Answer:
a) [Ag+]dilute = 6.363 × 10⁻¹⁶ M
b) 1.273 × 10⁻¹⁶
c) 2.629×10⁻¹⁹ M Thus; the value for [Ag+ ]dilute will be too low
Explanation:
In an Ag | Ag+ concentration cell ,
The anode reaction can be written as :
Ag ----> Ag+(dilute) + e- &:
The cathode reaction can be written as:
Ag+(concentrated) + e- ----> Ag
The Overall Reaction : is
Ag+(concentrated) -----> Ag+(dilute)
However, the Standard Reduction potential of cell = E°cell = 0
( since both cathode and anode have same Ag+║Ag )
Also , given that the theoretical slope is - 0.0591 V
Therefore; the reduction potential of cell ; i.e
Ecell = E°cell - 0.0591 V × log ( [Ag+]dilute / [Ag+]concentrated )
0.839 V = 0 - 0.0591 V × log ( [Ag+]dilute / ( 1.0 × 10⁻¹ M ) )
log ( [Ag+]dilute / ( 1.0 × 10⁻¹ M ) ) = - 14.1963
[Ag+]dilute = [tex]\mathbf{10^{-14.1963} }[/tex] × 1.0 × 10⁻¹ M
[Ag+]dilute = 6.363 × 10⁻¹⁶ M
b)
AgI ----> Ag + (dilute) + I⁻
So , Solubility product = Ksp = [Ag⁺]dilute × [I⁻]
= 6.363 × 10⁻¹⁶ M × 0.20 M
= 1.273 × 10⁻¹⁶
c) If s/he mistakenly uses 1.039 V as Ecell; then the value for [Ag+]dilute will be :
Ecell = E°cell - 0.0591 V × log ( [Ag+]dilute / [Ag+]concentrated )
1.039 V = 0 - 0.0591 V × log ( [Ag+]dilute / ( 1.0 × 10⁻¹ M ) )
log ( [Ag+]dilute / ( 1.0 × 10⁻¹ M ) ) = - 17.5804
[Ag+]dilute = [tex]\mathbf{10^{-17.5804} }[/tex] × 1.0 × 10⁻¹ M
[Ag+]dilute = 2.629×10⁻¹⁹ M
Thus, the value for [Ag+ ]dilute will be too low
What happens if you break a magnet in half?
a) Each half will be a new magnet, with both a north and south pole.
b) One half will have a north pole only and one half will have a south pole only.
c) Neither half will have a pole.
d) Neither half will be able to attract or repel
Answer:
neither half will have a pole
14 H+ + 6 Fe2+ + Cr2O72- . 2 Cr3+ + 6 Fe3+ + 7 H2O This reaction is used in the
titration of an iron solution. What is the concentration of the iron solution if it takes 45.20 mL
of 0.1000 M Cr2O72- solution to titrate 50.00 mL of an acidified iron solution?
a.
0.5424 M
b.
0.1000 M
c.
1.085 M
d.
0.4520 M
e.
0.2712 M
Answer:
Option A 0.5424 M
Explanation:
To do this, let's write the reaction again and see the mole ratio:
14H⁺ + 6Fe²⁺ + Cr₂O₇⁻ ---------> 2Cr³⁺ + 6Fe³⁺ + 7H₂O
According to this reaction, we have a mole ratio between the dicromate and iron of 1:6. In other words, 6 moles of dicromate reacts with only 1 mole of iron, therefore we can use the following expression:
nFe = 6 * nCr₂O₇
This is a REDOX reaction, where Iron is being oxidized while cromium is being reduced. Now, we have the concentrations and volume, let's express the moles in function of concentration and volume:
M₁V₁ = 6M₂V₂
Replacing the given data above and solving for concentration of iron (M₁)
M₁ = 6 * 45.20 * 0.1 / 50
M₁ = 0.5424 M
This is the concentration of the iron solution
On a hot summer day in Florida, Sarah was having a picnic with her family. She took a glass, which had been sitting in the Sun, and filled it with ice cubes from a cooler. Then she added cold lemonade from a thermos jug. Which of the following describes one direction in which heat will flow?
A.From the ice cube to the glass.
B. From the lemonade to the glass.
C. From the lemonade to the ice cube.
D. From the ice cube to the lemonade.
The objects will exchange thermal energy, until thermal equilibrium is reached. This means until their temperatures are equal. Here the direction in which heat will flow is from the lemonade to the glass. The correct option is B.
What is heat flow?The transfer of heat energy from an object or substance to another because of the difference in the temperature between them is defined as the heat flow. The flow of heat occurs from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature.
The heat flows from hot objects to cold objects by several processes such as radiation, conduction and convection. However evaporation allows an object to lose the heat even if the surrounding medium in which it is immersed is hotter than the object itself.
Here lemonade has higher temperature than the glass. So heat flows from lemonade to the glass.
Thus the correct option is B.
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Calculate the rate of emission of SO2 in g/s that results in a centerline (y = 0) concentration at ground level of 1.786 x 10-3 g/m3 one kilometer from the stack. The time of measurements was 1 P.M. on a clear summer afternoon. The wind speed was 2.0 m/s measured at a height of 10 m. The effective stack height is 96 m. No inversion is present.
Answer:
790 g/s
Explanation:
The first thing to do is to make sure to calculate the standard deviation of the y-axis and the z-axis and the values for both axis are; 215 m and 450 m for y-axis and z-axis respectively.
The next thing to do now is to find the rate of emission of SO2 in units of g/s using the relation by using the formula below;
Emission rate of pollutant, E = (x × π × by × bz × g) ÷ [ e^(-1/2) × (y/by)^2] × [e^(-1/2)× (h/bz)^2].
Where g = wind direction, y and h are the distance in metres.
Therefore, slotting in the values into the Emission rate of pollutant equation above, we have;
Emission rate of pollutant,E =[ 1.412 × 10^-3] × π × 215 × 450 × 1.8] ÷ [e^(-1/2)(0/215)^2] × e^ (-1/2)(94/450)^2.
Emission rate of pollutant,E = 790 g/s.
Some people must eat a low-sodium diet with no more than 2,000 mg of sodium per day. By eating 1 cracker, 1 pretzel, and 1 cookie, a person would ingest 149 mg of sodium. If a person ate 8 pretzels and 8 cookies, he or she would ingest 936 mg of sodium. By eating 6 crackers and 7 pretzels, the person would take in 535 mg of sodium. Find the amount of sodium in each.
Answer:
The amount of sodium is 32 mg per cracker, 49 mg per pretzel and 68 mg per cookie.
Explanation:
Let's assume amount of sodium is x mg per cracker, y mg per pretzel and z mg per cookie.
So, the following three equations can be written as per given information:
x+y+z = 149 ........(1)
8y+8z = 936 ........(2)
6x+7y = 535 .........(3)
From equation- (2), y+z = [tex]\frac{936}{8}[/tex] = 117
By substituting the value of (y+z) in equation- (1) we get,
x = 149-(y+z) = 149-117 = 32
By substituting the value of x into equation- (3) we get,
y = [tex]\frac{535-(6\times 32)}{7}[/tex] = 49
By substituting the value of y into equation- (2) we get,
z = (117-49) = 68
So, the amount of sodium is 32 mg per cracker, 49 mg per pretzel and 68 mg per cookie.
Final answer:
To find the amount of sodium in each item, set up a system of equations and solve to get x = 9, y = 55, and z = 85.
Explanation:
To find the amount of sodium in each item, we can set up a system of equations.
Let x represent the amount of sodium in 1 cracker, y represent the amount of sodium in 1 pretzel, and z represent the amount of sodium in 1 cookie.
From the given information, we can create the following equations:
x + y + z = 1498y + 8z = 9366x + 7y = 535Solving this system of equations, we can find the values of x, y, and z. The amount of sodium in 1 cracker is 9 mg, 1 pretzel is 55 mg, and 1 cookie is 85 mg.
A student adds solid KCl to water in a flask. The flask is sealed with a stopper and thoroughly shaken until no more solid KCl dissolves. Some solid KCl is still visible in the flask. The solution in the flask is A) saturated and is at equilibrium with the solid KCl B) saturated and is not at equilibrium with the solid KCl C) unsaturated and is at equilibrium with the solid KCl D) unsaturated and is not at equilibrium with the solid KCl
Answer:
Option (A) saturated and is at equilibrium with the solid KCl
Explanation:
A saturated solution is a solution which can not dissolve more solute in the solution.
From the question given above, we can see that the solution is saturated as it can not further dissolve any more KCl as some KCl is still visible in the flask.
Equilibrium is attained in a chemical reaction when there is no observable change in the reaction system with time. Now, observing the question given we can see that there is no change in flask as some KCl is still visible even after thorough shaking. This simply implies that the solution is in equilibrium with the KCl solid as no further dissolution occurs.
How do neutrons stars generate the energy they need to survive
The neutron stars are the smallest but heaviest density supergiant star. The surfaces of the neutron stars undergo thermonuclear fusion to produce energy to survive.
What is thermonuclear fusion?Thermonuclear fusion or just simply nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction that involves the combining (fusion) of the atomic nuclei together to produce different nuclei in the presence of high temperatures.
Unlike nuclear fission, it needs high temperature and energy to produce atomic nuclei. It is a process generally seen in the universe including the Sun, stars, galaxies, etc.
Neutron stars also use their energy to undergo thermonuclear fusion and produce heavy nuclei from lighter nuclei. The hydrogen atom combines fuses to form helium atoms resulting in high energy production.
Therefore, neutron stars generate energy by thermonuclear fusion.
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A 475 ml sample of a gas was collected at room temperature of 23.5 °C and a pressure of
756 mm Hg. Calculate the volume of the gas if the conditions were altered to 10.0 °C and a
pressure of 722 mm Hg.
Answer:
The volume when the conditions were altered is 0.5109 L or 510.9 mL
Explanation:
Using the general gas equation,
P1 V1 / T1 = P2 V2 / T2
where;
P1 = 756 mmHg
V1 = 475 ml = 0.475 L
T1 = 23.5°C = 23.5 + 273K = 275.5 K
P2 = 722 mm Hg
T2 = 10°C = 10 + 273 K = 283 K
V2 = ?
Rearranging to make V2 the subject of the formula, we obtain:
V2 = P1 V1 T2 / P2 T1
V2 = 756 * 0.475 * 283 / 722 * 275.5
V2 = 101, 625.3 / 198911
V2 = 0.5109 L or 510.9 mL
9) 20 g of calcium chloride per 100 g of water at 90°C will be...
10 points
Сас,
KNO,
K₂ Cigar
Solubility (g of salt in 100 g H,0)
Pb(NO3)2
KCR
20
A
KCIO,
0
10
Ce (80)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (°C)
O
saturated
O
unsaturated
O
supersaturated
According to solubility, 20 g of calcium chloride per 100 g of water at 90°C will be saturated solution.
What is solubility?Solubility is defined as the ability of a substance which is basically solute to form a solution with another substance. There is an extent to which a substance is soluble in a particular solvent. This is generally measured as the concentration of a solute present in a saturated solution.
The solubility mainly depends on the composition of solute and solvent ,its pH and presence of other dissolved substance in it . It is also dependent on temperature and pressure which is maintained through the process.Concept of solubility is not valid for chemical reactions which are irreversible. The dependency of solubility on various factors is due to interactions between the particles, molecule or ions.
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Ethanol is added to gasoline because the oxygen it contains improves gasoline's burning efficiency. Its combustion reaction is given below. CH3CH2OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g) ∆H = - 1236 kJ a) Is this an exothermic or endothermic reaction? _______________ b) If 15.3 grams of pure ethanol is completely converted to products, calculate how much heat is absorbed or released, in: (1) kJ and in (2) kcal c) If 42.7 g of water vapor is produced, how much heat, in kJ, is absorbed or released?
Answer:
A) The reaction is exothermic reaction
B) 46 gm CH3CH2OH = 1236KJ
15.3 gm ch3ch2OH = 1236/46 x 15.3
= 411.10 KJ..........released
therefore 1 KJ = 0.239 K cal
so, 411.10 x 0.239 kcal
= 98.2529 .................. released
c) 54 gm of H2O produced = 1236KJ
so, 42.7 gm H2O produced = 1236/54 x 42.7KJ
= 977.35 KJ released.
Explanation:
Antifreeze is used in car engines. It is produced by a local manufacturer, but they’ve run out of an ingredient: ethane (C2H6). As a junior scientist, you know you can produce ethane by reacting sulfuric acid with diethyl zinc gas. The local manufacturer will pay $1.25 per gram of ethane you produce. If you have 45.00 mL of 8.00 M H2SO4 and 30.00 mL of Zn(CH3CH2)2, what is the maximum amount of money you can make?
Answer:
Maximum amount of money = $21.95
Explanation:
Required reaction:
H2SO4 + Zn(CH3CH2)2 -------------> 2 C2H6 + ZnSO4
No.of moles of H2SO4= (45 x 10-3 L) x (8 M) = 0.360 mol
No.of moles of Zn(CH3CH2)2 = (30 x 1.205) / (123.50 g/mol) = 0.2927 mol
Here H2SO4 is in excess amount and Zn(CH3CH2)2is the limiting reagent.
Hence, Maximum no.of moles of ethane that can be produced = 2 * 0.2927 mol = 0.484 mol
Hence, Mass of ethane that can be produced = 0.484 mol x 30 g/mol = 17.56 g
Therefore,Maximum amount of money that you can make :
Maximum amount of money = (17.56 g) x ($1.25 /g)
Maximum amount of money = $21.95
19.24 The mechanism for acetal hydrolysis has been heavily investigated. In one study, which explored rates as well as stereochemical aspects,[5] compound 1 was treated with aqueous acid to afford compound 2. Draw the structure of 2, clearly showing the configuration of any chiral center(s). c19s124
Answer:
Explanation:
check the attached file below for the diagram and better expalnation.
Choose the balanced equation for the reaction. Au3+(aq) + Cu+(aq) → Au(s) + Cu2+(aq) Au(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Au3+(aq) + Cu+(aq) Au3+(aq) + 3Cu+(aq) → Au(s) + 3Cu2+(aq) Au(s) + 3Cu2+(aq) → Au3+(aq) + 3Cu+(aq) b Use the standard reduction potentials for the galvanic cell to determine E°.
Final answer:
The balanced reaction between Au3+(aq) and Cu+(aq) that forms Au(s) and Cu2+(aq) is Au3+(aq) + 3Cu+(aq) → Au(s) + 3Cu2+(aq). To determine the standard cell potential, the standard reduction potentials of the associated half-reactions should be used to evaluate spontaneity.
Explanation:
The question at hand involves galvanic cells and the balancing of redox reactions.
For the balanced equation for the reaction between Au3+(aq) and Cu+(aq), the chemically accurate version is:
Au3+(aq) + 3Cu+(aq) → Au(s) + 3Cu2+(aq)
Standard Reduction Potentials and Galvanic Cell Potential
To determine the standard cell potential (E°), you would reference the standard reduction potentials of the half-reactions:
Oxidation: Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) +2e−
Reduction: Au3+(aq) + 3e− → Au(s)
By adding the reduction potentials of these half-reactions together, one can ascertain whether the reaction is spontaneous under standard state conditions. Specifically, if the standard cell potential (E°) is positive, the reaction is spontaneous.
Which pair of elements can be used to determine the age of a fossil that is over one billion years old?
Answer:
Potassium and Argon (⁴⁰K-⁴⁰Ar)
Explanation:
Potassium-Argon dating is a method used in geology and archeology to date rocks or volcanic ash, generally the oldest.
It is based on the principle of radioactive decay, it is a process that has a half-life of 1248 million years, during which time the gas is concentrated in the rock crystals. Taking advantage of this known rhythm and half-life, the method lends itself to dating samples ranging from 100.000 years to several billion years.
Answer:
Its D to sum it up.
Explanation:
2. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous carbon oxygen compound (as opposed to carbon
dioxide). Provide the complete MO diagram including the atomic orbitals for both
carbon and oxygen as well as the MOs for CO assuming the bonding is the same as for
C2 in the reference. Also indicate the bond order for CO from the MO diagram. (14
points)
Answer:
Carbon monoxide has a bond order of 3
Explanation:
A molecular orbital diagram ( MO diagram ), is a qualitative descriptive tool tha explains chemical bonding in molecules in terms of the molecular orbital theory in general and particularly adopts the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method in its approach. A fundamental principle of these theories is that as atoms bond to each other to form molecules, a certain number of atomic orbitals combine to form an equal number of molecular orbitals , although the electrons involved may be redistributed among the orbitals. This tool is very well suited for simple diatomic molecules such as hydrogen molecule , oxygen molecule, and carbon monoxide but becomes more complex when discussing even comparatively simple polyatomic molecules, such as methane. MO diagrams usually explains why some molecules exist and others do not exist. It is used to predict bond strength of molecules, as well as the electronic transitions that can take place.
The MO diagram for carbon monoxide is shown in the image attached. It can clearly be seen that carbon monoxide has a bond order of three. The combination of carbon and oxygen atoms to form molecular orbitals of appropriate energy is also seen in the image.
Determine the number of bonding electrons and the number of nonbonding electrons in the structure of SI2. Enter the number of bonding electrons followed by the number of nonbonding electrons, separated by a comma, in the dot structure of this molecule.
The molecule SI2 does not exist but if the student meant SiI2, it would have 8 bonding electrons and 14 nonbonding electrons.
Explanation:The molecule SI2 does not exist. It may have been a typo. If the student meant Si2, this molecule also doesn't exist because silicon, a member of group 14 on the periodic table, needs 4 electrons to achieve a full outer shell, and thus generally forms 4 bonds. If we are talking about SiI2, or silicon diiodide, it would have 8 bonding electrons and 14 nonbonding electrons. This is because all four of the bonding electrons from silicon and four from iodine atoms make up the bonding electrons while the remaining 7 electrons from each iodine atom make up the nonbonding electrons.
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What volume would 32.0 g of NO2 gas occupy at 3.12 atm and 18.0 Celsius
Answer:
Volume of 32.0 g [tex]NO_{2}[/tex] at 3.12 atm and 18.0 [tex]^{0}\textrm{C}[/tex] is 5.33 L.
Explanation:
Molar mass of [tex]NO_{2}[/tex] = 46.0055 g/mol
So, 32.0 g of [tex]NO_{2}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{32.0}{46.0055}[/tex] mol of [tex]NO_{2}[/tex] = 0.696 mol of [tex]NO_{2}[/tex]
Let's assume [tex]NO_{2}[/tex] behaves ideally.
Then [tex]P_{NO_{2}}V_{NO_{2}}=n_{NO_{2}}RT[/tex] , where P, V, n, R and T represents pressure, volume, number of moles, gas constant and temperature (in kelvin scale) respectively.
Here [tex]P_{NO_{2}}[/tex] = 3.12 atm, [tex]n_{NO_{2}}[/tex] = 0.696 mol, R = 0.0821 L.atm/(mol.K) and T = (273+18.0)K = 291 K
So, [tex]V_{NO_{2}}=\frac{n_{NO_{2}}RT}{P_{NO_{2}}}[/tex]
or, [tex]V_{NO_{2}}=\frac{(0.696mol)\times (0.0821\frac{L.atm}{mol.K})\times (291K)}{3.12atm}[/tex]
or, [tex]V_{NO_{2}}=5.33L[/tex]
So, volume of 32.0 g [tex]NO_{2}[/tex] at 3.12 atm and 18.0 [tex]^{0}\textrm{C}[/tex] is 5.33 L.
The Volume of NO₂ is 542.8L
What is Ideal Gas Law ?Ideal Gas Law relates the macroscopic property of gas , It states that the product of pressure and volume of 1 mole of a gas is equal to the product of absolute temperature and universal gas constant.
For n mole of gas,
PV = nRT
In the question it is given that mass of NO₂ is 32 g
P = 3.12 atm
T = 18°Celsius = 291 K
Volume = ?
n = m/M = 32/46 = 0.7
3.12 * V = 0.7*0.0821*291
V = 5.36 L
Therefore the Volume of NO₂ is 5.36L
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Which disease is most likely to cause each effect?
Destruction of red blood cells:
Shaking hands or feet:
Streaks of pus in the throat area:
Inability of the immune system to fight off pathogens:
Answers:
Though no result is wholesome without further tests and observed symptoms, these diseases could be causative for the following symptoms:
Explanation:
Destruction of red blood cells: AnaemiaShaking hands or feet: Parkinson's disease, Sclerosis, Peripheral neuropathyStreaks of pus in the throat area: Glandular fever, tonsillitisInability of the immune system to fight off pathogens: HIV?AIDS, Leukemia.What is the pH of a buffer solution that is 0.211 M in hypochlorous acid (HClO) and 0.111 M in sodium hypochlorite? The Ka of hypochlorous acid is 3.8 ⋅ 10-8. What is the pH of a buffer solution that is 0.211 M in hypochlorous acid (HClO) and 0.111 M in sodium hypochlorite? The Ka of hypochlorous acid is 3.8 x 10-8.
a. 7.7
b. 0
c. 7.14
d. 14.28
e. 9.05
f. 6.86
Answer:
c. 7.14
Explanation:
The buffer solution is formed by a weak acid ( hypochlorous acid, HClO) and its conjugate base (hypochlorite ClO⁻, coming from sodium hypochlorite NaClO). We can calculate the pH using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation.
pH = pKa + log [base]/[acid]
pH = -log 3.8 × 10⁻⁸ + log 0.111/0.211
pH = 7.14
A biochemist carefully measures the molarity of glycerol in of photobacterium cell growth medium to be . Unfortunately, a careless graduate student forgets to cover the container of growth medium and a substantial amount of the solvent evaporates. The volume of the cell growth medium falls to . Calculate the new molarity of glycerol in the photobacterium cell growth medium. Round each of your answers to significant digits.
Note:
The Complete Question
A biochemist carefully measures the molarity of glycerol in 913 mL of photobacterium cell growth medium to be 81.3 μM. Unfortunately, a careless graduate student forgets to cover the container of growth medium and a substantial amount of the solvent evaporates. The volume of the cell growth medium falls to 11.1 mL. Calculate the new molarity of glycerol in the photobacterium cell growth medium. Round each of your answers to 3 significant digits.
Answer:
669 μM
Solution:
[Find the attachment]
Are the following statements true or false? (a) Formal charges represent an actual separation of charges. true false (b) ΔH o rxn can be estimated from the bond enthalpies of reactants and products. true false (c) All second-period elements obey the octet rule in their compounds. true false (d) The resonance structures of a molecule can be separated from one another in the laboratory. true false
Answer:
Explanation:
A) Formal charges represent an actual separation of charges.(FALSE)
(B) ΔHo rxn can be estimated from the bond enthalpies of reactants and products.(TRUE)
C)All second-period elements obey the octet rule in their compounds(FALSE).
(D)The resonance structures of a molecule can be separated from one another in the laboratory.(FALSE)
Bond enthalpy which is also reffered to as bond energy is the amount of energy that is required to break one mole of a bond.
taking the single bond between Oxygen and Hydrogen into considerationthe bond energy between their single bond is 463 kJ/mol.
formal charge is used for the comparison of the number of electrons present around an atom in a particular molecule with the number of electrons present around a neutral
Final answer:
Formal charges do not represent actual charge separation, ΔH°rxn can be estimated using bond enthalpies, not all second-period elements obey the octet rule, and resonance structures cannot be physically separated.
Explanation:
Addressing the truthfulness of the given statements:
Formal charges represent an actual separation of charges is false. Formal charges are a way of computing the charge distribution within a Lewis structure and do not represent an actual charge separation.ΔH°rxn can be estimated from the bond enthalpies of reactants and products is true. This is a common method for estimating the change in enthalpy for a reaction.All second-period elements obey the octet rule in their compounds is false. While many do, there are exceptions, such as boron, which can have incomplete octets.The resonance structures of a molecule can be separated from one another in the laboratory is false. Resonance structures are theoretical concepts that represent different ways of drawing the same molecule and cannot be separated.Consider the reaction below.
21- (aq) + Cl2(g)—>2014(aq) +12(aq)
Which half reaction correctly describes the reduction that is taking place?
© C12(g) +2 ->2014 (aq)
C12(g) +-->2014 (aq)
21+ (aq) — > 2(aq) + 2e7
21+ (aq) —
> 12(aq) + e
Answer:
Refer to pic above
Explanation:
Cl's oxidation state reduces from 0 in Cl2 to - 1 in Cl-.
For the given reaction the reduction reaction is Cl[tex]_2[/tex] + 2e⁻→ 2Cl⁻. Therefore, the correct option is option C.
What are oxidation and reduction?
Any chemical process in which a participating chemical species' oxidation number changes is known as an oxidation-reduction reaction, often known as a redox reaction. The phrase refers to a broad range of processes. Many oxidation-reduction processes are as frequent and well-known as fire, metal corrosion and disintegration, fruit browning, respiration, and photosynthesis—basic life processes.
These three processes have two things in common: (1) they are coupled, meaning that every oxidation reaction results in a subsequent reduction; and (2) they involve a typical net chemical change, meaning that an atom or electron moves through one unit of matter to the other. For the given reaction the reduction reaction is Cl[tex]_2[/tex] + 2e⁻→ 2Cl⁻
Therefore, the correct option is option C.
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Consider an electrolytic cell with a platinum anode and a silver cathode in a 1.0 M AgNO3(aq) solution.
a) (3 pts) What species can be reduced in this solution? Which species is preferentially reduced? Write the reduction half- reaction. (Note that oxyanions like nitrate are not commonly reduced in aqueous electrolysis due to kinetic reasons.)
b) (2 pts) Which species is oxidized during the electrolysis? Write the oxidation half-reaction. Note that acid will form as a byproduct of the oxidation.
c) (2 pts) Write the overall electrolysis reaction in net ionic and molecular forms.
d) (2 pts) Determine the external electric potential needed for the electrolysis under standard conditions.
e) (5 pts) If the electrolysis is carried out for 1.00 hour using 1.00 A current, how many grams of metal will be deposited at the cathode and how many liters of gas will form at the anode at 1.00 atm pressure and 25°C?
Answer:
Check the attached image below
Explanation:
The step by step solution to the question above can be seen in the attached image below.
What information about water is needed to calculate the enthalpy change for converting 1 mol H2O(g) at 100 °C to H2O(l) at 80 °C? (a) Heat of fusion, (b) heat of vaporization, (c) heat of vaporization and specific heat of H2O(g), (d) heat of vaporization and specific heat of H2O(l), (e) heat of fusion and specific heat of H2O(l).
The information needed includes the heat of vaporization and specific heat of H₂O(l).
Explanation:The information needed to calculate the enthalpy change for converting 1 mol H₂O(g) at 100 °C to H₂O(l) at 80 °C is the (d) heat of vaporization and specific heat of H₂O(l).
The heat of vaporization is required because it accounts for the energy needed to convert water from a liquid to vapor state. The specific heat of H₂O(l) is needed to determine the amount of heat required to change the temperature of liquid water from 100 °C to 80 °C.
Question 51 pts A breathalyzer is a device used to estimate the blood alcohol content of a suspected drunk driver by measuring the amount of alcohol in one's breath. The fuel cell breathalyzer employs the reaction below: CH3CH2OH(g)+O2(g)→HC2H3O2(g)+H2O(g) When a suspected drunk driver blows his or her breath through the fuel-cell breathalyzer, the device measures the current produced by the reaction and calculates the percent alcohol in the breath. How many moles of electrons are transferred per mole of ethanol, CH3CH2OH, in the reaction?
Answer:
Four moles of electrons
Explanation:
The reactions in a breathalyzer are redox reactions. Fuel cell breathalyzers consists of fuel cells with platinum electrodes. The current produced depends on the amount of alcohol in the breath. Detection of alcohol involves the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid. The two half cells set in the process are;
Anode;
C2H5OH(aq) + 4OH^-(aq) ----------> CH3COOOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) + 4e
Cathode;
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) +4e--------> 4OH^-(aq)
Hence four electrons are transferred in the process.
a sample of oxygen occupies 75 L at 1 atm. If the volume double what is the new pressure of oxygen in atm
Answer:
[tex]P_2=\frac{1}{2} \text{ atm}[/tex]
Explanation:
Considering ideal gas situation and initial condition as 1 and final condition as 2 all other conditions being constant we get
[tex]P_1V_1=P_2V_2[/tex]
Here P1 = 1 atm , V1= 75L, also, V2=2V1 = 2×75 L =150 L
using above equation we have
[tex]1\times75=150\times P_2\\P_2=\frac{75}{150} = \frac{1}{2} \text{ atm}[/tex]
c. What predictions can you make about ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG for the general reaction A(s) + 2B(g) 3C(g) + D(g) + heat? What conclusions can you make about the spontaneity of the reaction? Explain your reasoning. (4 points)
d. The reaction 2NO2(g) N2(g) + 2O2(g) is spontaneous at all temperatures, yet it hardly happens under normal conditions. How can this be? (2 points)
ANSWER:
C.
1) Entropy (∆S) is spontaneous
2) Enthalpy (∆H) is not spontaneous
3) Gibbs free energy (∆G) is spontaneous
Therefore the reaction will be spontaneous at high temperature.
D.
Because Nitrogen is favourable to be produced under high temperature, and oxygen under low temperature. Which favours the product side of the equation. But when at a room temperature, which means the temperature is neither low nor high, the product side won't be favoured, and the reaction will not be spontaneous.
EXPLANATION:
C.
1) Entropy is the measure of disorderliness in a system, which increase more in gaseous substances, because the molecules of gases are not stable
Because almost all the reacting substances are in their gaseous state, the entropy of the reaction will be high. Therefore entropy will be positive, which makes the entropy of the system spontaneous.
2) Enthalpy is the measure of heat change in the system. Since their is an intake of heat in the system, therefore the reaction is endothermic and ∆H will be positive. Enthalpy of a system can only be spontaneous in an Exothermic reaction, where ∆H is negative. Therefore Enthalpy is not spontaneous.
3) Gibbs free energy is equal to the change in enthalpy minus the product of temperature and change in entropy. Since entropy and enthalpy are positive, the Gibbs free energy will be negative, which shows that the reaction can be spontaneous if some conditions are met. ∆G will be spontaneous because it is negative.
Therefore in summary, the reaction will favour the product side more, if the temperature of the system is increased, which will make the reaction to become more spontaneous.
D.
2NO2(g) --> N2(g) + 2O2(g)
This reaction is not spontaneous under atmospheric pressure and room temperature (normal conditions) because, Nitrogen can only be produced very fast at a high temperature, while oxygen production is preferable in a low temperature. For the reaction to favour the product side, the temperature should be increased or decreased. Because an increase or a decrease in the temperature will favour either nitrogen or oxygen, which are the product side of equation. This means that the reaction should not be spontaneous if you wish to achieve an equal proportion of the products.
1. Calculate the concentration of hydronium ion of both buffer solutions at their starting pHs. Calculate the moles of hydronium ion present in 20.0 mL of each buffer. 2. A change of pH by 1 unit means a change in hydronium ion concentration by a factor of 10. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH that would theoretically be needed to decrease the moles of hydronium you calculated in
To calculate the concentration of hydronium ion and the moles in a buffer solution, use the formula [H3O+] = 10^(-pH) and Moles = Concentration x Volume.
Explanation:The concentration of hydronium ion can be calculated using the formula:
[H3O+] = 10^(-pH)
For example, if the starting pH is 4.74, then the concentration of hydronium ion is 10^(-4.74) M
The moles of hydronium ion present in 20.0 mL of the buffer can be calculated using the formula:
Moles = Concentration x Volume
Assuming the concentration of hydronium ion is 10^(-4.74) M, then the moles of hydronium ion in 20.0 mL is (10^(-4.74) M) x (20.0 mL / 1000) L.
Give the formula for the alkyne containing 40 hydrogens
Answer:
Molecular formula is C21H40
Explanation:
Use the formula CnH2n-2
That is the alkyne formula
The formula for the alkyne containing 40 hydrogens is C21H40. This is further explained below.
What is Molecular formula?Generally, Molecular formula is simply defined as a chemical formula that shows how many atoms of each element there are in each molecule of a material.
In conclusion, Using the alkyne formula which is C_nH2n-2.
We have C21H40 as the alkyne containing 40 hydrogens.
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Which isoelectronic series is correctly arranged in order of increasing radius?
A) K+ < Ca2+ < Ar < Cl
B) < Ar < K+ < Ca2+
C) Ca2+ < Ar < K+ < Cl
D) Ca2+ < K+ < Ar < Cl
E) Ca2+ < K+ < Cl- < Ar
Answer:
D) Ca2+ < K+ < Ar < Cl-
Explanation:
The isoelectronic series is correctly arranged in order of increasing radius is option D. Ca2+ < K+ < Ar < Cl.
Arranging of isoelectronic series:Since k+, Ca2+, Cl- and Ar represent the same kind of e- (18) due to this the positive charge increased. The size should be decreased due to the net attraction on outer e- increased and a negative charge should increase the size because the electronic repulsion should be increased.
Therefore, the option d is correct.
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