. She is conscious and alert but complains that her stomach hurts. The child's mother tells you that she does not think her daughter ingested anything else. The poison control center will MOST likely request that you ______
Answer:
Answer is the administration of about 12.5 grams of activated charcoal.
Explanation:
The activated charcoal is administered during emergency treatment of some kinds of poisoning. This will prevent the poisonings from being absorbed from the stomach into the body.
In some cases, a large amount of dose of activated charcoal may be required to treat poisoning that is severe.
It is administered after the powdery form of the activated charcoal is mixed with liquid.
In most people, a systolic BP of _______ is sufficient to perfuse the brain and other vital organs.
Answer:
80 – 90 mm Hg.
Explanation:
Blood pressure may be defined as the pressure exerted on the walls of hearts during the blood flow. The maintenance of the blood pressure is important for the proper functioning of the body.
Systolic blood pressure is pressure exerts during the heart contraction. This is the arterial pressure during the contraction of the especially left ventricles of the heart. The sufficient systolic blood pressure of the body that are sufficient for the body is 80 – 90 mm Hg.
Thus, the answer is 80 – 90 mm Hg.
A systolic blood pressure of approximately 93.33 mm Hg is generally sufficient to ensure adequate perfusion of vital organs. The mean arterial pressure should ideally range between 70 and 110 mm Hg to avoid complications such as ischemia and hypoxia.
Explanation:In most people, a systolic BP of approximately 93.33 mm Hg is sufficient to perfuse the brain and other vital organs. To maintain adequate tissue perfusion and avoid conditions such as ischemia (insufficient blood flow) and hypoxia (inadequate oxygenation), the mean arterial pressure (MAP) typically needs to be within the range of 70 to 110 mm Hg. Studies suggest that a lower systolic pressure around 115 mm Hg can lead to fewer health issues and better long-term cardiovascular health compared to a higher pressure. Optimal blood pressure for an adult is less than 120/80 mm Hg, with new guidelines listing hypertension as higher than 130/80 mm Hg and elevated BP between 120-129/80 mm Hg. Maintaining a systolic pressure above 90 mm Hg is generally necessary to ensure effective circulation, particularly during situations such as exercise when systolic pressure may increase dramatically to accommodate increased blood flow.
Drag each label to the appropriate bin. If an organism is both a secondary consumer and a tertiary consumer, drag it to the "both secondary and tertiary consumer" bin. Bins : -Detritus -primary producer -primary consumer/decomposer -secondary consumer -tertiary consumer -both secondary and tertiary consumer labels (options): -dead animal -living maple leaves -fungus -millipede -earthworm -maggots -rotting log -cricket -robin alligator lizard
Answer: Detritus are the dead animal and the rotting logs.
Producer is the living maple leaf
Primary consumer or decomposers are fungi, cricket maggots
Secondary consumers are earthworm and millipede.
Tertiary consumer aren't available here.
Both secondary and tertiary consumer is Robin Alligator Lizard.
Explanation:A producer is an organism that can produce food from using Inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water in presence of sunlight. Plants are the producers, so is living maple leaf.
Detritus are the substances that are dead and needs to be decomposed and recycled as new raw products, so is rotting log and dead animal.
Primary consumers and decomposers are the insects and Fungi as well as maggots.
Secondary consumers consume primary consumers as food, so are earthworm and millipede.
Only tertiary consumers are not in list, because alligator lizard can consume both primary and secondary consumers.
The classification of organisms based on their trophic levels involves placing dead animal and rotting log under Detritus; living maple leaves as Primary producer; fungus, earthworm, and maggots as Primary consumer/decomposer; millipede and cricket as Secondary consumer; and robin and alligator lizard as Tertiary consumer. It's essential for understanding energy flow in ecosystems.
To correctly classify the organisms into the appropriate bins based on their trophic levels or roles in the ecosystem, we need to understand their feeding behaviors and interactions within food webs. Here's how each label should be placed:
Detritus: dead animal, rotting log
Primary producer: living maple leaves
Primary consumer/decomposer: fungus, earthworm, maggots
Secondary consumer: millipede, cricket
Tertiary consumer: robin, alligator lizard
Both secondary and tertiary consumer: None mentioned
It's important to understand the flow of energy within an ecosystem. Primary producers make their own food; primary consumers eat those producers; secondary consumers eat the primary consumers; tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. Decomposers and detritivores break down dead organisms, returning nutrients to the environment.