Before the French and Indian War, how did Great Britain generally govern the thirteen colonies?

Cuneiform was a Mesopotamian writing system that began as pictographs. Over time, it evolved into a complex system used for a wide array of written records and literature, involving extensive training for scribes.

The writing system used by the Mesopotamians, known as cuneiform, can best be described as a system that used pictographs to express ideas. Cuneiform originated as pictographs and evolved into a complex system consisting of logographic and syllabic elements. It was developed by the Sumerians around the end of the fourth millennium B.C. and was later adapted by various Mesopotamian cultures. Although initially used for record-keeping, it eventually expanded to include literature and other written communications. Scribes underwent extensive training to master this writing system, which included hundreds of different signs that could be read both as words or sounds. Cuneiform is significant as it represents one of the earliest known forms of written expression.

Final answer:

The decision to declare independence from Britain was influenced by key tenets of American political thought, such as natural rights, popular sovereignty, individualism, and social contract theory.

Explanation:

The decision to declare independence from Britain was influenced by several key tenets of American political thought. One of the main reasons was the belief in natural rights, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The colonists felt that British rule was infringing upon these rights, and they wanted to establish a government that would protect them. Another influential idea was the concept of popular sovereignty, which asserts that the authority of the government should be derived from the consent of the governed. The colonists believed that they should have the power to govern themselves and make decisions about their own future.

Additionally, the Enlightenment principles of individualism and social contract theory played a role in the decision to declare independence. Individualism emphasized the importance of individual freedom and autonomy, while social contract theory proposed that governments exist to protect the rights and interests of the people. The colonists felt that the British government was not fulfilling its end of the social contract and that it was their right and duty to establish a new government that would.

In summary, the key tenets of American political thought that influenced the decision to declare independence from Britain include the belief in natural rights, popular sovereignty, individualism, and social contract theory.

Final answer:

The Industrial Revolution had the biggest impact on American society in the late 1800s due to technological advancements, changes in labor and societal structure, and the crucial role it played in drawing immigrants to the U.S. to support industrial growth.

Explanation:

In the late nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on American society, arguably more so than Reconstruction, Immigration, or Westward Expansion. There are several key reasons for this assessment. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution ushered in significant technological advancements, such as steel manufacturing, the development of the telephone, and the invention of the light bulb. These technological innovations not only changed daily life but also fueled economic growth and America's rise as an industrial power.

Secondly, industry changed the fabric of American labor. The move from rural to urban living, with men, women, and children working long hours in factories, marked a stark transformation in societal structure. The disappearance of craft industries and small shops altered the landscape of employment and commerce, catalyzing the growth of large urban centers. Furthermore, these labor conditions gave rise to the formation and growth of labor unions, which played a pivotal role in securing rights for workers and shaping future labor policies.

Lastly, the industrial expansion necessitated a massive labor force, which was partly met by the immigration of fourteen million people by the end of the century. Without the demand created by the Industrial Revolution, such a large influx of immigrants, who left an indelible mark on American culture and society, might not have occurred.

Cardinal Bellarmine responded to the arguments from galileo by indicating that Galileo has no authority to determine which passages should be taken literally and which should be taken non-literally.

Generally, science can make no pronouncements, only the magisterial authority of the Church.

Hence, Cardinal Bellarmine responded to galileo in a similar manner because it is not for science to determine what is a matter of salvation.

Hence. Cardinal Bellarmine responded to the arguments from galileo by indicating that Galileo has no authority to determine which passages should be taken literally and which should be taken non-literally.

Therefore, the Option B is correct.

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Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States of America functioned under a weak and decentralized government, and option B, "there was no president," is accurate. Instead of a single executive leader, the government was guided by a committee known as the Continental Congress, which held limited powers. This setup was a deliberate response to the colonists' concerns about the tyranny of a strong central authority, as they had experienced under British rule.

Therefore option b is correct.

Option C, "a judiciary was created to provide checks and balances to the other branches of government," is incorrect. The Articles of Confederation did not establish a separate federal judiciary. Instead, legal matters were largely left to the individual states, which created their own legal systems. This lack of a federal judiciary contributed to inconsistency and conflicts in legal interpretation.

Option D, "the government immediately ordered a national tax to help pay for the debts from the American Revolution," is also incorrect. The Articles of Confederation did not grant the federal government the power to levy taxes directly on individuals or states. It relied on states voluntarily contributing funds, which often led to revenue shortages and financial difficulties for the national government.

Option A, "the government was so weak that Great Britain tried to retake the colonies in the 1790s," is misleading. By the 1790s, the United States had adopted a new constitution (in 1787) and established a stronger federal government through the ratification of the Constitution (in 1788). The British did not attempt to retake the colonies in the 1790s; instead, the United States and Britain had normalized their relations, largely through the Jay Treaty of 1794.

In sum, the Articles of Confederation were marked by a weak central government, the absence of a president, no federal judiciary, and an inability to impose national taxes. This period ultimately led to the drafting of the U.S. Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1789 and created a more effective and balanced federal government.

Therefore option b is correct.

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Final answer:

The Allied Forces' Hundred Days Offensive included key battles such as the Battle of Amiens, the Arras offensive, the Battle of the Hindenburg Line, and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, with the latter leading to the German surrender and the end of World War I.

Explanation:

Key Battles in the Allied Forces' Hundred Days Offensive

The Allied Forces' Hundred Days Offensive comprised several key battles during the final period of World War I. Crucial engagements during this period were the battles of Amiens, which marked the beginning of the offensive, followed by the Arras offensive, the Battle of the Hindenburg Line, and culminating with the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The Meuse-Argonne Offensive was particularly significant due to the extensive involvement of American forces, employing diverse and advanced military tactics.

The combined efforts of British, French, and American troops led to significant advancements against German forces. The final result of these offenses, especially the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, was the German surrender in November 1918, signaling the end of World War I.

Apart from the battles included in the Hundred Days Offensive, other notable campaigns that complemented the ultimate victory included the successful D-Day landings in Normandy, the Battle of the Bulge, and the Soviet advancements on the Eastern front.

Final answer:

To check if a list is in ascending order and accordingly set the variable is_ascending to true or false, start with is_ascending as true, compare each element to its predecessor, and if any element is found to be smaller, set is_ascending to false.

Explanation:

To determine if a list numbers is in ascending order, you need to compare each element with its predecessor to check if every subsequent element is greater than or equal to the one before it. If this condition holds true throughout the list, then is_ascending should be set to true, otherwise false.

Here is a simple approach to achieve this:

This method ensures is_ascending accurately reflects whether the list is in ascending order based on the criteria given.

Queen Elizabeth I of England sought to balance the Protestant and Catholic divide through the Elizabethan Settlement, requiring outward conformity to the Church of England while allowing certain Catholic practices. Her moderate approach brought stability, despite challenges from Puritans and external threats like the Spanish Armada. The era also marked the rise of the Puritans, who played a role in New World colonization.

Queen Elizabeth I inherited a kingdom deeply divided by religious differences as a result of her predecessor's actions. Upon ascending to the throne in 1558, she was faced with the delicate task of addressing the conflicts between Protestants and Catholics. Elizabeth's strategy for managing this division was a series of compromises known as the Elizabethan Settlement. She leaned towards Protestantism but required only outward conformity, meaning her subjects needed to attend Church of England services without necessarily endorsing every doctrine. The Church of England retained many Catholic ceremonies, but masses were said in English, and priests were permitted to marry.

Despite her moderate approach, Elizabeth faced significant challenges from the Puritans who sought to "purify" the Anglican Church of all Catholic elements. Puritan demands became increasingly strident, and they used their positions in the House of Commons to further their cause. These internal struggles were compounded by external threats, such as the Spanish Armada in 1588, which sought to overthrow Elizabeth's Protestant rule but ultimately failed, bolstering the Protestant cause. Additionally, the return of the Marian exiles, Protestants who had fled from the reign of Mary I, sought to push the Elizabethan Settlement towards a more Calvinist direction.

The religious policy set by Elizabeth I, while not satisfying all factions, brought a level of stability to England and allowed her to maintain her reign in the face of religious turmoil. The period also saw the rise of the Puritans, who would later influence the colonization of the New World, seeking a place to practice their faith without the constraints imposed by the Church of England.

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Answer:

It had a direct bearing on the Articles of Confederation.

It had a direct bearing on the U.S. Declaration of Independence

It had a direct bearing on the U.S. Constitution, especially the Bill of Rights.

They were interested in inquiry and exploration, as well as the idea that humans could perfect themselves.

theory of separation of powers.  

stone axe innovation enabled early humans to cut down trees. Thus, option C is correct.

The Neolithic era saw the development of the stone axe, which made it possible to clear forests and cut down trees more quickly than before. It was also employed as a potent weapon. Therefore, it is not surprising that the axe had a significant place in the lives of Neolithic people.

Tools made of stone have been around since the Palaeolithic period. The first chopping implements were hand axes, which were fashioned by chipping flakes from flint stones. The Neolithic brought about an advance by polishing the axe and giving it a haft. Compared to the rudimentary hand axes, this instrument was far more efficient: First, additional power might be sent to it through the haft.

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Winthrop believes that the new constitution controls the entirety of how the people under the law would function. He believes people can only function to a certain extent. There should be a different level of rules followed by the people. 

Final answer:

The temperance movement in the 1830s was driven by concerns over the negative effects of alcohol on family life and society, eventually leading to the 18th Amendment which banned the production and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Explanation:

The movement against alcohol in the 1830s was known as the temperance movement. It was driven by concerns over the negative effects of alcohol on family life and society. Some people advocated for moderation in drinking, while others wanted to ban alcohol completely. The movement gained momentum and eventually led to the passage of the 18th Amendment, which prohibited the production and sale of alcoholic beverages.

The correct answer is - B. F, E.

On the presented map, Medina is marked with the letter F, while Mecca is marked with the letter E. Both of them are located on the territory of Saudi Arabia, on the Arabian Peninsula. Mecca and Medina are considered as the most important and sacred places in the Islam, so they are very respected in the Muslim world.

The correct answer is B. F, E

Explanation:

Mecca and Medina are two important cities in Saudi Arabia. Mecca is known for being one of the holiest places for Islam, as in this city the Kaaba is located. Additionally, in terms of location, this city is located in the west of Saudi Arabia; and it is part of the Hejaz region that covers the west area of this country. Similarly, Medina is an important place in Islam; this is also located in the same region as Mecca but is located to the North of Mecca (around 300 kilometers north).

This means, in the map, the letter E represents Mecca because this is the only point that is located in the west of Saudi Arabia, and letter F represents Medina as this city is located in the same region as Mecca but it is further north than Mecca.

Answer:

see pic below

Explanation:

Huang He is the famous yellow river in Northern China which was considered as the cradle of civilization of China. Because of this river, the region where it was located is the most prosperous in China where the Chinese civilization also began though the floods in this river become devastating after some time.

Final answer:

After the 15th Amendment, Southern tactics to prevent African American voting included voter intimidation by groups like the Ku Klux Klan, biased literacy tests, poll taxes, and property qualification laws. Racial gerrymandering also diluted African American votes, resulting in a significant reduction in turnout and maintaining white political dominance.

Explanation:

After the passage of the 15th Amendment, which was supposed to guarantee African Americans the right to vote, several tactics were employed in the South to circumvent this constitutional right and affect the outcomes of elections. One of the most brutal methods was voter intimidation, with groups like the Ku Klux Klan committing acts of violence including lynchings, shootings, and bombings against African Americans who were politically active or sought to exercise their right to vote.

Literacy tests, poll taxes, and property qualification laws were also instituted, forcing African Americans to pass biased and often subjective tests on literacy and constitutional knowledge, pay to vote, or own property as a precondition for voting. Additionally, grandfather clauses were created, allowing only those whose ancestors had the right to vote before the 15th Amendment to bypass these tests and taxes, effectively exempting many white voters and disenfranchising African Americans.

Racial gerrymandering was another strategy used, which involved redrawing electoral districts to dilute African American votes. These racial tactics had a significant impact on the electoral landscape, substantially reducing African American voter turnout and ensuring white political dominance in the South for decades.

The various tactics not only disenfranchised African American voters but also maintained white supremacist structures within the political system, thereby affecting the rights and livelihoods of African American communities for generations. It wasn't until the Civil Rights Movement and the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that significant strides were made to protect the voting rights of African Americans.

When the industry was monopolized it was controlled by one company without competition, like Carnegie, Rockefeller, JP Morgan. When the industry became monopolized wages went down and when workers threatened to do strikes they would suffer, the government would not help them because of the importance of the industry.