Calculate the boiling point of a 4.5 m solution of na2so4 in water (assume 100% dissociation, kb (h2o) = 0.52 °c/m)
The boiling point of a 4.5 m solution of [tex]\( Na_2SO_4 \)[/tex] in water is [tex]115.6 \( ^\circ C \).[/tex]
The boiling point of a solution is elevated in proportion to the concentration of solute particles in the solution. The relationship between the boiling point elevation [tex](\( \Delta T_b \))[/tex] and the molal concentration of the solute ([tex]m[/tex]) is given by the equation:
[tex]\[ \Delta T_b = i \cdot k_b \cdot m \][/tex]
where:
- [tex]\( \Delta T_b \)[/tex] is the boiling point elevation,
- [tex]\( i \)[/tex] is the van 't Hoff factor, which represents the number of particles the solute dissociates into,
- [tex]\( k_b \)[/tex] is the ebullioscopic constant (for water, [tex]\( k_b = 0.52 \ ^\circ C \cdot kg \cdot mol^{-1} \)),[/tex]
- [tex]\( m \)[/tex] is the molality of the solution (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent).
For [tex]\( Na_2SO_4 \)[/tex], the van 't Hoff factor [tex]i[/tex] is 3, because one mole of [tex]\( Na_2SO_4 \)[/tex] dissociates into three moles of ions (2 moles of [tex]\( Na^+ \)[/tex] and 1 mole of [tex]\( SO_4^{2-} \))[/tex]
Given:
- [tex]\( m = 4.5 \ m \)[/tex] (where 1 m = 1 mol/kg),
- [tex]\( k_b = 0.52 \ ^\circ C \cdot kg \cdot mol^{-1} \),[/tex]
- [tex]\( i = 3 \).[/tex]
We can calculate the boiling point elevation as follows:
[tex]\[ \Delta T_b = i \cdot k_b \cdot m \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \Delta T_b = 3 \cdot 0.52 \ ^\circ C \cdot kg \cdot mol^{-1} \cdot 4.5 \ mol/kg \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \Delta T_b = 3 \cdot 0.52 \cdot 4.5 \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \Delta T_b = 15.6 \ ^\circ C \][/tex]
To find the boiling point of the solution, we add the boiling point elevation to the normal boiling point of water ([tex]100 \( ^\circ C \)[/tex]):
[tex]\[ T_b = T_{b(water)} + \Delta T_b \][/tex]
[tex]\[ T_b = 100 \ ^\circ C + 15.6 \ ^\circ C \][/tex]
[tex]\[ T_b = 115.6 \ ^\circ C \][/tex]
When scientists looked at the polarity of bands of rock on either side of the mid-ocean ridges, what did they find? A. that there was no pattern B. that the patterns were different C. that the polarities were at right angles D. that the patterns of polarity matched up on both sides
Answer:
B. that the patterns were different
Explanation:
When the scientist looked at the oceanic ridges at the surface they found on either side were the polarity of bands of rocks as on either side of the oceanic ridges where the positive and negative anomalies. Being composed of hard and soft rocks, these tend to have been in strips of black and white bands or rocks aligned due to the upwelling of new lava on the sides of the ridges throughout the evolutionary history of the planet. Polarities have also been documented to have been aligned in coordination with earth magnetic poles, Being basaltic these rocks have varying ages as older rocks are found away from the mid-oceanic ridges due to the impact of spreading out of lava or magma.Choose the correct name for the following compound: H2S
Answer : The correct name of [tex]H_2S[/tex] compound is, Hydrogen sulfide.
Explanation :
As we know that, [tex]H_2S[/tex] is a covalent compound in which the sharing of electrons takes place between hydrogen and sulfur. Both the elements are non-metals and hence, will form covalent bond.
The nomenclature of covalent compound is given by:
The less electronegative element is written first.
The more electronegative element is written then, and a suffix is added with it. The suffix added is '-ide'.
If atoms of an element is greater than 1, then prefixes are added which are 'mono' for 1 atom, 'di' for 2 atoms, 'tri' for 3 atoms and so on..
In [tex]H_2S[/tex], hydrogen is an electropositive element and sulfur is an electronegative element.
So, the correct name for [tex]H_2S[/tex] is hydrogen sulfide.
The compound H2S is accurately named as hydrogen sulfide. It's a poisonous, colorless gas often associated with the smell of rotten eggs, seen in hot springs and during the oxidation of natural gas.
The correct name for the compound H2S is hydrogen sulfide. In the case of binary compounds like this one (compounds made of two different elements), the first element is usually named fully while the second element is named as though it is an anion, which usually ends in -ide, hence 'sulfide' in hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic, colorless gas that exhibits the smell of rotten eggs. Nit causes this smell in hot springs and in the process of oxidizing natural gas.
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How would the results differ if you added sodium p-toluate instead of p-toluic acid to the two-layered mixture of?
In the compound sodium methoxide (naoch3), there is ________ bonding
How many xenon atoms are contained in 2.36 moles of xenon? 3.92 x 1024 xenon atoms 2.55 x 1023 xenon atoms 1.42 x 1024 xenon atoms 7.91 x 1025 xenon atoms 1.87 x 1026 xenon atoms?
The number of atoms can be calculated by multiplying the number of moles with the Avogadros number. The Avogadros number is 6.022 x 10^23 atoms / moles, therefore:
number of atoms = 2.36 moles * 6.022 x 10^23 atoms / mole
number of atoms = 1.42 x 10^24 atoms
Answer:
1.42 x 10^24 xenon atoms
Answer:
c
Explanation:
because its c
Which situation would result in a theory being replaced rather than revised?
Advent of new information that poses challenges to existing theories would result in a theory being replaced rather than revised.
What is theory?Theory is defined as a thoughtful explanation which is provided for observations which is constructed using scientific methods.The theory brings together many facts and hypothesis.
It is called as theory as it provides some set of assumptions initially which provide description to the field's approach to the subject.These are elementary theorems of a particular theory.It is a rational type of thinking about a set of observations.
They may be scientific,or non scientific or have no discipline at all.There are three types of theory:1) scientific, 2)philosophical and 3) moral.It provides explanation regarding the underlying mechanisms .
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If you add meoh to cocl2(alc)2, the cocl2(alc)2 concentration will change. what are the two reasons for this concentration change?
Indicate which reaction will occur faster. explain your reasoning. select the single best answer. solvolysis of 1−chloro−2,2−dimethylpropane or tert−butyl chloride in ethanol
The solvolysis of 1−chloro−2,2−dimethylpropane (also known as tert-butyl chloride) will occur faster than the reaction of tert-butyl chloride in ethanol due to the greater stability of the resulting carbocation.
Explanation:The solvolysis of 1−chloro−2,2−dimethylpropane (also known as tert-butyl chloride) will occur faster than the reaction of tert-butyl chloride in ethanol. The reason is because 1-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane is a tertiary alkyl halide, which means it has a highly substituted carbon atom attached to the halide. This high substitution stabilizes the transition state via hyperconjugation, thereby significantly accelerating solvolysis.
This implies that the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the stability of the carbocation formed during solvolysis; tertiary carbocations are more stable than secondary ones due to hyperconjugation and inductive effect. Therefore, tertiary halides undergo solvolysis more readily than secondary halides.
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In order to simulate epipelagic zone conditions in a model aquarium design, what light and temperature conditions would be required?A) Minimal amount of sunlight, warm temperature
B) Minimal amount of sunlight, cold temperature
C)High amount of sunlight, cold temperature
high amounts of sunlight cold temperature
A minimal amount of sunlight, and cold temperature is the conditions seen in an aquarium. So the correct option is B.
What is an aquarium?Aquarium, freshwater or marine receptacle for aquatic animals, or a facility where a group of aquatic organisms is shown or researched
Many of the world's major cities now feature both public and commercial aquariums. Another category includes aquariums that primarily function as research facilities. Among the most well-known are those at Naples, the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco, the Plymouth Marine Laboratory in England, and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California. Transient aquariums that have functioned as displays at world fairs and expositions are another kind.
Marineland, the first oceanarium or huge marine aquarium, was founded as a private venture near St. Augustine, Fla., in 1938, with a massive communal fish pond and trained dolphins. The Miami Seaquarium is similar. The emphasis in this form of the aquarium is really on large containers, up to 1,000,000 gallons in size, in which a wide variety of fishes are housed together with no attempt to segregate them. Most exhibits at a formal aquarium (for example, the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago) divide the different varieties of fish.
Therefore the correct option is B.
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Which of these activities might involve a chemist?
How many molecules are in 2.50 moles of SO2
Every compound or element has a fixed number of molecules per mole. This is given by the Avogadros number which is about 6.022 x 10^23 molecules per mole. Therefore:
molecules = 2.50 moles * (6.022 x 10^23 molecules / mole)
molecules = 1.5055 x 10^24 molecules of SO2
Final answer:
To find the number of molecules in 2.50 moles of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), multiply 2.50 moles by Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10²³ molecules/mole), resulting in 1.506 x 10²⁴ molecules of SO₂.
Explanation:
The question of how many molecules are in 2.50 moles of SO₂ (sulfur dioxide) can be answered by using Avogadro's number, which is a key concept in chemistry. Avogadro's number (6.022 × 10²³) represents the number of entities, in this case, molecules, in one mole of a substance.
Therefore, to find out how many molecules are present in 2.50 moles of SO₂, we multiply the moles of SO₂ by Avogadro's number.
2.50 moles of SO₂ × 6.022 × 10²³ molecules/mole = 1.506 × 10²⁴ molecules of SO₂.
Any proposed solution of a rational equation that causes a denominator to equal _______ is rejected.
Any rational equation that the denominator is equal to zero will be rejected. The denominator of the rational equation must never be equal to zero. These are called Extraneous Roots and this must be rejected. The extraneous roots appear when we are solving an equation in a perfectly correct way, because certain operations have more than one solution.
What is the effective nuclear charge experienced by the 2p and 3p electrons of a chlorine atom, respectively?
Effective nuclear charge by 2p = 13.35
Effective nuclear charge by 3p = 6.1
Further explanation
The effective nuclear charge is the nuclear charge which is influenced by the shielding effect of electrons
The effective nuclear charge (Zeff) can be formulated as:
[tex]\large{\boxed{\bold{Z_{eff}\:=\:Z\:-\:S}}}[/tex]
with
Z = nuclear charge = atomic number
S = shield constant
Shielding constants are constants that are generated from the core attraction of electrons in the inner skin
Rules for calculating shield constants
1. Electrons in orbitals are grouped according to skin/ 1s / 2s, 2p / 3s, 3p / 3d / 4s, 4p / 4d / 4f / 5s, 5p / 5d / 5f /
2. Electrons to the right of the electron studied by shield constants = 03. The electron to the left of the electron is studied by its shield constant:* Electrons in the same shell shielding effects = 0.35
* Electrons in the skin have deeper shielding effects = 0.85
* Electrons in the skin are deeper than shielding effects = 1.00
On Cl atom which have electron configurations:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵
1. if we view the initial charge at 2p then the configuration1s² 2s² 2p⁶
the electron to the right of 2p does not have a shielding effect
so the shield constant:
S = 0.35. 8 + 0.85.1
S = 3.65
Zeff = Z - S
Zeff = 17 - 3.65 = 13.35
2. if we view the initial charge at 3p then the configuration1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵
because 3p⁵ then only 4 electrons are counted so there are 2 + 4 = 6 electrons in the skin 3
so the shield constant:
S = 0.35 x 6 + 0.85 x 8 + 1 x 2
S = 10.9
Zeff = 17-10.9 = 6.1
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Keywords: The effective nuclear charge, electron, core, electron configurations:
The effective nuclear charge can be calculated from Slater's rules.
According to Slater's rule, the effective nuclear charge is obtained from;
Zeff = Z - S
Zeff = effective nuclear charge
Z = nuclear charge
S = screening
Note that;
Electrons in ns and np orbitals have S = 0.35Electrons in the penultimate shell (n - 1) has S = 0.85Electrons in (n - 2) shell has S = 1.00For a 2p chlorine electron;
Chlorine has electron configuration, 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
S = 7(0.35) + 2(0.85) = 2.45 + 1.7 = 4.15
The total nuclear charge of chlorine Z = 17
Zeff = 17 - 4.15
Zeff = 12.85
For the 3p electron;
S = 6(0.35) + 8(0.85) + 2(1.00)
S = 2.1 + 6.8 + 2 = 10.9
Zeff = 17 - 10.9
Zeff = 6.1
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physical or chemical change. metal surface that becomes dull on exposure to air
Tin(ii) fluoride (snf2) is often added to toothpaste as an ingredient to prevent tooth decay. what is the mass of f in grams in 36.5 g of the compound?
The mass of fluorine in 36.5 g of SnF2 is approximately 8.85 g, calculated by finding the fraction of the mass due to fluorine in tin(II) fluoride based on its molar mass and multiplying it by the total mass of the compound.
Explanation:To calculate the mass of fluorine (F) in grams in 36.5 g of tin(II) fluoride (SnF2), we need to consider the molar mass of SnF2 and the proportion of fluorine within the compound. The molecular weight of SnF2 is approximately 156.7 g/mol (119.7 for Sn and 37.0 for the two fluorine atoms). To find the amount of F in SnF2, we can set up a ratio based on the molar masses:
Molar mass of SnF2: 156.7 g/molMolar mass of F in SnF2: (2 × 19.0) = 38.0 g/molNext, calculate the fraction of the mass that is due to fluorine:
(38.0 g/mol F) / (156.7 g/mol SnF2) = 0.2426 (fraction of F in SnF2)
Finally, multiply the fraction by the total mass of SnF2 to obtain the mass of F:
36.5 g × 0.2426 = 8.8549 g F
Therefore, the mass of fluorine in 36.5 g of SnF2 is approximately 8.85 g.
What is the maximum height at which the solvent should condense (in the condenser) during reflux? What might happen if the solvent condenses higher than this?
Answer 1) The maximum height at which the solvent should condense (in the condenser) during the reflux should be halfway up to the condenser.
Explanation : If the solvent molecules exceeds the maximum height of the condenser there may be loss of molecules of the solution. The maximum height is maintained during the reflux so that the volatile molecules travels back to the solution and initiate the reaction process.
Answer 2) If the solvent condenses higher than this, then the solution vapors will go back to the reaction flask and start the reaction much earlier than before.
Explanation : If this is prevented by not allowing solvent vapors to exceed the maximum height of the reflux condenser then reaction will not happen fast or will not start early. Therefore, the condensation of the solution vapors should occur at the maximum height not higher than that.
A compound is made up of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms. Which of the following chemical formulas represents this compound?
If a hydrogen atom gains an electron, then
The element carbon (c) has two common isotopes. 98.89% of carbon atoms have 6 neutrons and 6 protons, whereas the other 1.11% has 7 neutrons and 6 protons. using the isotopic composition provided, calculate the average atomic mass of carbon. round your answer to the tenths place.
The average atomic mass of carbon is calculated based on the relative abundances and masses of its isotopes, carbon-12, and carbon-13, which results in an average atomic mass of approximately 12.01 atomic mass units.
Explanation:The average atomic mass of an element is calculated based on the masses and relative abundances of its naturally occurring isotopes. In the case of carbon, the two main isotopes are carbon-12 (with 6 protons and 6 neutrons) and carbon-13 (with 6 protons and 7 neutrons), each having different abundances. The atomic mass of carbon-12 is 12 amu (atomic mass units) and it accounts for approximately 98.89% of the carbon. The atomic mass of carbon-13 is 13 amu and it accounts for approximately 1.11% of the carbon. We can calculate the average atomic mass like this: (12 amu x 0.9889) + (13 amu x 0.0111) = 12.01 amu. Therefore the average atomic mass of carbon is approximately 12.01 amu.
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The rock had a mass of 500g and a density of 10 g/cm3. What is the volume of the rock
You wish to calculate the mass of hydrogen gas that can be prepared from 5.06 g of srh2 and 4.34 g of h2o.
High-purity silicon is obtained using a three-step process. the first step involves heating solid silicon dioxide, sio2, with solid carbon to give solid silicon and carbon monoxide gas. in the second step, solid silicon is converted into liquid silicon tetrachloride, sicl4, by treating it with chlorine gas. in the last step, sicl4 is treated with hydrogen gas to give ultrapure solid silicon and hydrogen chloride gas. part a write balanced chemical equations for the first step involved in this three-step process. express your answer as a chemical equation. identify all of the phases in your answer.
It takes 26.8 mL of a 0.0700 M NaOH standard solution to neutralize a 250 mL sample of lactic acid (C3H6O3). What mass of lactic acid was dissolved in the sample?
A student sets up two reactions. reaction 1 uses 0.130 mol/l of reactant, and reaction 2 uses 0.440 mol/l of reactant. how many times faster is reaction 2 compared to reaction 1?
Reaction 2 is 3.385 times faster compared to reaction 1
Further explanationThe reaction rate (v) shows the change in the concentration of the substance (changes in addition to concentrations for reaction products or changes in concentration reduction for reactants) per unit time.
Can be formulated:
Reaction: aA ---> bB
[tex]\large{\boxed{\boxed{\bold{v~=~-\frac{\Delta A}{\Delta t}}}}[/tex]
or
[tex]\large{\boxed{\boxed{\bold{v~=~+\frac{\Delta B}{\Delta t}}}}[/tex]
A = reagent
B = product
v = reaction rate
t = reaction time
For A + B reactions ---> C + D
Reaction speed can be formulated:
[tex]\large{\boxed{\boxed{\bold{v~=~k.[A]^a[B]^b}}}[/tex]
where
v = reaction speed, M / s
k = constant, mol¹⁻⁽ᵃ⁺ᵇ⁾. L⁽ᵃ⁺ᵇ⁾⁻¹. S⁻¹
a = reaction order to A
b = reaction order to B
[A] = [B] = concentration of substances
Reaction 1 uses 0.130 mol / l of reactant, and reaction 2 uses 0.440 mol / l of reactant.
Assuming a reaction order is one then:
reaction rate 1 =
v₁ = k. [A]
v₁ = k. 0.130
reaction rate 2 =
v₂ = k. [B]
v₂ = k. 0.440, so that
[tex]\frac{v_2}{v_1}~=~k.\frac{0.440}{0.130}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{v_2}{v_1}~=~3,385[/tex]
v₂ = 3.385. v₁
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The rate of reaction 2 is approximately 3.38 times faster than reaction 1, assuming that it is a first-order reaction where the rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant.
Explanation:The student is comparing the rates of two reactions with different initial concentrations of reactants. To determine how many times faster reaction 2 is compared to reaction 1, it is essential to understand the order of the reaction. In this context, it is suggested that the reaction is first order since rates of reaction are directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant, which follows the rate law rate = k[Reactant]. Therefore, if we double the concentration of the reactant, the reaction rate doubles, which is a characteristic of a first-order reaction. Hence, without needing explicit rate constants or measurements, we can infer that if the concentration of reactant in reaction 2 is 0.440 mol/L, which is roughly 3.38 times the concentration in reaction 1 (0.130 mol/L), the rate of reaction 2 would also be 3.38 times faster than reaction 1.
A teacher makes the following statement.
“Gasoline boils at a relatively low temperature (about 150°C). The kerosene is removed at around 200°C, followed by diesel oil at 300°C and fuel oil at around 370°C.”
What topic is the teacher most likely talking about?
Answer:
Distillation of a mixture
Explanation:
A curve showing the relationship between temperature and time for a given amount of liquid heated a constant rate is a __________ curve. a. heating c. liquid b. molar d. energy
which of the following would be the SI unit to use in the measuring the temperature of a hot liquid? A: ampere B: Mole C: Kelvin D: celsius
Hey, I know i'm too late but the answer is
C. Kelvin
Kelvin is the correct SI unit used to measure the temperature of substance.
Hope this somewhat helps! :)
If you added 1.0 ml of the unknown pb(no3)2 to a test tube, what is the amount of hi in ml
9898978979777898987878788787878778788887878787787
A 155g sample of copper was heated to 150.0 degrees Celsius, then placed into 250.0g water at 19.8 degrees Celsius. Calculate the final temperature of the mixture
The Final temperature of the mixture is -10.54 °C.
Heat lost by copper = heat gained by the water
Formula:
CM(z-y) = cm(y-x)................. equation 1
Where:
C = Specific heat capacity of copperM = mass of coppery = Final temperature of the mixturez = Initial temperature of the copperc = specific heat capacity of waterm = mass of waterx = Initial temperature of waterMake y the subject of the equation:
y = (CMz-cmx)/(CM+cm)............. Equation 2From the question,
Given:
M = 155 g = 0.155 kgm = 250 g = 0.25 kgz = 150°Cx = 19.8°CC = 389 J/kg.Kc = 4182 J/kg.KSubstitute these values into equation 2
y = [(389×0.155×150)-(4182×0.25×19.8)]/[(389×0.155)+(4182×0.25)y = (9044.25-20700.9)/(60.295+1045.5)y = -11656.65/1105.795y = -10.54 °CHence, The Final temperature of the mixture is -10.54 °C
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