In this respiration, an organic molecule such asglucose is the electron donor and oxygen is the electron acceptor.Oxygen has a very high affinity for electrons, so a great deal ofenergy is released during aerobic respiration. Aerobic respirationis the primary mode of energy metabolism in animals.
Fermentation (common form of energy metabolism) Inthis, organic molecules serve as both electron donors and electronacceptors. Electrons are just moved from one carbon to another ofthe same molecule. Fermentation releases much less energy than respiration, since organic molecules have a lower affinityfor electrons than does oxygen.
Anaerobic conditions, glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acidvia glycolysis ,generating ATP and NADH. The pyruvic acid thenserves as the electron acceptor, producing CO2 andethanol as it re-oxidizes NADH back to NAD. Only two ATP are formedduring fermentation.
Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvic acid movesinto the mitochondria. In the mitochondria, the pyruvic acid isoxidized to acetyl CoA, which enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle(TCA cycle) where it is oxidized to CO2.
Three CO2 are produced for every pyruvate, or sixfor every glucose entering glycolysis. The electrons removed frompyruvic acid during its oxidation to CO2 aretransferred to NAD, reducing it to NADH. The NADH donates itselectrons to the electron transport system, which passes them on toO2 .
Many ATP are formed at the electron transport system.
Yeast obtains 36 moles of ATP per mole of glucose whenrespiring, compared with only two moles of ATP per mole of glucosein fermentation.
.Both processes usually startwith the same first step, glycolysis, but follow differentsubsequent pathways.
Duringfermentation,
1. Releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules,such as amino acids, organic acids, purines,pyrimidines.
Does not require oxygen (but sometimes can occur inits presence);
2. Does not require use of the Krebs cycle or anelectron transport chain .
3. Uses an organic molecule as the final electronacceptor; That produces only small amounts of ATP (only one or twoATP molecules for each molecule of starting material) because muchof the original energy in glucose remains in the chemical bonds ofthe organic end-products, such as lactic acid or ethanol. Duringfermentation, electrons are transferred (along with protons) fromreduced coenzymes (NADH, NADPH) to pyruvic acid or itsderivatives.
Those final electron acceptors are reduced to the end-products. In the process, NAD+ and NADP+ are regenerated andcan enter another round of glycolysis. An essential function of thesecond stage of fermentation is to ensure a steady supply of NAD +and NADP+ so that glycolysis can continue. In fermentation, ATP isgenerated only during glycolysis.Final answer:
Aerobic respiration greatly surpasses fermentation in efficiency, yielding up to 38 ATP per glucose molecule compared to only 2 ATP made through fermentation. Fermentation occurs without oxygen and utilizes organic compounds as the final electron acceptors, limiting its energy production.
Explanation:
Comparing aerobic respiration and fermentation in terms of energy efficiency from glucose illustrates a significant difference in ATP yield. Aerobic respiration is a highly efficient process that can yield up to 38 ATP molecules from a single glucose molecule. This process includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, utilizing oxygen as the final electron acceptor. On the other hand, fermentation, which can occur in the absence of oxygen, yields a mere 2 ATP molecules per glucose. Fermentation begins with glycolysis; however, it diverges by using organic compounds as the final electron acceptor, lacking the further ATP yield seen in aerobic processes due to the absence of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
In essence, the efficiency difference is stark: aerobic respiration provides a higher yield of ATP, making it a preferred method for energy production in the presence of oxygen. In contrast, fermentation is a quicker, though much less efficient, process adopted in anaerobic conditions or scenarios where rapid energy production is required, such as in muscle cells during intense exercise.
igneous rock can be changed into which type of rock through the application of heat and pressure?
A. Foliated igneous rock
B. Non-foliated igneous rocks
C. Clastic sedimentary rock
D. Metamorphic rock
Answer:
D. Metamorphic rock
Explanation:
i did test and got it 5/5
Igneous rock can be changed into metamorphic rocks by the application of heat and pressure. This changes the shape and size of rocks. Thus, the correct option is D.
What is Metamorphic rock?
Metamorphic rocks formation occurs when igneous rocks are subjected to very high temperature, pressure, and hot mineral-rich fluids. This leads to change in the shape and size of the rocks.
Metamorphism is a process which changes the pre-existing rocks into new forms because of the increase in temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids. Metamorphism may affect different types of rocks like igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks.
During this process, new minerals form, with different sizes, shapes, and orientations than those of the original ones. The chemical composition of the original rocks may also change, as elements are carried away and some are added by the fluids flowing to the rocks.
Therefore, the correct option is D.
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A researcher who studies neurodegenerative diseases has found that dying neurons contains a high concentration of miss-folded proteins in their cytoplasm. further experiments demonstrated that the lysosomes are working properly in these neurons. according to this information, which cellular structure is responsible for this disease?
WILL GIVE A BRAINLEST
The major factor keeping forests from growing in grassland areas is _____.
grazing
grass fires
rainfall
soil structure
I REALLY NEED HELP PLEASE. I WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST IF YOUR CORRECT.
Cellular respiration is a process involving the breakdown of glucose molecules in order to generate energy for cellular activities. Given the general reaction below, which of the following best describes the products labeled x and y?
C6H12O6 + O2 → _x___ + __y___ + energy
a. The products are CO (carbon monoxide) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), which then decompose into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
b. The products are H2O (water) and CO2 (carbon dioxide), which then undergo anaerobic respiration.
c. The products are CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water), which then become the reactants for photosynthesis.
d. The products are O2 (oxygen) and H2O (water), which are then used for growth and to keep the organism hydrated.
Differentiate between the lithosphere and Asthenosphere.
The Lithosphere consists of the Earth's crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It contains the tectonic plates. The Asthenosphere sits beneath the lithosphere and is a semi-fluid layer where heat convection occurs, driving tectonic movement.
Explanation:The Lithosphere and the Asthenosphere are two different layers of the Earth. The Lithosphere consists of the Earth's crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It is broken up into tectonic plates; these plates are moving apart in some areas, like the Atlantic Ocean, and being forced together in others, such as off the western coast of South America. The Asthenosphere, on the other hand, is located directly below the lithosphere and is part of the upper mantle. It is regarded as the 'hot, weak layer' because of its physical state, which is plastic or semi-fluid. It is here that convection occurs, taking heat from the interior and transporting it to the upper mantle. This convection is the power source for the movement of the tectonic plates.
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___ enter the lymph and need transport carriers to circulate in the bloodstream.
Why are people (agents) needed "on the ground" in order for the stuxnert virus to work?
The Stuxnet virus requires physical access to target systems for it to work, which is why people are needed "on the ground".
Explanation:The Stuxnet virus is a complex computer worm that was designed to specifically target and disrupt industrial systems, particularly those used in Iran's nuclear program. The reason people, or agents, are needed "on the ground" for the Stuxnet virus to work is because it requires physical access to the target systems in order to be introduced. Stuxnet was primarily spread through the use of infected USB drives, which means someone had to physically insert the infected drive into the target system for the virus to be unleashed.
Without this physical access, the Stuxnet virus cannot be deployed and will not be able to carry out its intended purpose of sabotaging the targeted industrial systems.
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The Stuxnet virus requires physical access to the target system in order to propagate and spread. Agents 'on the ground' are needed to introduce the virus into the targeted environment, by deliberately infecting USB drives or other removable media that are later connected to the targeted computers. This physical element is crucial because it differentiates the Stuxnet virus from other malware that spreads solely through online networks or the Internet.
Explanation:The Stuxnet virus is a complex computer worm that was specifically designed to target and disrupt industrial systems, including those used in nuclear facilities. It requires physical access to the target system in order to propagate and spread. Thus, people (agents) are needed 'on the ground' to introduce the virus into the targeted environment.
These agents might be individuals with access to the targeted facility, such as insiders or spies. They can deliberately introduce the virus into the system by infecting USB drives or other removable media that are later connected to the targeted computers. Once the virus enters the system, it can then spread within the network and carry out its destructive actions.
This physical element is crucial for the Stuxnet virus to work because it differentiates it from other malware that spreads solely through online networks or the Internet. The 'on the ground' component allows the virus to bypass potential barriers and security measures that might otherwise prevent a cyberattack from taking place.
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According to maslow, all humans acquire a similar set of motives through genetic endowment and social interaction.
a. True
b. False
Medulla is a set of cells that run through a piece of hair. forensic scientists use them to determine which creature the hair came from.
A. histamine released from mast cells causes relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of capillaries, which increases local blood flow.
b. during inflammation, plasma proteins leak into the extravascular space, increasing the rate at which water leaves capillaries by osmosis.
c. delivery of oxygen and nutrients is aided by increased fluid flow through inflamed areas.
d. neutrophils accumulate in the extravascular space in inflamed areas.
e. both basophils and mast cells are granulocytes.
Does cow liver have prokaryotic cells
List at least one reason for not touching the magnesium metal with bare hands. 3. list two reasons for using crucible tongs to handle the crucible and lid after their initial firing in the experimental procedure.
One human impact on the phosphorus cycle occurs through:
a. burning of fossil fuels.
b. the erosion of agricultural lands.
c. the greenhouse effect.
d. global warming.
e. depletion of the ozone layer.
Which mineral weathers faster hornblende and quartz?
What is filler metal, and why might it be needed to produce a joint?
During dna replication in a bacterium a g is mistakenly inserted into the newly-synthesized dna strand opposite a t in the template dna strand. if this mistake is not repaired before the next round of dna replication, what mutation will eventually result?
The mutation will be one base substitution mutation.
Explanation:In the newly forming strand only one G is inserted mistakenly.As we know DNA replication is a semi conservative model.In which two strands of double stranded DNA will be two separate templates for the two newly strands of DNA.As one of the strand has one wrong nucleotide in its sequence. As if it is not repaired the substitution will become the part of newly formed strand formed from this mutated strand.And this mutation will pass onto next generation with half correct DNA and half wrong DNA.Because of retinal disparity, we can enjoy:
Which factors stimulate cell division when conditions are favorable?
What are the main differences between eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses?
Why are lichens a good pioneer species after a volcanic eruption?
Answer:
The pioneer species are defined as those species that are very strong and hardy and also they have the capability of enriching the soil particles that favor their growth and development.
The lichens are considered to be a good pioneer species because they have the ability to settle on the surface of the bare rocks, where they can produce acid that allows the rock to disintegrate and results in the generation of soil particles.
Thus, the lichens are a pioneer species that can evolve rapidly after an eruption of a volcano.
The ozone layer helps to sustain terrestrial life by __________.
Answer:
Ozone is a layer of gas in the atmosphere that is represented by O₃. It has an essential role in sustaining life forms on earth. It prevents the harmful ultraviolet rays ( that come from sun) to reach the earth. These radiations are absorbed by ozone layer and therefore it acts like a protective shielding layer for the planet earth.
Crossing over occurs when
A- sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere during anaphase II
B- homologous chromosomes join together to form tetrads during prophase I
C- chromosomes are grouped together into new nuclei during telophase II
D- tetrads of homologous chromosomes randomly line up in metaphase I
The correct answer is B: homologous chromosomes join together to form tetrads during prophase I
Our bodies are "time capsules" that tell of critical moments in the history of our planet and of the distant past in ancient oceans, streams and forests. explain.
"a client with chronic kidney disease reports not being able to urinate for the past 24 hours. a bladder scan shows no urine in the bladder. how does the nurse document this data?"
what type of consumer is a flagfish?
Answer:
algae
Explanation:
Flagfish, or dinoflagellates, are generally considered to be primary producers due to their ability to photosynthesize. However, some also consume other organisms, which could classify dinoflagellates as primary or secondary consumers. Some dinoflagellates are filter feeders, a type of consumer that strains food particles from the water.
Explanation:A flagfish, also known as dinoflagellates, fall within the group of organisms called the Chromalveolata. The dinoflagellates are mostly marine organisms and are an important component of plankton. They possess various nutritional types which include being phototrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic. Dinoflagellates use chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c₂, and other photosynthetic pigments which helps them to photosynthesize. Additionally, these organisms have two flagella, that help them move.
In the context of the food chain, dinoflagellates are primary producers. However, some can also consume other organisms, acting as primary or secondary consumers depending on their diet. Certain dinoflagellates are known to produce neurotoxins that can cause paralysis in other organisms, posing a threat when ingested.
An interesting example from the Opisthokonts, are the choanoflagellates. The single, apical flagellum in these protists is surrounded by a contractile collar composed of microvilli, which is used to filter and collect bacteria for ingestion by the protist. This classifies them as filter feeders, a type of consumer that strains food particles from the water.
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Abnormal gametes associated with a heterozygous pericentric inversion result from
A trait is likely to be heritable if _____ are more similar in that trait than _____.
a. dizygotic twins; monozygotic twins
b. monozygotic twins; dizygotic twins
c. ordinary siblings; dizygotic twins
d. dizygotic twins; ordinary siblings
The nurse is asked to obtain a urine sample from a school-age child for a urine culture to detect bacteriuria. which intervention does the nurse implement?
The presence of vesicles in an igneous rock is evidence that the source melt ________.
The presence of vesicles in an igneous rock is evidence that the source melt contained dissolved volatile. The correct option is D.
What are igneous rocks?Igneous rocks are those rocks that are formed by the cooling down of molten magma and rocks from volcanoes on the surface of the earth or the molten magma present inside the earth's crust. Some common igneous rocks are andesite, basalt, rhyolite, etc.
There are four types of igneous rocks. The y are felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. The igneous rocks are crystalline solids. Spaces are present in between these rocks. These are called small vesicles. These vesicles are formed due to the accumulation of air in between the rocks.
Thus, the correct option is D. Contained dissolved volatile.
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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:
A. Underwent fractional crystallization
B. Had a mafic composition
C. Was stopping and assimilating wall rock
D. Contained dissolved volatile
Compounds that contain a fused ring system are called
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds with fused ring systems, while heterocyclic compounds have rings with non-carbon atoms like nitrogen.
Explanation:Compounds that contain a fused ring system are known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These structures consist of multiple aromatic rings, such as benzene rings, that are joined together and share one or more sides or edges. For instance, the basic structure of steroid hormones includes a system of three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring that are connected in this way. These rings have bridgehead carbons that link them together. Furthermore, some cyclic compounds contain atoms other than carbon, called heterocyclic compounds. Notable examples are purine and pyrimidine, which are key components in nucleic acids and contain nitrogen atoms within their fused ring structures.