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Generally, a fatty acid is composed of a carboxyl group and a R group.

Discussion;

The fatty acid is made up of a R-group and a Carboxyl group.

The carboxyl group is the acid-bearing portion of the fatty acid molecule.

However, the R group which may vary; determines the length of the fatty acid as this R group may be composed of long chain of carbon atoms or a short chain of carbon atoms.

This is the basis of classification of fatty acids as either Long chain or Short chain fatty acids.

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Fatty acids consist of a carboxyl group and a long hydrocarbon chain, usually unbranched, with an even number of carbon atoms typically between 12 to 20. They are a key component of triglycerides, where they are attached to glycerol molecules. Fatty acids are classified as saturated or unsaturated based on the presence of carbon-to-carbon double bonds.

Fatty acids are composed of a long chain of hydrocarbons and a carboxyl group. More specifically, fatty acids are carboxylic acids with an alkyl chain that is usually unbranched and contains an even number of carbon atoms, typically between 12 to 20. These long chains of hydrocarbons make up the majority of the structure of fatty acids and are crucial for the properties and functions of fats in organisms.

In terms of chemical structure, a fatty acid's long hydrocarbon chain is what gives it hydrophobic properties, allowing it to store energy effectively. When it comes to fat molecules, such as triglycerides, the fatty acids are attached to a glycerol backbone. Glycerol is an alcohol with three carbon atoms and three hydroxyl (OH) groups. Each of the three hydroxyl groups of the glycerol molecule forms an ester bond with a fatty acid, resulting in a triglyceride.

Fatty acids can be classified based on the presence or absence of carbon-to-carbon double bonds. Saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds. This distinction affects the physical properties of the fatty acids, such as their state at room temperature and their role in nutrition and health.

The correct answer is Option d) They allow cells to replicate organelles and manufacture additional cytoplasm.

During the gap phases (G1 and G2) of the cell cycle, cells undergo significant growth and preparation for cell division.

Specifically, Gap 1 (G1) phase occurs after cell division and before DNA synthesis (S phase), while Gap 2 (G2) phase follows DNA synthesis and precedes mitosis (M phase).

Overall, Gap phases (G1 and G2) play a crucial role in the cell cycle by allowing cells to replicate organelles and manufacture additional cytoplasm, ensuring that each daughter cell receives the necessary components to function properly after division.

Complete Question:
What role(s) do gap phases play in the cell cycle? see section 12.1 ( page 255) ?

a) They allow chromosome replication to occur.

b) They allow chromosomes to condense prior to mitosis.

c) They allow the nuclear envelope to re-form after mitosis.

d) They allow cells to replicate organelles and manufacture additional cytoplasm.

Answer:

Option (c).

Explanation:

Biomolecules are the important organic molecules that re present in the body of living organism. Four biomolecules of living organism are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates are the made of the polymers of glucose. Glucose is the important energy source of the body as the hum,an cells are permeable to the glucose molecule and generates ATP. Carbohydrate acts as an important vital fuel as it contains glucose units.

Thus, the correct answer is option (c).

Two features of meiosis, crossing over and independent assortment, contribute to the independent assortment of chromosomes. This occurs during Prophase I and Metaphase I respectively, leading to increased genetic variation in offspring.

The process of meiosis involves two key features that allow for the independent assortment of chromosomes, increasing the genetic variation in offspring. These are crossing over and independent assortment.

Crossing over occurs during Prophase I, where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of DNA. This creates new combinations of genes within the chromosomes leading to genetic diversity.

The second key feature is independent assortment which occurs during Metaphase I. It refers to the random alignment of chromosome pairs along the metaphase plate. As the homologous chromosome pairs separate randomly into two cells, this randomness further contributes to the genetic variation in the offspring.

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Liver cells in a person suffering from chronic alcoholism can develop fatty liver disease, experience inflammation and swelling, or irreversible scarring (cirrhosis), all of which impede liver function. Increased cancer risk can also be a consequence.

In someone suffering from chronic alcoholism, significant changes could be observed in their liver cells. One expected alteration is the accumulation of fat in liver cells, a condition known as fatty liver disease. This occurs as the liver struggles with processing the excess alcohol, resulting in an overproduction of fat. Another change could be inflammation and swelling of the liver - a condition termed alcoholic hepatitis. Prolonged effects may lead to irreversible damage known as cirrhosis, characterized by scarring of the liver tissue and impeded liver function. Liver cells damaged this way can also have an increased risk of developing liver cancer.

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Final answer:

The work of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann provided evidence that both plant and animal tissues are composed of cells, supporting the aspects of cell theory that recognize cells as the basic unit of life and that all living things consist of one or more cells.

Explanation:

The work of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann directly supports the part of cell theory that pertains to the universality of cells as the foundational building blocks of all plant and animal life forms. Specifically, their observations and conclusions provided empirical evidence for two critical aspects of cell theory:

Although Rudolf Virchow would later expand upon this theory to assert that all cells arise from pre-existing cells, the contributions of Schleiden and Schwann were pivotal in establishing that both plant and animal tissues are cellular in nature.

Final answer:

The work of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann supports the part of the cell theory stating that all living things are composed of one or more cells.

Explanation:

The work of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann directly supports the part of the cell theory that states that all living things are composed of one or more cells. Schleiden observed that plant tissues are composed of cells, while Schwann observed that animal tissues were composed of cells. Together, their work demonstrated that cells are the basic unit of life and are present in both plant and animal organisms.

Invertebrates lack a backbone, while invertebrate chordates, part of the phylum Chordata, lack a backbone but have key features like a notochord and dorsal hollow nerve cord. Urochordata (tunicates) and Cephalochordata (lancelets) are examples of invertebrate chordates.

Answer:

The correct answer would be TT and Tt.

According to the law of dominance, the trait which gets expressed in the heterozygous condition is termed as dominant trait.

The allele of a gene which is expressed in heterozygous condition is symbolized by capital letter.

For example, the allele responsible for tallness of a plant can be symbolized by "T".

Thus, the genotype of a gene responsible for the tallness of a plant can either be TT (homozygous) or Tt (heterozygous).

Final answer:

The Earth maintains a balance of oxygen due to photosynthesis, where plants and other organisms convert CO2 into oxygen. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration work in a cyclical harmony, recycling atoms and maintaining the balance of gases in the atmosphere.

Explanation:

The Earth does not run out of oxygen because there is a balance between the oxygen-consuming process of cellular respiration and the oxygen-producing process of photosynthesis. Organisms such as plants, algae, and certain bacteria photosynthesize, taking in carbon dioxide (CO₂) and releasing oxygen (O₂) into the atmosphere. This oxygen is then utilized by organisms to perform cellular respiration, which in turn releases CO₂. This CO₂ is not a waste but a substrate for photosynthesis, thereby creating a cyclical relationship between the two processes. Additionally, geological evidence indicates that the original atmosphere lacked oxygen and it was not until the evolution of photosynthesis, roughly 3.8 billion years ago, that oxygen was introduced into the atmosphere as a byproduct.

Earth maintains its oxygen supply because the CO₂ produced in cellular respiration is utilized by plants in photosynthesis to produce oxygen. This cycle of photosynthesis and respiration ensures a balance that prevents the depletion of oxygen. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration operate in a global, cyclical harmony, with CO₂ and O₂ being continually recycled.

Earth doesn't run out of oxygen because the carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced by cellular respiration is used by plants during photosynthesis to create more oxygen. In this energy cycle, plants and other photosynthesizing organisms absorb CO₂ and light energy to build carbohydrates and release O₂ as a byproduct. This cyclical process occurs globally and allows the conservation of matter, ensuring that oxygen remains available in the atmosphere while CO₂ is continually recycled into new organic material.

In aquatic environments and some terrestrial habitats, certain organisms might experience oxygen scarcity and rely on anaerobic processes to generate energy. However, in most cases, the atmospheric mixing by winds allows for a constant supply of oxygen for cellular respiration. Thus, both processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration maintain a balance that prevents the depletion of Earth's oxygen supply, supported by the vast range of photosynthetic organisms, from land plants to marine phytoplankton.