The chemical reaction that breaks the bonds between chains of monomers is called _____.

so confused on that question

Answer:

Echinodermata – bilateral symmetry as a larva, water vascular system

Explanation:

Echinodermata are marine animals that include groups such as sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies. As adults they have radial symmetry, usually five point radial symmetry. One of their unique characteristic is water vascular system which consists of a network of fluid-filled canals involved in gas exchange, feeding, sensory reception and locomotion. Their digestive and nervous systems are very simple.

The study of animals is called zoology.

The correct answer to the question is option B which is Echinodermata – bilateral symmetry as a larva, water vascular system.

When a species has two equal halves when it cut through the specific plane is called bilateral symmetry.

According to the question, the Echinodermata has bilateral symmetry and consists of a water vascular system that helps to move in any direction.

An example of the Echinodermata is starfish.

Hence, the correct answer to the question is option B.

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The correct answer is:  sexual reproduction

Sources of genetic variation are different:

• Genetic mutations-random and rare events that occur within the genome and contribute to variations among individuals (or population). Mutations might be neutral, harmful or beneficial when they form new alleles favored by natural selection.

• Crossing over (genetic recombination)-event that occur during the meiosis (cell division that creates gametes)

• Random segregation during meiosis

• Random fertilization

• External source such as transposable genetic elements or retroviruses.

skelatal muscle makes volntary movement possible

its D

colorblidness is carried on the X cromasome. since it is resessive it can be covered up. woman have 2 X cromasomes so both have to have it or she wont be color blind. men only have one X cromasome so its more likely that their just one X can have it

D. It provides buoyancy to a fish.

This air pocket is known as the swim bladder, and also called air bladder. This is a buoyancy organ possessed by most bony fish. The air bladder is located in the body cavity and is derived from an out pocketing of the digestive tube.

Answer:

D. It provides buoyancy to a fish.

Explanation:

A monophyletic taxon is also called a clade. Paraphyletic taxon : A group composed of a collection of organisms, including the most recent common ancestor of all those organisms. Unlike a monophyletic group, a paraphyletic taxon does not include all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor.

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you can find your answer by making a punnet square, but the correct answer is 50%

The percent of the offspring with curled ears as a result of a mating between Cc x cc is 50%.

A Punnett square is a graphical representation of the gametic combinations after a genetic mating.

In conclusion, the percent of the offspring with curled ears as a result of a mating between Cc x cc is 50%.

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D penguins have wings shaped for swimming

Answer:

Penguins have wings shaped for swimming

Explanation:

got it right on the exam

gene markers resistant to antibiotics can lead to a increased risk in humans developing a resistance to an antibiotic.

Answer:

The genetically engineered medicines could lead to an unforeseen threat to the environment, that is, the biggest challenge is the capriciousness of the genetically engineered species. For example, a modified vaccine or virus may recombine its DNA with those of the naturally occurring species. The outcomes could have random features and may result in a threat of health hazards like antibiotic resistance or epidemics.

C) They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land.

The earliest tetrapod fossils should primarily display limited adaptations for a terrestrial lifestyle, such as primitive limbs structured for swimming rather than walking. Other developments, like internal fertilization and shelled eggs, are important in tetrapod evolution but may not be evident in the very earliest fossils.

Fossils of the earliest tetrapods should primarily indicate limited adaptation to life on land. This is because tetrapods were the first vertebrates to make the critical evolutionary leap from water to land, and thus their initial adaptations to a terrestrial lifestyle would not have been highly refined. The earliest tetrapods, for instance, may still have had limbs structured for swimming rather than walking, and may not yet have fully developed structures like feet with digits.

While internal fertilization and the production of shelled eggs are notable developments in the evolution of tetrapods, these features may not necessarily be evident in the earliest tetrapod fossils, as they represent subsequent adaptations for terrestrial life. Similarly, jaw's appearance and transitional forms with chondrichthyans are not exclusively related to the initial transition of tetrapods to land life.

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Their genotype is either AA or AO

ur answer is gametophyte

At the end of mitosis the cells will have 8 chromosomes because mitosis makes an identical diploid cell. At the end of meiosis the cells will have 4 chromosomes because meiosis makes 4 genetically different haploid cells.

Hope this answers the question.

Final answer:

Chromosome and DNA content vary through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells with the original DNA content, while meiosis leads to four haploid cells with half the original DNA content.

Explanation:

Chromosome and DNA Content During Mitosis and Meiosis

For an organism with a diploid chromosome number of 2N = 8, during mitosis, all stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) end with cells containing 8 chromosomes and 16 DNA molecules (since each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids after DNA replication) inside one cell. At the completion of cytokinesis, two diploid daughter cells are produced, each with 8 chromosomes and 8 DNA molecules (because the sister chromatids are distributed into each cell).

Differentiating from mitosis, meiosis includes two rounds of cellular division, meiosis I and meiosis II. After DNA replication, a cell entering meiosis I would also have 8 chromosomes but with 16 DNA molecules due to each chromosome having two sister chromatids. The conclusion of meiosis I results in two cells each with 4 chromosomes (1N - haploid number) but still with 8 DNA molecules because sister chromatids have not yet separated. Meiosis II culminates in four cells each with 4 chromosomes and 4 DNA molecules, since sister chromatids separate during this phase, reducing the DNA content per cell while maintaining the haploid number of chromosomes.

Understanding the changes in chromosome and DNA quantity during mitosis and meiosis is crucial for comprehending genetic inheritance and cellular reproduction. Sexual reproduction relies on meiosis to produce gametes with half the diploid number of chromosomes, ensuring genetic diversity and maintaining the species' characteristic chromosome number upon fertilization.

its called service inseparability.

The correct answer is: Release of neurotrasmitters from the synaptic vesicles  

Action potential travels through the membrane of the presynaptic cell causing the channels permeable to calcium ions to open. Ca2+ flow through the presynaptic membrane and increase the Ca concentration in the cell which will activate proteins attached to vesicles that contain a neurotransmitter (e.g. acetylcholine), Vesicles fuse with the membrane of the presynaptic cell, thereby release their contents into the synaptic cleft-space between the membranes of the pre- and postsynaptic cells.

There are two kingdoms of prokaryotes. These are the bacteria (or eubacteria ) and the archaebacteria (or the Archaea ). The members of these two kingdoms appear similar in shape and appearance, even under the extreme magnification of the electron microscope . the answer is c

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ significantly particularly in the presence of membrane-bound compartments, or organelles, which are only found in eukaryotes. These organelles allow for the compartmentalization of cellular processes, promoting efficiency and specificity. This complexity in eukaryotes has enabled them to evolve into multicellular life-forms.

Yes, a significant difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that only eukaryotes contain membrane-bound compartments, or organelles, that carry out specialized functions. These include the nucleus, mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus, among others. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, have their DNA free floating in the cell within a region called the nucleoid and lack other internal membrane-bound organelles.

The presence of these organelles in only eukaryotes allows for the compartmentalization of cellular processes, enhancing the efficiency and specificity of these processes. Membrane-bound organelles perform specific tasks such as protein synthesis, energy production, and waste processing and disposal, aiding in the effective functioning of eukaryotic cells.

Although prokaryotes like bacteria and archaea have been on Earth much longer than eukaryotes, the latter's enhanced complexity, yielded from their organelles, has allowed them to form multicellular, complex life-forms such as plants, animals, and fungi.

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thanks again and again I will give it to you

The statement that polar bodies can participate in fertilization with sperm is not true. In oogenesis, polar bodies are reabsorbed and do not engage in fertilization. Spermatogenesis results in mature sperm cells with locomotion for fertilization, while oogenesis yields one viable ovum that can form a zygote upon fertilization.

Among the given statements about gamete formation in mammals, the one that is NOT true is C. The polar bodies formed during meiosis in the female can participate in fertilization with sperm. During oogenesis, the unequal division of cytoplasm results in the creation of one large ovum and smaller polar bodies. These polar bodies do not participate in fertilization and are eventually broken down and reabsorbed by the body.

In contrast, spermatogenesis results in four haploid spermatids from a primary spermatocyte, each going on to form a mature sperm cell capable of fertilization. The mature sperm cells are characterized by a compact head and a flagellum providing locomotion, which is essential for reaching and fertilizing the ovum.

When fertilization does occur, the secondary oocyte completes meiosis II, giving rise to a viable ovum and a second polar body, which also does not participate in fertilization. The fusion of sperm and the mature ovum forms a zygote with the necessary genetic material to develop into a new organism.

D. Male. Why this is, is because it is hereditary and mostly the males are the ones that get it.

Answer:

a

Explanation:

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate - 1

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate - 1

Pyruvate - 13

G-6-P - 1

1) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate = 1

G1P + GTP --> UDPG + PPi two P is equivalent to 2 ATP --->2 ADP + Pi) Therefore, two ATP equivalents - but UDP is the product and only one P needed

2 DHAP --> F1,6-BP -->F6P --> G6P -->G1P -->UDPG --> glucosyl residue

2) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = 1

3) Pyruvate = 13

2 pyr + 2 ATP --> 2 OAA

2 OAA + 2 GTP --> 2 PEP

2 PEP --> 2 2PG --> 2 3PG

2 3PG + 2 ATP --> 2 1,3 BPG

2 1,3 BPG + 2 NADH --> 2 G3P

2 NADH = 6 ATP

2 G3P --> DHP + G3P --> FDP -- > F6P + P

F6P --> G6P --> G1P

G1P + UTP --> UDPG + PP

4) Glucose-6-phosphate = 1

G6P -->G1P G1P + UTP --> UDP-GLC + 2 Pi

UDP-Glc + glycogen --> glycogen+ 1 Glc

Similar body parts may be homologies or analogies. Both provide evidence for evolution. Homologous structures are structures that are similar in related organisms because they were inherited from a common ancestor. These structures may or may not have the same function in the descendants. Analogies is a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification.

Body parts of organisms that are similar in structure but serve different functions are called homologous structures. These are crucial for understanding evolutionary relationships, in contrast to analogous structures, which look similar due to similar environmental adaptations rather than shared ancestry.

The body parts of organisms that are similar in structure but different in function are known as homologous structures. For instance, the bones in a whale's flipper are homologous to those in the human arm, showcasing similar embryonic origins, but they perform different functions. These structures can often provide significant clues to the evolutionary history of an organism. However, it is crucial to differentiate between homologous and analogous structures, which are similar due to convergent evolution and environmental constraints, not a common ancestry. For example, the wings of a bird and those of a butterfly are analogous, as they serve the same function of flight, but do not derive from a common ancestor.

Comparative anatomy plays a pivotal role in the study of both homologous and analogous structures, offering insights into evolutionary changes and the adaptive nature of species. Vestigial structures, such as the wings on flightless birds or hind leg bones in whales, are also a focus within this field, as they are remnants that suggest a different use in an ancestor.

D) temperature regulation

Answer:

stabilizing selection

Explanation:

got it right on study island

Stabilizing selection limits the potential for further evolution in that direction by reducing genetic diversity within particular characteristic combinations. Thus, option D is correct.

When natural selection promotes a typical phenotype and rejects extreme deviations, stabilizing selection causes a reduction in genetic variety within a population.

In directional selection, a population's genetic variation alters in response to environmental changes to a new phenotype.

When natural selection promotes a typical phenotype and rejects extreme deviations, stabilizing selection causes a reduction in genetic variety within a population.

When subjected to environmental changes, a population's genetic variation moves toward a new phenotype.

Therefore, stabilizing selection type of selection is responsible for reducing variation.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood. This is the case for the pancreas that releases insulin into the blood to regulate blood sugars. Most cells in the body have insulin receptors. However, liver and muscle cells have many of them. This allows these cells to uptake glucose and stores them as glycogen for use when energy is required in high demand.

The true statements about insulin or its effects on the body are: When releasing insulin, the pancreas is acting as an endocrine gland. Insulin binds to receptor proteins found in the cell membranes of many types of body cells, hence options C, and D are correct.

The islets of Langerhans release insulin when blood sugar levels increase, as they do after eating.

This hormone facilitates the body's cells' ability to absorb sugar from the circulation. Along with preventing the liver from creating additional sugar, insulin also enables the liver and muscles to retain sugar.

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Recessive traits like red hair can skip generations because they can hide out in a carrier behind a dominant trait

D. Most of the energy from photosynthesis flows out as heat :)

Answer:

D the organisms at the bottom of the chain collect the most energy at 90% and the rest get only 10% going up

Explanation:

Answer:

B) mining

C) cattle ranching

E) logging

Explanation:

Deforestation is the process of destroying a forest and replacing it with something else, especially by an agricultural system. Deforestation is done to make land available for other uses such as plantations and pastures. The main causes of deforestation are mining, logging and cattle ranching. Other causes include agriculture (cash crops), oil and gas extraction, development (housing and urbanization) and lack of law enforcement.

Answer:

B) mining

C) cattle ranching

E) logging

Explanation:

reproductive cells like eggs and sperm

The sugar molecules thus formed contain carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen: their hydrocarbon backbones are used to make amino acids and to make other carbon based molecules that can be assembled into other large molecules.

Sugar molecules, through metabolic processes, can provide the carbon skeletons necessary to synthesize amino acids, which then polymerize to form proteins. These processes enable sugars to not only fuel cellular activities but also to be the basis for creating a diverse range of biomolecules critical for life.

The atoms in sugar molecules can be transformed through various metabolic processes to form amino acids and other large carbon-based molecules. This is because sugars contain the element carbon, which is a versatile building block for many types of larger biomolecules necessary for life.

For instance, through a series of enzymatic reactions, cells can break down glucose (a simple sugar) to generate energy and obtain carbon skeletons for biosynthesis. These carbon skeletons can then be rearranged to synthesize specific amino acids, which are the monomers of proteins.

Some amino acids can be produced directly from components of the carbohydrate metabolism pathways, such as pyruvate or the intermediates of the Citric Acid Cycle.

Once amino acids are synthesized, they can undergo polymerization through the formation of peptide bonds, resulting in long chains that fold into specific three-dimensional structures to become functional proteins.

Proteins not only serve as structural components but also perform vital functions such as catalyzing biochemical reactions as enzymes, serving as transport molecules, or acting as hormones.

Additionally, other metabolic pathways can convert sugars into nucleotides for the synthesis of RNA and DNA, or fatty acids which are key structural elements of cell membranes and energy storage molecules.