Answer:
5. pycnocline.
Explanation:
Pycnocline is the rapid change in density of ocean water with depth. With increase in depth, ocean water tends to be denser. The two major factors that determine density in ocean water are temperature and salinity(salt contents). The denser water become in the ocean the more likely it sinks easily . This is one major factor that drive Ocean currents, the process is called thermohaline circulation.
The increase in salinity of ocean water causes an increase in density . This is because the salt become tightly pack and filled the water to make it denser . This simply means an increase in saline content of ocean water causes an increase in the density.
Another factor that affects density is temperature. Water at the surface possesses higher temperature due to direct contact with the sun. Usually, the higher the temperature the less dense ocean water becomes . This is why surface water is less dense. As water becomes warm the molecule disperse, this account for it lower density . Colder water are usually higher in density .
Generally, an increase in ocean depth causes considerable increase in density because of it colder temperature and increased salinity contents.
When large supercooled water droplets (SLD) are present in temperatures below +5°C, outside air temperature, what type of icing would be expected to form?
Answer:
ice that is glossy, clear, or translucent
Explanation:
A substance is seen can see clear or transparent when visible light can pass through it without being absorbed, reflected or dispersed too much. Water absorbs some wavelengths of light, but mainly non-visible light. For example, if our eyes allowed us to see ultraviolet wavelengths, then the water would not be transparent. This explains why liquid water is clear, but then why is ice not? Except in high-level bars and cocktail bars, where the cubes seem to be carved out of glass, it is difficult for mere mortals to remove a piece from the freezer that does not have something opaque or cloudy.
Because the ice cubes we make usually come from tap water, there are many "impurities" there. When the water begins to freeze, these and the air bubbles "run away" to the liquid that has not yet frozen. Therefore, the opaque part is always where the water freezes later (sometimes it occurs at the bottom, depending on the freezer). And, since light cannot travel in a straight line through ice due to impurities, it appears cloudy.
To create ice cubes of crystalline category, the key is to freeze the water very slowly so that the impurities and the air bubble have the opportunity to rise to the surface and, in the case of air, escape. A slow freeze also allows larger ice crystals to form, which have few surfaces to scatter light. It is also a physical phenomenon when, for example, when large drops of supercooled water (SLD) are present at temperatures below + 5 ° C, transparent or translucent ice is also generated. Some also point out that it is convenient to boil water before, but this does not always work.
Regarding Eastern Orthodox churches, how many separate churches are there, and which has the largest membership?
Answer:
There are 14 self-governing churches, and Romanian church has 20% of Eastern Orthodox Christians.
Explanation:
The Eastern Orthodox Church consists of multiple national churches with the Russian Orthodox Church having the largest membership. They are largely self-governing but united in theology, differing from Western Christianity and with no official communion with the Oriental Orthodox churches.
The Eastern Orthodox Church is made up of several national churches, including but not limited to the Greek Orthodox, Bulgarian Orthodox, Romanian Orthodox, Serbian Orthodox, and the Russian Orthodox Churches. Of these, the Russian Orthodox Church has the largest membership. These national churches are largely self-governing but are united in theology and worship. The Orthodox Church is distinctive from Western Christianity, which includes Roman Catholicism and Protestant denominations, and is known for its traditional practices and icons. The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox churches share full communion within their respective bodies but are not in official communion with each other. Furthermore, ongoing theological dialogues occur among various Orthodox churches and between Orthodox and some Western churches.
In countries like Estonia, there are multiple Orthodox jurisdictions, such as the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church and the Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate. The Eastern Orthodox Church has played an important role in the religious tradition of Byzantium and continues to be an important faith community today.
What is the northernmost capital of continental europe?
Answer:
Helsinki
Explanation:
If an Earthquake registered high on the Richter scale and low on the Mercalli scale, then it occurred most likely in which type of location?
Answer:
The Earthquake most likely occurred in a location where the seismic wave or the energy released causing the earthquake to happen and the magnitude of the earthquake is high but the observed effects of the earthquake and its intensity is low.
Explanation:
In order to get a good understanding of the answer above we have to get familiar with some terms and concepts. The first term we would consider is the magnitude of an Earthquake, according to Earthquake Glossary,
The magnitude of an earthquake is a number that characterizes the relative size of an earthquake. Magnitude is based on measurement of the maximum motion of an earthquake seismic waves (waves produced by an earthquake that travels through the Earth's layers) recorded by a seismograph.
We also need to understand the term Intensity of an Earthquake which is the number (written as a Roman numeral) describing the severity of an earthquake in terms of its effects on the earth's surface and on humans and their structures.
Finally we have to understand that, the Mercalli scale bases its measurement on the observed effects of the earthquake and describes its intensity. It is a linear measurement. On the other hand, the Richter scale measures the seismic waves, or the energy released, causing the earthquake and describes the quake's magnitude. It is a logarithmic. For example, a magnitude 4 earthquake is 10 times as tense as a magnitude 3 earthquake. The calculation for the Mercalli scale is quantified from the observation of the earthquake's effect on the earth's surface. It is also based on the effect on humans, objects, and man-made structures.
Which statement is TRUE? Choose one: A. Shallow-focus quakes do less damage than deep-focus quakes. B. Surface waves are the first to show up on a seismogram recording of a quake. C. S-waves are compressional body waves; P-waves are shear body waves. D. R- and L-waves are surface seismic waves.
The true statement among the options is D, which states that R- and L-waves are surface seismic waves. P-waves, being compressional body waves, arrive at seismograph stations first, followed by the slower S-waves, which are shear body waves.
Explanation:The correct answer to the student's question is D. R- and L-waves are surface seismic waves. This is because surface waves, which include both Love waves (L-waves) and Rayleigh waves (R-waves), cause the most damage during earthquakes due to their complex ground movements. When considering which seismic waves arrive at seismograph stations first, it is the P-waves that are recorded before the S-waves because P-waves are compressional body waves that travel faster through the Earth's crust, whereas S-waves are slower shear body waves that arrive later.
Understanding the difference in arrival times between P- and S-waves is crucial for estimating the distance to an earthquake's epicenter.
We differentiate between longitudinal and transverse waves because they have distinct characteristics and travel at different speeds. Regarding the question's hint, the amount of warning residents in various cities would have before the more serious shaking from S-waves begins, would be calculated by subtracting the arrival time of the P-waves from that of the S-waves at a given location.
Following are a number of distinguishing characteristics of spiral and elliptical galaxies. Match each characteristic to the appropriate galaxy type.
1. have a flattened disk of stars
2. are rare in central regions of galaxy clusters
3. contain many bright, hot stars
4. are more reddish in color5. contain primarily old, low-mass stars
6. contain abundant clouds of cool gas and dust
7. have significant, ongoing star formation
Answer:
1. have a flattened disk of stars --- spiral galaxies.2. are rare in central regions of galaxy clusters --- spiral galaxies.3. contain many bright, hot stars --- Spiral galaxies.4. are more reddish in color --- Elliptical galaxies.5. contain primarily old, low-mass stars --- Elliptical galaxies.6. contain abundant clouds of cool gas and dust --- Spiral galaxies.7. have significant, ongoing star formation --- Spiral galaxiesExplanation:
Most galaxies that contain a central bulge that is surrounded by a rotating disk of arms that circles the galaxies are said to be a spiral galaxy. About 60% of the galaxies are made up of spiral shapes and they are mostly found n low-density regions and are in the central of the galaxy clusters. Spiral galaxies often have beautifully shaped made form hot and young stars. The more reddish in color indicates much older galaxies and are resemble that of an elliptical shape. Also, they consist of a little amount of dust and gas left. Spiral galaxy has rich gas and high star formations.Some farmers near an ocean must irrigate their soybean crops to harvest any successful growth. Desperate and without a source of fresh water, one of them decides to irrigate his field with seawater. Another farmer captures rain in special traps and lightly irrigate his crops. What would we expect to be the results of these different forms of irrigation?
a. The seawater irrigation kills the plants while the light irrigation produces few beans.
b. Both forms of irrigation produce good crops with moderate production of beans.
c. The seawater crops last longer than the fresh water crops, but only the seawater crops produce beans.
d. The seawater irrigation plants produce many beans while the light irrigation produces few beans.
Answer:
According to me the answer is a
Explanation:
It's because seawater isn't good for planting crops. It destroys crop because of it's salinity. Therefore the seawater irrigation kills the plants while the light irrigation produces few beans. Because the farmer captures rain water in special traps.
Salinization from seawater irrigation hinders plant growth, while fresh rainwater irrigation supports crop productivity.
Salinization is a common problem in arid climates where irrigation with seawater can lead to the accumulation of salts in the soil, hindering plant growth. Conversely, irrigation with fresh rainwater helps prevent salinization and supports crop productivity by providing non-saline water.
Oceanic crust
a. has the same composition as continental crust.
b. is the same age as continental crust.
c. has not been sampled directly because it is too deep beneath the ocean.
d. is covered by a thin blanket of sediment that thickens away from the ridge axis.
Answer: D - is covered by a thin blanket of sediment that thickens away from the ridge axis.
Explanation: Oceanic Crust is the outermost layer of the lithosphere tectonic plates.
It is formed at sea level with dense rock which form distinct layers.
The oceanic crust is about 6km in thickness and it is composed of basaltic rock overlain by sediments and it is found under the ocean.
Oceanic crust is divided into upper oceanic crust and lower oceanic crust.
Most hot deserts ________.
A. retain their high temperatures throughout the night because there is no vegetation to absorb heat from the sediment at the surface
B. cool off greatly at night because of sparse vegetation, dry air, and little cloud cover
C. cool off by no more than 8°C on most nights
D. gain additional heat at night because the desert air rises
B) deserts are hot in the morning and freezing at night
Most hot deserts cool off greatly at night because of sparse vegetation, dry air, and little cloud cover.
Hence, the correct answer is option b.
Hot deserts experience significant cooling at night due to specific factors. Sparse vegetation fails to retain heat, allowing it to escape rapidly into the atmosphere during clear nights. Dry air does not hold heat well, promoting efficient cooling through radiative heat loss. Additionally, without cloud cover, heat that accumulated during the day can efficiently radiate back into space.
As a result, desert temperatures drop drastically, creating a stark contrast between day and night. This extreme diurnal temperature variation can lead to freezing nights, despite scorching daytime temperatures. Such conditions pose unique challenges to desert-adapted flora and fauna, shaping their survival strategies and making these ecosystems distinct from other biomes on Earth.
Know more about biomes here:
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_____________ increase in fishing lead to overfishing and subsequent disappearance of sardine species in the Far Eastern sea.
Answer:
Explanation:
Excessive increase in fishing lead to overfishing and subsequent disappearance of sardine species in the Far Eastern sea.
Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity?
a. Selective cutting
b. Clear-cutting
c. Shelter-wood cutting
d. Slash and burn clearing
e. Gleaning
Answer: b. Clear-cutting
Explanation: Clear cutting is a cheap and effective way of harvesting trees or timbers, this methods helps the forest operators to get the best out of a forest at a very reduced cost.
Clear-cutting is bad because removing the whole tree from an area destroys outrightly the natural habitat of most widelife, and it will also lead to the destruction of the eco-system that relies on the forest.
The correct answer is option (b) because clear-cutting is the method most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity.
Clear-cutting is a method of harvesting trees where all the trees in a specific area are cut down. This practice often results in large, open areas where the original forest once stood, leading to habitat loss and fragmentation.
In contrast, selective cutting (a) involves the removal of individual trees or specific types of trees, which typically has a less severe impact on the landscape and biodiversity compared to clear-cutting.
Shelter-wood cutting (c) is a method where trees are removed in a series of stages to create a new stand of trees, which can maintain some level of forest cover and structure.
Slash and burn clearing (d) is a traditional agricultural method that involves cutting and burning vegetation to create farmland, and it can lead to deforestation and biodiversity loss, but it is not typically used for timber harvesting. Gleaning (e) refers to the collection of leftover crops from farmers' fields after they have been commercially harvested and is not related to tree harvesting or forest management.
34. When the top of a volcano collapses into the vent, a __________ is formed.
a. crater
b. neck
Answer:
A crater is the result of the collapse of the top of a volcano
Explanation:
When a volcano explodes, the igneus material is sent to the surface and it provokes the top of the volacano to collapse forming a crater.
Plants such as leafy spurge can double their population size every year in part because of their efficient production of large amounts of seeds. Populations that can double every year, such as leafy spurge,
a. will do so endlessly, eventually achieving a global distribution.
b. are examples of logistic growth.
c. probably have more predators than other species.
d. exhibit exponential growth as they spread to new regions. Group of answer choices
Answer:
Option D is correct.
Explanation:
Euphorbia esula is commonly known as leafy spurge, it's a creeping perennial native from central Europe, and most of north Asia.
The leafy spurge has deep roots, that store vital nutrients that allow the plant to recover from most control efforts.
Each plant can produce around 140 seeds per flowering shoot, these seeds are then expelled up to 15 ft. They can subsist up to 8 years in the soil.
This allows the plant to grow exponentially as it infests new regions.
In contrast to a country with a primate city, a country whose cities follow the rank size rule is more likely to have-
a. wealth concentrated in urban areasb. fewer cultural centersc. more equality between urban and rural living standardsd. unequal living standards between larger and smaller citiese. a smaller overall population
Answer:
Option C: more equality between urban and rural living standards
Explanation:
In most countries with primate cities, there is a great imbalance in development. The biggest city may hold a great share of the country's entire population, about 35 - 45%.
On the contrary, countries who follow the rank-size rule, have more balanced cities, with great populations and levels of development. This increases the living standards in both rural and urban regions because people from rural areas don't need to go to one big city to get employment, opportunities, education, etc.
On the average, more than half of the oil in a reservoir is left behind after a well has "gone dry," using primary recovery techniques.
A) True
B) False
Answer:
A) True
Explanation:
As the primary recovery technique is a method of gas drive and is the first stage of petroleum and gas production and relies on due to the natural rise of pressure between the fields and bottom hole of the well. It is a less expensive than an advanced system of oil recovery and forces the oil to the surface.The invention of __________________ made it easier to see that there were actually more bodies within the universe than was originally thought.
Answer:
The invention of the telescope made it easier to see that there were actually more bodies within the universe than was originally thought.
Explanation:
This is because telescopes allowed us to see bodies within the universe that couldn't be seen with naked eye. This improved significantly our understanding of Earth's place in the cosmos and sparked the beginning of a revolution in the field of Physics.
Answer:
telescope
Explanation:
Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?A. high viscosityB. high salinityC. high heat capacityD. low viscosityE. low heat capacity
Answer:
High heat capacity:
Explanation:
High heat capacity:
Due to having high heat capacity of water, ocean has high heat capacity comparable to land. This is because of large mixing of ocean result in high heating. That is why land heat and cool more quickly than oceans.
and this high heat capacity cause the area near to coastal to have seasonal temperature range
Water's high heat capacity causes coastal communities to have moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities.
Explanation:Water has a high heat capacity. This means that it takes a long time for water to heat up and cool down compared to land. As a result, coastal communities experience only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities. The temperature of water changes less for the same amount of energy absorbed or released, leading to more moderate climates in coastal areas.
Oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 are useful in studying past climates because ________.
A. ozone formation and decay depend on the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16
B. both water and calcite contain oxygen
C. oxygen ratios are directly related to carbon dioxide (CO2) levels
D. more oxygen-18 is stored in glacial ice when temperatures drop
Answer:
B. both water and calcite contain oxygen.
Explanation:
water molecules are not equal some are substituted with a heavier counterpart,the standard Oxygen molecule can be substituted by the 18O and hydrogen by H2 given rise to H216O,HD16O and H118O they are termed isotopologues and gave different physical properties.First, over the ocean, the heavier isotopes are less likely to take part in the formation of moisture, leading to lower concentrations of the heavy isotopes in the clouds compared to the mean oceanic water isotopic composition (lower concentration means that the δ18O is more negative). Then, as the air masses move toward the poles, temperature decreases leading to precipitation (either liquid or solid). The heavier isotopes will be preferentially found in the condensed phase than the light ones, which depletes even more the cloud from its heavy isotopes. Finally, in remote areas of the Polar Regions, the isotopic content of the final precipitation results from successive precipitation events. Since, as we saw, the precipitation contents in each isotope are different, each successive precipitation event will have a different isotopic composition, with the final one having the least heavy isotopes – a process called distillation. At each step of the moisture’s path from ocean to cloud to precipitation, the isotopic fractionation is strongly influenced by temperature. This leads to a temperature signal in the isotopic composition of both vapour and precipitation
Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called:
Answer:
Oceanic ridges and rises.
Explanation:
The divergence caused by the movement do the mid-oceanic ridges system and ongoing process of the seafloor spreading takes gentler and ore rugged forms and as a result of this there is a continuous spreading of the seafloor and rising of the ridges takes place and uplifting of the ocean floor due to the convective currents that comes from below.The major force bringing continental sediments to the open ocean is (are)
(a) glaciers
(b) neritic currents
(c) rivers
(d) turbidity currents
(e) wind
Answer:
(d) turbidity currents, (e) wind,
Explanation:
The turbidity of the oceanic currents and the winds speeds impacts the movement of the sediments of the towards the continental open oceans and they are thus are sources of the driveby navigation force of the river systems and thus plays a major role in the movement of the current and that drives these to far of places.Environmental problems associated with geothermal energy include:________ a. water and noise pollution and devastation of caribou herds. b. air pollution, corrosion of pipes, and may be toxic to fish. c. killing of birds, noise pollution, and is very expensive. d. being non-renewable, smells, and has large volumes of waste water.
Answer:
b. air pollution, corrosion of pipes, and may be toxic to fish
Explanation:
Use of earth heat to generate electrical energy through geothermal power plants is known as geothermal energy. There are certain disadvantages associated with geothermal power generation. One such problems is air pollution. Steam from the Earth brings up heavy metals such as Sulfer, Radon Salts and toxic gases which pollute environment. In the process of energy production, hazardous sludge produced which contaminate soil and water. Due to presence of heavy metals it corrodes pipes. Geothermal plants should be constructed with utmost care otherwise it greatly impact on local environment.
physically breaks rocks into smaller pieces. __________ changes the surface of rocks into new substances
Answer:
mechanical weathering
Explanation:
As a definition, mechanical weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of rocks on or on the earth's surface produced by different atmospheric, climatic and biological agents.
Weathering is a permanent process in nature.
It is also defined as a static process by which the rock breaks into small fragments, dissolving and decomposing to form new minerals. This is the way in which the removal and transport of detritus then results in erosion. It follows that weathering, by reducing the consistency of the stone masses leads to the erosion process.
The causative agents of the weathering of the stones, (external geological agents) can be physical (mechanical), chemical and biological.
Oil shale is permeated with an organic material that has not yet converted to oil called ____________________
Answer: Kerogen
Explanation: a Kerogen is an organic substances that helps to permeate (has pores which allow the inflow and outflow of certain substances like air or watee)oil shells, Kerogen has not net been converted to oil.Kerogens are waxy in nature with complex structures,Kerogens can not be extracted using organic Kerogens also contain Sulfur and Nitrogen. Kerogen contains Hydrocarbons in the form of paraffin which disolves under high temperatures and pressure into substances similar to petroleum.
The study of natural events such as tornadoes, forest fires or landslides are explored within the ________ branch of geography.
Answer:
The study of natural events such as tornadoes, forest fires or landslides are explored within the physical branch of geography.
Explanation:
Physical geography talks about the natural processes of the earth that shapes the earth surfaces , the rocks formed and the spatial pattern . This branch of geography gives you the idea on how the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere interact to change the land surface.
The natural process can be amplified by the biosphere to speed up the earth processes. Like in the case of erosion and weathering. Anthropogenic activities could amplify natural events like the forest fire when they burn bushes for farming. if the climate is favorable to cause wild fires, the event becomes uncontrollable.
Landslides are caused when sediments and rocks on a slope becomes unstable. This disintegrated rocks particles later slides or slumps downward as gravity tends to increase the rate of sliding. But if friction is greater than gravity the rocks will not slide.
Tornado are natural events which causes rotation of air in the atmosphere
Earth's outer layer is composed of seven dominant plates. What is the name of this rigid outer layer?
A. mesosphere
B. hydrosphere
C. lithosphere
D .mantle
E. asthenospher
Answer:
Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth.
In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is ________.
A) a function of salinity
B) about the same as other liquids
C) related to solvent concentration
D) higher than other liquids
E) lower than other liquids
Answer:
D) higher than other liquids
Explanation:
As the ocean that is high heat capacity has salinity and they show an absorbing capacity and thus function of salinity and the heat is directly related and in comparison to that of the other liquids. As there is a decreasing effect on the heating capacity of the water that has a specific heat capacity of about 0.932 compared to that of pure water.What percentage of Earth's water is fresh water? Which of the following contrasts between confined and unconfined aquifers is correct?
Answer:
Question 1. The percentage is 3%.
Question 2. Only confined aquifers can produce artesian wells.
Explanation:
The remaining 97% of water is saline and ocean-based, thus, not adequate for consumption. And with from that small 3%, only about 1% is accessible to us, because the rest is located in glaciers and snowfields.
Regarding the second question, for an artesian well to form, a confined aquifer must exist. A confined aquifer stores groundwater under positive pressure, caused by layers of impermeable rocks. Any well drilled into the confined aquifer is called an artesian well.
Answer:
Ans to first question: 3 percent of the water is fresh
Ans to second question: Only confined aquifers can produce artisan wells
Explanation:
The earth is largely covered by water, upto 70 percent, and only about 3 percent of the entire water is fresh, which can be used for agricultural purposes or for other domestic uses. Only 1 percent of this fresh water portion is easily reached by us while the remaining portion are found in snowfields and glaciers.
The remaining water portion are deemed saline.
Artesian well are wells with its water being under pressure and can be said to flow to the surface naturally without being pumped. Only confined aquifers can produce artisan wells
How marine scientists investigate the ocean underlying geology, and organisms living in the water?
Answer:
sonar and GPSStudy of the ocean current, temperature, salinityStudy of the biologyearth studying satellitesExplanation:
The marine scientist makes use of the devices like the GPS and the sonar and they also study the movement of the oceanic current, including the study of the salinity conditions and temperature and the rise of the biodiversity of the species and also generated data from the earth marine satellites. These data are essential to help us to study the patterns of the marine geology and seafloor studies of the 0cean deeps.Because the Guianas have similar natural resources, the _____ of the countries are also similar. A. economies B. colonial histories C. cultures D. populations
Answer:
economies- gradpoint
Explanation:
A boxing tournament is scheduled to start at 8pm local time in Los Angeles (75 degreewest).At what time should fans in Nigeria (15 degree west ) switch on their television to watch the commencent of the match
Answer:
When standard time is being observed in Los Angeles, the boxing match held at 8 pm local time in Los Angeles it will be on at 5 am the following day in Nigeria.
Explanation:
The time difference between Nigeria and Los Angeles is 9 hours during standard time periods. Nigeria does not observe daylight savings time but Los Angeles and the state of California does, so between March 8th and November 1st, 2020 (the period for daylight savings time this year), the time difference will be 8 hours between Los Angeles and Nigeria. Therefore, during daylight savings time in Los Angeles, the match would be on at 4 am the next day in Nigeria and that is when those wanting to watch the match should turn their TVs on.