Chapter 23 Cancer GeneticsCOMPREHENSION QUESTIONS True/False1. Most cancers arise from defects in DNA. 2. The presence of a single mutated gene is sufficient for retinoblastoma cancer to develop. 3. miRNAs play a critical role in initiating tumor development. 4. A single gene mutation may predispose a person to developing cancer. 5. Overactive telomerase enzyme deletes the ends of chromosomes and can cause cancer. 6. Relatively few people inherit all of the genetic changes that cause cancer. 7. Proto-oncogenes do not cause cancer. 8. Most tumors arise from germ-line mutations that accumulate during our life span. 9. Xeroderma pigmentosum includes predisposition to cancer due to defects in a specific DNA repair system.

Answer: It grows healthy crops. It prevents wind erosion. It protects land from waves.

Explanation:

Answer:

The answer is A

Explanation:

it grows healthy crops

Answer: D. The smallest distance between two points that can be differentiated by the somatic sensory sy

Explanation:

the discrimination of two points is a test that assesses the possibility of distinguishing the contact of two separate points that are applied at the same time on the skin, the purpose is to define the minimum distance of separation with which the person can differentiate the separated stimuli

Answer:

The correct option is D:

"The smallest distance between two points that can be differentiated by the somatic sensory system"

Explanation:

The two-point discrimination is defined as the ability to tell the difference between two closely placed distinct points that are touching the skin. Usually very sharp points are used to test this during a neurological exam. It is done to check how many nerves are concentrated in that particular area of skin. The minimum distance at which you can recognize two points as two and not one differs for different parts of the body. For example, the finger tips are more sensitive in this regard than the palm of the hand.

Hope that answers the question, have a great day!

Answer:

Explanation:

As we know, changes in the environment can be caused by the manipulation of human beings or even by natural processes and phenomena of nature. What matters is that these changes always provide an environmental impact that can be beneficial or harmful, but will always affect populations.

Environmental impacts can cause changes in the environment that will modify the amount of environmental resources (food, water, habitat) needed for the populations to survive. The reduction of these environmental resources can cause an increase in the mortality rate of populations.

In addition, environmental changes can separate a population and cause an evolution in each separate part to the point of generating new species and not allowing members of each species to establish crosses.

Answer:

Changes in the environment can modify the amount of natural resources available for the populations to survive.

Explanation:

The structure of the genes in a cell determines the structure of the proteins made by the cell.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA.

Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Mitochondria are structures within cells that convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use.

The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people.

Therefore, The structure of the genes in a cell determines the structure of the proteins made by the cell.

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Answer:

Adaptive Immune System

Explanation:

The adaptive immune response consists of cellular immunity and humoral immunity. They both involve specialized cells for fighting off bacteria and viruses which is what the adaptive immune system is responsible for.

Answer:

The adaptive

Explanation:

I took the test 2021 on odyssey-ware

Answer:

competition, predation, natural disasters

Explanation:

The three factors that have the ability to cause slow growth rate of populations include competition, predation, and natural disasters.

Competition is a process whereby organisms jostle to get the share of the same resources for their growth and reproduction. It could be inter or  intra-specific competition depending on if it involves organisms of different species or the same species.

Competition for limited resources in the environment of organisms results in a harmful process where organisms that are poorly adapted lose out of the race and eventually die off the population. This slows down the population growth of organisms.

Predation is a nutritional relationship between organisms in which the predator kills and feed on the prey. The presence of predators in a population of organisms limits the population from reaching its biotic potential as members of the population are killed and eaten at intervals.

Natural disasters such as disease outbreak, storm, volcanic eruption, etc also act and hinder a population from reaching its biotic potential as each time they happen, they reduce the number of organisms in the population.

Answer:

Urban sprawl means the Migration of population from the densely populated cities to the low populated areas around the cities.

Urban Sprawl has a huge impact on the environment. Urbanisation leads to cutting down of trees which are called deforestation. Deforestation is extremely bad for the environment because it creates a disbalance in the environment. Trees are extremely important to us because they provide us with raw materials and oxygen and we should not cut down the trees at any cost.

When people move further and further out from the city center, only the poor are left behind int he city.  They have no choice but to live in the most blighted areas. Buildings are crumbling, shops are closed, and access to basic necessities is lacking. The natural environment is often damaged as well. For example, unhealthy air quality is aggravated by heavy traffic congestion, causing high rates of respiratory illnesses. The quality of life in these abused and neglected urban centers is greatly reduced.  

Explanation:

Urban sprawl negatively impacts the environment through increased automobile dependency, land consumption, and pollution, leading to socioeconomic segregation and higher developmental costs.

Upward growth, representing high-density living, is often more sustainable but may also result in high-density sprawl. The greatest challenge for sustainable cities is controlling sprawl to conserve resources and promote a better quality of urban life.

The environmental and societal impact of urban sprawl compared to upward growth, refers to the consequences on the environment and society when cities expand horizontally versus growing vertically. Urban sprawl, characterized by low-density expansion into rural areas, increases average travel distances, encourages automobile dependency, and leads to extensive land, energy, and soil consumption.

These factors contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and elevate air and noise pollution levels. Sprawl also has socioeconomic impacts such as segregation of development by income, greater societal divisions, and increased developmental costs.

Contrarily, upward growth in cities, through the construction of high-rise buildings and denser living spaces, can be more sustainable, reducing pressure on surrounding agricultural and natural lands, and promoting efficient use of land and resources.

However, it might also lead to high-density sprawl depending on the urban design and infrastructural support. The sustainable city model aims to tackle these challenges by integrating growth within the existing urban footprint, promoting high-density living, and encouraging sustainable transportation options.

The major hindrance for designing a sustainable city is suburban sprawl, as it spreads into natural and agricultural lands and necessitates greater resource allocation for infrastructure, leading to economic and environmental challenges.

Answer:

A

Explanation:

Answer:

I think your question is poorly worded, just like all the parts are: a head and its flagellum, but within them we can distinguish several structures, which, in cephalad-caudal order (from head to tail, that is, from top down), son: acrosome, nucleus, membrane, neck, middle piece, tail and end piece.

Explanation:

Sperm are zygote cells that have half the genetic load, which is why when they join the ovum in fertilization, they form the complete genetics of the human.

In turn, the sperm has very efficient mechanisms for obtaining rapid energy, since they consume many ATP molecules when inoculating the ovum during fertilization.

They are formed by with the help of the sertoli cell, which sets the physiological state so that in the human testicle they are formed releasing in the male semen.

Answer:

head,acrosome, neck, middle piece, and tail

Explanation:

The sperm cells are sex cells that are produced in the testicular organ (gonad) of male human beings and animals.

The basic structure of the sperm includes;

1) The Sperm Head

A normal sperm head is smooth and oval shape, and measures 2.5 to 3.5 um in diameter and 4.0 to 5.5 um in length.

The head is the most important part of the cell given that it contains the nucleus which takes about 65% of the head and consist of the 23 chromosomes. Other materials too like the acrosomal region is found in the head which comprises of the acrosome and the acrosomal cap ( the acrosome is involved in the recognition of the oocyte (egg) to be fertilized).

2) The centriole is part of the sperm cell located between the head and the midpiece (the neck). In a centriole-centrosome complex, the centriole is involved in the formation of sperm aster and zygote aster.

3) Middle piece

The midpiece is the central part of the sperm cell between the head and the tail. They contain tightly packed mitochondria that provide the energy requires for swimming of the sperm towards the oocytes.

4)Tail

The sperm tail is a thin, elongated structure that makes up about 80 percent of the entire length of the sperm. It consists of several parts;

a) Connecting piece – it connects the flagellum to the sperm head

b) Midpiece - In some books, the midpiece is described as part of the tail. It contains mitochondria and thus provided the energy required for movement as explained above

c) Principal piece (axial filament) and

d) End piece

principal piece and the end piece of the tail help generate the waveform that allows for movement of the sperm cells.

1. PEM is a nutritional disease which means the people suffering from it consume too little protein or energy. When someone doesn't have the right amount of nutrients their body can't maintain homeostasis as well which would lead to unbalanced pH values.

2. Total calorie consumption should consist of 45-65% carbs to support cells and body function. Higher need for intake raises consumption levels in diets

3. Galactose is needed for your body while fructose raises cholesterol and fat accumulation around the organs. Essentially glucose are good sugars and fructose are bad sugars.

4. It's a heart healthy diet that can lower cholesterol and reduce chances of stroke. Typically it's recommended that you eat less fats and change the types of fat (saturated vs. unsaturated)

1.Children with Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) may have difficulty maintaining normal blood pH due to imbalances in electrolytes and impaired metabolic functions.

2.Carbohydrates are predominant in diets due to their energy content and availability, being a primary energy source worldwide.

3.The contribution of protein in a meal for a 55 kg person depends on the meal's protein content, typically around 10-20% of total caloric intake.

4.Galactose is less concerning than fructose due to the limited presence of galactose in most diets and its efficient conversion in the liver.

5.The Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) diet aims to reduce cholesterol intake, increase fiber, and promote heart-healthy eating.

Difficulty Maintaining Normal Blood pH in Children with PEM:

Children suffering from Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) may struggle to maintain normal blood pH due to several factors. PEM often results in a reduced intake of essential nutrients, including proteins. The body relies on proteins for various functions, including the regulation of acid-base balance.

Carbohydrates as the Predominant Food Type:

Carbohydrates are the predominant type of food in the world's diets for several reasons. They serve as a primary and efficient source of energy, readily available in various forms, including grains, vegetables, and fruits. Carbohydrates are a dietary staple for many cultures and are often less expensive and more accessible than other macronutrients.

Contribution of Protein in a Meal for a 55 kg Person:

The contribution of protein in a meal toward the total recommended protein intake for a 55 kg person varies depending on dietary needs and goals. A general guideline is to consume around 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily.

Concern about Galactose vs. Fructose:

There is less concern about galactose in the diet compared to fructose because galactose is less commonly found in dietary sources. Galactose primarily comes from the breakdown of lactose in milk and dairy products.

Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) Diet:

The Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) diet is a dietary plan designed to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. It includes recommendations such as reducing saturated fat and cholesterol intake, increasing soluble fiber consumption, and engaging in regular physical activity.

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Answer:

It is Mutualism

Answer:

the penguins have a special care process since the hatching of the egg, the newborns receive care from their parents and have warmth from them placing themselves between their paws, the parents take turns caring for them and when the father is not with the chick, he goes in search of food, which he gives regurgitated, then the cris can go to a kindergarten where others of the same age are cared for by a herd of penguins, however his parents go to the sea and feed and continue to bring food to their son, this process it is kept until they change plumage and are ready to get their food on their own.

Final answer:

Junior penguins are able to survive in the ocean due to adaptations such as blubber for insulation, waterproof feathers, and the ability to store and use oxygen efficiently.

Explanation:

Junior penguins are able to survive in the ocean due to several adaptations and behaviors. Firstly, penguins have a layer of body fat called blubber, which helps to keep them warm in cold water. This fat also helps them to float and conserve energy. Secondly, penguins have specialized feathers that are waterproof, allowing them to stay dry while swimming. These feathers trap air, providing insulation and buoyancy. Finally, penguins have evolved a unique way of storing and using oxygen. Unlike other birds, penguins can control how much oxygen they carry in their lungs when diving. They can store oxygen in their muscles and blood, allowing them to stay underwater for extended periods of time.

Biodiversity

Explanation:

Ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity all intertwine to create Biodiversity.

Hope this helps! :D

Answer:

biodiversity.

Explanation:

Answer:

a proto-oncogene.

Explanation:

The protooncogenes are genes capable of causing cancer when they are activated to oncogenes by mutations that dysregulate their functions. In this case, the mutation in the Ras is a GTP-binding protein convert it to an oncogene that stimulates the cell proliferation mechanism

.

Final answer:

The normal Ras gene is an oncogene that can cause uncontrolled cell division and potentially cancer when mutated.

Explanation:

The normal Ras gene is an oncogene. Oncogenes are genes that have the potential to cause cancer when they are mutated. In the case of the Ras gene, when it is mutated and behaves as though it were bound to GTP all the time, it causes uncontrolled cell division, leading to inappropriate cell proliferation and potentially the development of cancer.

Answer:

Al introducir una piedra en agua, está se va al fondo del vaso, por que es más pesada que el agua

Al introducir un bolígrafo, este flota, por que es más liviano que el agua

Si se introduce en agua un tajalapiz se evidenciará un proceso de corrosión del metal

Debido a la reacción con el agua, sin embargo el efecto será más evidente si se agrega sal a la mezcla

Answer:

Si se sumerge en un vaso de agua una piedra, un bolígrafo y un tajalapiz , la piedra y el tajalápiz se hundirán, pero el bolígrafo probablemente flote, según cuán pesado sea.

Explanation:

Que algunos elementos se hundan o floten en el agua depende de la masa que tienen, es decir, de su peso. A través de este experimento es posible inferir cuáles de los elementos son más pesados, según el tiempo que tarden en llegar al fondo del vaso de agua.

Por otro lado, también es posible identificar la masa de cada uno de los objetos si se los sumerge a cada uno por separado.

En el caso del tajalápiz, también es posible analizar el fenómeno de la oxidación si el mismo es de metal. Colocando sal en el agua y viendo el fenómeno que ocurre al desprender burbujas.

Answer:

Man encourages his sister to see a genetic counselor in order to find out that she has the genetic disease or not.

Explanation:

Cystic fibrosis is genetic disease that can transfer from parents to their offspring. This is a very dangerous disease which decrease the life span of patient and the patient die in early stages of life. The man with Cystic fibrosis disease encourage his sister to go to the genetic counselor to find out the presence of disease in her blood because she is planning a baby and we know that this is a hereditary disease so if she has this disease it will transfer to her child.

Final answer:

The man with cystic fibrosis advises his sister to see a genetic counselor to assess the risk of her potential child inheriting the disease, as cystic fibrosis is recessively inherited and genetic counseling can provide valuable risk assessment and information for family planning.

Explanation:

The 20-year-old man with cystic fibrosis is likely suggesting genetic counseling to his sister because cystic fibrosis is a recessively inherited genetic disorder. This means that while he expresses the condition, his sister could be a carrier of the cystic fibrosis gene mutation without showing symptoms. If she and her partner are both carriers, there is a chance their child could inherit the disorder. A genetic counselor can help assess this risk by evaluating family history and possibly conducting genetic tests. This would enable his sister to make informed decisions about family planning and prepare for any necessary medical interventions or lifestyle adjustments should the child be at risk for cystic fibrosis.

Answer:

there are more particles at the surface than deeper depths

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

For many years, scientists wondered whether pandas were a type of bear, raccoon or something all their own. But plenty of genetic studies have made it clear that pandas are a type of bear, according to the San Diego Zoo.

Also called great pandas, parti-colored bears, bamboo bears and white bears, giant pandas are distinguished from other pandas by their large size and black-and-white coloring. Their bold coloring provides camouflage — giant pandas are nearly invisible in dense patches of bamboo, according to the Smithsonian National Zoo.

Giant pandas grow to be 27 to 32 inches (70 - 80 centimeters) tall at the shoulder, 4 to 5 feet (1.2 to 1.5 meters) long and can weigh up to 275 lbs. (125 kilograms), according to the San Diego Zoo Their size is about the same as an American black bear. By comparison, the giant panda's distant relative, the red panda, is only 20 to 26 inches (50 to 65 cm) tall and weighs 10 to 20 lbs. (4.5 to 9 kg).

In the wild, giant pandas are only found in the remote, mountainous regions of central China, in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, according to the National Zoo. In this area, between 5,000 and 10,000 feet elevation (1,524 - 3,048 m), are the cool, wet bamboo forests that giant panda's call home. The large bears make their dens from hollowed-out logs or stumps of conifer trees found within the forest.

Answer:

This is an example of a K-selected species.

Explanation:

K-selected species are characterized by being more intelligent in comparison to their counterpart - r-selected species - saving more energy (being energy efficient), having a weaker sex drive (reproducing less) and the tendency to delay maturation.

Final answer:

The appendicular skeleton comprises the bones of the upper and lower limbs, along with the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Explanation:

The appendicular skeleton, a pivotal component of the human skeletal system, encompasses the bones that form the framework for the upper and lower extremities. Comprising the arms, forearms, hands, thighs, legs, and feet, it is instrumental in executing a diverse range of movements essential for daily activities. Integral to the appendicular skeleton are the pectoral girdle, or shoulder girdle, and the pelvic girdle, which serve as anchor points for the limbs, connecting them to the axial skeleton—the central core comprised of the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage.

These girdles not only provide a structural foundation for the limbs but also play a crucial role in maintaining balance and coordination. Beyond locomotion, the appendicular skeleton serves as a protective shield for vital organs, enclosing and safeguarding the delicate structures within the limbs. This intricate interplay between the axial and appendicular components ensures the body's ability to navigate its environment with precision, while simultaneously offering resilience and support for a wide array of physical activities.

Answer:

Read the explanation

Explanation:

A very common type of imbalance in the human body that disrupts homeostasis is diabetes. In the body of a diabetic, the endocrine system has a hard time maintaining proper glucose levels in the blood. So, a person has to monitor their glucose levels very carefully, to make sure that they stay healthy. However, this is only one of many examples. I hope this helps you!

Answer:

A

Explanation:

B and D are incorrect because 0% of the offspring would be homozygous dominant

C is incorrect because 50% of the offspring would be homozygous dominant

that leaves A as the only correct answer which makes sense because only the first square is AA which is 25% of the whole

Answer:

Both plant and animal cells absorb nutrients and convert those nutrients into usable energy. Animal cells absorb nutrients from food, while plant cells absorb energy from sunlight via a process called photosynthesis.

Answer:

The air pollution in china decreases due to less usage of transportation and shutdown of industries.

Explanation:

From December to march, transportation and industrial work is greatly affected due to the corona virus. Due to reduction of activities in both transportation and industries, there is a lot of decrease occurs in the air pollution. We know that smoke produce by vehicles and industries are the main cause of pollution so that's why air pollution decreases between December to march..

Answer:

A . All systems work together to stabilize the body.

Explanation:

correct on edg .

Fertilization is the union of sperm and egg cells, forming a zygote that develops into an embryo through cell division.

Fertilization is the fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell, resulting in the formation of a zygote. This process combines the genetic material from both the male and female gametes to form a single diploid cell, which then undergoes rapid cell division to develop into an embryo. In human reproduction, fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes, where a sperm cell penetrates the egg cell's protective layer and fuses with it. The successful fertilization of an egg marks the beginning of pregnancy and initiates the developmental process that eventually leads to the formation of a new individual.

Answer:The gravitational force of the object would increase

Explanation:

Hope this helps

Answer: c, gravitational force will increase

Explanation:

Answer:

Vertically through the center of Earth, slightly to the side of each pole

Explanation:

Final answer:

Luis should place the toothpick through the North and South Poles of his clay model Earth at an angle to accurately show Earth's axis of rotation.

Explanation:

To represent Earth's axis of rotation using a toothpick on a clay model, Luis should place the toothpick through the model to connect the North and South Poles. Just like the real Earth, the axis of rotation runs from the North Pole to the South Pole. Luis should ensure that the toothpick is placed at a slight angle (approximately 23.5 degrees from the vertical), as this represents Earth's actual tilt relative to its orbit around the Sun. When Luis spins his model, this setup will mimic Earth's rotation from west to east.

Answer:

Option A,  new land for agriculture

Explanation:

Everglades system was carved by nature to hold water. It lies at the conflux point of two large drainage ridge a) western inland ridge and b) Eastern coastal ridge and hence comprises of a broad shallow valley sloping. The purpose of draining Everglades in Florida was to empty a swampland covering a huge area of 4,000 square miles  by digging canals in order to create farmland. The water for this farmland can be drawn by the plantation or it will be extracted and allowed to flow into the ocean.  

Hence, option A is correct

Answer:

C. Amoebae and paramecia is the answer.

Explanation:

The correct sentence completion is c) "Amoebae and paramecia", as they are the organisms that can only obtain food through consuming other organisms unlike Euglena which can both perform photosynthesis and take up nutrients heterotrophically.

Amoebae and paramecia can only obtain food through consuming other organisms. The correct completion for the sentence is: c) Amoebae and paramecia can only obtain food through consuming other organisms. This indicates that both amoebae and paramecia are heterotrophic organisms, which means they do not produce their own food through photosynthesis but instead rely on other sources for nourishment.

In contrast, Euglena, as mentioned within the Euglenozoans information, can operate as mixotrophs. When light is available, they can perform photosynthesis, but in its absence, they switch to heterotrophy and take up organic nutrients from their environment. Therefore, they would not fit this sentence as they are capable of photosynthesis under certain conditions.