Derive the relationship between V1 and V2, the volumes of a gas at two pressures, P1 and P2

A. Dehydration reactions.

Answer:

2.5 × 10–5 M H3O+ and 4.0 × 10–10 M OH–

Explanation:

pH = - log[H3O+]

Therefore;

pH = - log[H3O+] = 4.6

Hence;

[H3O+]  = 10^-4.6

             = 2.51 ×10^-5 M

             = 2.5 ×10^-5 M

Additionally;

pH + pOH = 14

Thus; pOH = 14 -pH

                  = 14 -4.6

                  = 9.4

but; pOH = - log [OH-]

Therefore;

[OH-] = 10^-9.4

        = 3.98 × 10^-10 M

        =  4 × 10^-10 M

Answer:

2.5 × 10–5 M H3O+ and 4.0 × 10–10 M OH–

The process is called electrolysis.

Answer:

20.3 L

Explanation:

Assuming that the gas behaves similar to an ideal gas we can use the ideal gas law equation

PV = nRT

Where

P - pressure - 14 atm

V - volume

n - number of moles - 12 mol

R - universal gas constant - 0.0821 L.atm /mol.K

T - absolute temperature - 16 degrees + 273 = 289 K

Substituting the values in the equation

14 atm x V = 12 mol x 0.0821 L.atm/mol.K x 289 K

V = 20.3 L

The pressure would be 6000 Newton’s

The pressure of I when the system returns to equilibrium is 0.589 atm.

Equilibrium is defined as a state of a reversible chemical process in which there is no net change in the quantity of reactants and products.

To calculate the pressure we considered the equation

I2 -> 2Ig

Kp = I² / I2

     = (0.23)² / 0.21 = 0.25

I2 at initial = 2 x 0.21 = 0.42

I2 at equilibrium = 0.42 - x

Ig at initial = 2 x 0.23 = 0.46

Ig at equilibrium = 0.46 - 2x

Solving x using equilibrium constant

0.25 = (I)² / I2 = (0.46 + 2x)² / 0.42-x

0.25 (0.42 - x) = (0.46 + 2x)²

0.105 - 0.25x = 0.1764 + 4x²

-0.25 - 4x² = 0.1764 - 0.105

4.25 x² = 0.0714

x² = 0.714 / 4.25

x² = 0.0168

x = 0.129 atm

PI2 = 0.42 + 2x0.129

PI2 = 0.678 atm

PI = 0.46 + 0.129

PI = 0.589 atm

Thus, the pressure of I when the system returns to equilibrium is 0.589 atm.

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the answer is c- thunderstorms                                                        

When two magnets are brought near each other, like poles repel; opposite poles attract. When a magnet is brought near a piece of iron, the iron also gets attracted to the magnet, and it acquires the same ability to attract other pieces of iron.

Answer:

The poles closest to each other are opposite poles.

Explanation:

Answer:

color key

creating a color key

Have known pH values

Explanation:

To determine the pH of a solution using a pH indicator paper, you need a Colour key.

Colour key is need determine the pH of a solution.

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Answer:1.b

2.c

3.a

4.d

5.c

6.b

7.d

8.d

9.c

10.a

Explanation:

The best Lewis symbol for oxygen in O2 is :O=O:, showing a double bond and octets for each oxygen atom. This structure, however, does not explain the paramagnetic properties of oxygen, which are due to unpaired electrons not depicted in the Lewis symbol.

The best Lewis symbol for oxygen, when considering the molecule O₂, is :O=O:. This Lewis structure indicates that there is an O=O double bond and each oxygen atom has eight electrons around it, satisfying the octet rule. However, this structure does not account for the paramagnetic properties of oxygen, which experimental studies have shown is due to the presence of two unpaired electrons in each oxygen molecule.

Because the Lewis structure of O₂ is expected to show all electrons as paired, there is a discrepancy with the observed magnetic behavior. Paramagnetism arises in molecules that have unpaired electrons, which is why liquid oxygen is attracted to magnetic fields despite the Lewis structure suggesting otherwise.

To calculate the pH after the addition of 10.0 mL of HCl to a 10.0 mL solution of NH3, we need to understand the reaction that occurs between the two. NH3 is a weak base, while HCl is a strong acid. The reaction between NH3 and HCl results in the formation of NH4+ ions and Cl- ions, which will affect the pH of the solution.

To calculate the pH after the addition of 10.0 mL of HCl to a 10.0 mL solution of NH3, we need to understand the reaction that occurs between the two. NH3 is a weak base, while HCl is a strong acid. The reaction between NH3 and HCl is:

NH3 + HCl -> NH4+ + Cl-

This reaction results in the formation of NH4+ ions and Cl- ions. Since HCl is a strong acid, it will completely dissociate in water, while NH3 is a weak base, it will only partially ionize. Therefore, after the addition of HCl, the solution will contain NH4+ ions and Cl- ions, which will affect the pH of the solution.

To calculate the pH, we need to determine the concentration of NH4+ ions in the solution. Since the initial solution of NH3 is 0.300 M, the concentration of NH4+ ions will be equal to the concentration of NH3 that has been converted to NH4+. To find this, we can use the stoichiometry of the reaction:

1 mol NH3 = 1 mol NH4+ ions

Therefore, the concentration of NH4+

...

Final answer:

To calculate the pH after the addition of 10.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl to a 10.0 mL solution of 0.300 M NH3, we need to consider the reaction between NH3 and HCl. NH3 is a weak base and HCl is a strong acid. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl.

Explanation:

To calculate the pH after the addition of 10.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl to a 10.0 mL solution of 0.300 M NH3, we need to consider the reaction between NH3 and HCl. NH3 is a weak base and HCl is a strong acid.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl. Here, NH3 reacts with HCl to form NH4Cl.

Since NH3 is a weak base, it will not completely dissociate in water. However, HCl is a strong acid and will dissociate completely. Therefore, the concentration of HCl will be equal to 0.100 M after the addition.

Using the equation, we can determine the number of moles of HCl added and the resulting concentration of HCl in the final solution. Then, the pH can be calculated using the formula pH = -log[H+], where [H+] is the concentration of H+ ions in the solution.

Atoms that are bunched together the closest are solids.

Answer:

1. Kindly, see the attached image.

2. 18.369 J.

3. Yes, the metal is pure silver.

Explanation:

1. Draw a graph of an exothermic reaction. Label reactants, products and ∆H.

2. Calculate the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 3.00 g of gold from 45.9 to 93.0°C.

Q = m.c.ΔT.

Where, Q is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of gold (J).

m is the mass of the gold (m = 3.0 g).

c is the specific heat of gold (c = 0.13 J/g.°C).

ΔT is the temperature difference between the initial and final T (ΔT = 93.0 °C - 45.9 °C = 47.1 °C).

∴ Q = m.c.ΔT = (3.0 g)(0.13 J/g.°C)(47.1 °C) = 18.369 J.

3. 1.70 g of a silvery metal requires 1000.0 J of energy to change its temp from 298 K to 2749 K. Is the metal pure silver?

As mentioned in details in the second point, we can use the relation:

Q = m.c.ΔT

Q = 1000.0 J, m = 1.70 g, ΔT = 2749 - 298 = 2451 °C.

∴ c = Q/(m.ΔT) = (1000.0 J)/(1.70 g)(2451 °C) = 0.239 J/g.°C ≅ 0.24 J/g.°C.

Answer:

Explanation:

1) Chemical equation:

2) Oxidation states in the reactants

a) C₆H₁₂O₆

Here, you will see that the oxidation state of carbon in glucose is zero.

There are 6 atoms of C which may have different oxidation number.

You can work with a more developed formula such as:

     O    OH   OH    OH   OH  OH

     ║     |        |         |       |       |

H - C¹ -  C²  -  C³  -  C⁴ - C⁵  - C⁶ - H

             |        |         |       |       |

             H     H       H      H     H

        ∴ C¹ 's oxidation state may be determined from x + (−2) + (0) + (+1) = 0

            ⇒ x = + 1

       ∴ Their oxidation states are given by:

            x + (−1) + 2(0) + (+1) = 0 ⇒ x=0

        ∴ C⁶ 's oxidation state may be determined from:

             x + (−1) + (0) + 2(+1) = +1 ⇒ x = −1

b) O₂ : since it is alone, its oxidation state is zero.

3) Oxidation states in the products

c)  CO₂

d) H₂O

4) Changes in the oxidation state

5) Conclusion:

Answer:

C₆H₁₂O₆ is oxidized and O₂ is reduced.

Explanation:

When a halogen combines with hydrogen, a covalent molecule is formed.

When a halogen, such as chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F), bromine (Br), or iodine (I), combines with hydrogen (H), they typically form covalent molecules. In covalent bonding, atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. Halogens have one electron missing in their outermost electron shell, while hydrogen needs one more electron to complete its shell. To satisfy these electron needs, they share electrons through a covalent bond.

In hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen shares its electron with chlorine, forming a covalent bond. This sharing allows both atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration. Covalent molecules, in contrast to ionic compounds, involve the sharing of electrons rather than the transfer of electrons, resulting in the formation of discrete molecules with relatively low melting and boiling points.

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That will make a gold-202 nucleus.

Refer to a periodic table. The atomic number of mercury Hg is 80.

Step One: Bombard the [tex]\displaystyle ^{202}_{\phantom{2}80}\text{Hg}[/tex] with a neutron [tex]^{1}_{0}n[/tex]. The neutron will add 1 to the mass number 202 of [tex]^{202}_{\phantom{2}80}\text{Hg}[/tex]. However, the atomic number will stay the same.

[tex]^{202}_{\phantom{2}80}\text{Hg} + ^{1}_{0}n \to ^{203}_{\phantom{2}80}\text{Hg}[/tex].

Double check the equation:

Step Two: The [tex]^{203}_{\phantom{2}80}\text{Hg}[/tex] nucleus loses a proton [tex]^{1}_{1}p[/tex]. Both the mass number 203 and the atomic number will decrease by 1.

Refer to a periodic table. What's the element with atomic number 79? Gold Au.

[tex]^{203}_{\phantom{2}80}\text{Hg} \to ^{202}_{\phantom{2}79}\text{Au} + ^{1}_{1}p[/tex].

Double check the equation:

A gold-202 nucleus is formed.

✯Hello✯

↪  You can see the setting changing around you

↪  You can feel a higher pressure/wind on your face

↪  There is adrenaline going through you

↪  (if this isnt the context you are looking for just comment)

❤Gianna❤

The electromagnetic strength can be increased by increasing the number of coils in the wires but not by decreasing the thickness of the wires - there is no mathematical relationship between wire thickness and field strength.

Hope this helps!

A hydrogen bomb relies on a nuclear fission bomb to trigger a fusion reaction between deuterium and tritium using lithium deuteride as the fusion fuel. The explosion is enhanced by a U-238 shell which reflects neutrons back into the fuel and fissions to add to the energy output. This process results in a bomb significantly more powerful than atomic bombs.

The construction and subsequent chain of reactions in a hydrogen bomb, or a thermonuclear bomb, typically begin with a nuclear fission bomb. The fission bomb, when exploded, produces extremely high temperatures necessary for fusion to occur. A common method is to use lithium deuteride as the fusion fuel, which is in close proximity to the fission bomb. Upon detonation, the fission bomb's gamma rays heat and compress the fusion fuel. Meanwhile, neutrons from the fission reaction cause the lithium to undergo a reaction to generate tritium: n + 6Li → ³ H + ª He. This newly generated tritium then fuses with deuterium in the reaction 2H+ ³H → He + n + 17.6 MeV, producing helium, another neutron, and a significant amount of energy.

Additional fusion and fission fuels are enclosed within a dense shell of U-238. This uranium shell serves two purposes: it reflects some neutrons back into the fuel to enhance fusion, and the fast-moving neutrons cause the uranium itself to fission, adding to the overall energy output of the bomb.

The first hydrogen bomb was detonated in 1952, but unlike the atomic bomb, a hydrogen bomb has never been used in warfare. Thermonuclear bombs are significantly more powerful than atomic ones - the power of a modern hydrogen bomb is approximately 1000 times that of the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II.

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Answer:

(for those of us with 4 answer choices)

Explanation:

a p e x

A factor that will decrease the rate of chemical reaction is lowering the temperature.

The rate of a chemical reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place. The rate of chemical reaction is directly proportional to the  concentration of the reactant  and the temperature of the reactant.

That is, as the temperature of the reactant increases, the rate of the reaction increases, while a decrease in temperature will decrease the rate of reaction.

Thus, a factor that will decrease the rate of chemical reaction is lowering the temperature.

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A physical change occurs when something is altered. Such as cutting a piece of paper or chopping a piece of wood into pieces.  Melting ice, breaking glass, evaporating liquids are go through a physical change.

Answer:

0.23 V.

Explanation:

∵ ΔG° = -RT lnK.

∴ ΔG° = -RTlnK = -(8.314 J/mol)(298 K) ln(7.3 × 10⁷) = - 44.86 x 10³ J/mol.

∵ ΔG° = - nFE°

∴ E° = - ΔG°/nF = - (- 44.86 x 10³ J/mol)/(2 x 96500 s.A/mol) = 0.2324 V ≅ 0.23 V.

To calculate the value for the standard cell potential (E°) in a redox reaction given the equilibrium constant (K) and the number of electrons transferred, you can use the Nernst equation in a simplified form. The Nernst equation shows the relationship between the cell potential (E), the standard cell potential (E°), the number of electrons transferred (n), and the reaction quotient (Q). Assuming Q=K at equilibrium, solving the equation will provide you the value for E°.

The equilibrium constant, K, for a redox reaction is logarithmically related to the reaction's cell potential. The Nernst equation, an essential concept in electrochemistry, can help calculate the standard cell potential, E°, with the provided K and number of electrons transferred.

The Nernst equation in a simplified form, including values for fundamental constants (R and F) and standard temperature (298 K), along with a factor converting from natural to base-10 logarithms, is:
E = E° - (0.0592/n)logQ Where E° is the standard cell potential, n is the number of electrons transferred, and Q is the reaction quotient, essentially a measure of the value of product and reactants concentrations at any point.

From the equilibrium constant K, we can calculate Q. For a redox reaction at equilibrium, Q is equal to K. Given that the overall redox reaction transfers 2 electrons (n=2), the equilibrium constant, K, is 7.3 x 10^7, and assuming that Q=K, the equation simplifies into: E = E° - (0.0592/2)log(7.3 x 10^7). Solving this equation will give you the value for E°.

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Answer: option C. in a solution that is 0.20 M in KNO₃.

Explanation:

This question deals with the common ion effect.

Any presence in a solution of a common ion with the solute will decrease its solubility and here you can find why.

AgCl (silver chloride) is highly insoluble in water.

Its solubility equation is given by this equilibrium equation:

  AgCl(s)  ⇄  Ag⁺(aq)  +  Cl⁻(aq)

The constant for this equilibrim is called constant of solubility product and is indicated as Ksp:

Then, any increase of the product ions (on the right side of the equilibrium equation), will result, according to Le Chatelier's principle in a shift of the equilibrium toward the left side, this is in an increase of the AgCl(s), meaning that less AgCl will be soluble.

Let's see in which of the given solutions is AgCl most soluble

A. Solution 0.20 M in CaCl₂

CaCl₂ is a ionic compound which also ionizes in solution, given Ca²⁺ and Cl⁻ ions. So, you can see that it will increase the concentration of Cl⁻, which means that the equlibrium  AgCl(s) ⇄ Ag⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq), will be shifting to the left, decreasing the solubility of silver chloride.

B. Solution 0.20 M in AgNO₃

AgNO₃ is also a ionic salt which dissociates in water giving Ag⁺ and NO₃ ions. So, it will increase Ag⁺ ions, also shifting the equilibrium AgCl(s) ⇄ Ag⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq) to the left, decreasing the solubility of silver chloride.

C. Solution 0.20 M in KNO₃

Since KNO₃ has no common ions with AgCl, it will not affect the equilibrium equation in the same manner and you can expect that AgCl is most soluble in KNO₃.

AgCl is most soluble in the 0.20 M KNO3 solution because it does not provide common ions to AgCl, thus avoiding the reduction of AgCl's solubility due to the common ion effect.

The solubility of AgCl (silver chloride) in various solutions can be affected by the common ion effect. However, due to the formation of a two-coordinate complex with chloride ions, AgCl₂⁻, AgCl's solubility in solutions can differ from what the common ion effect alone would predict. The given information states that AgCl is approximately 10 times more soluble in 1.0 M KCl than in pure water, despite the common ion effect suggesting it should be much less soluble.

Given the choices of:

AgCl would be most soluble in the solution that does not contain a common ion with AgCl. Because CaCl₂ and KNO₃ are both salts with different ions than Ag+ and Cl−, they would not directly provide a common ion that would decrease the solubility of AgCl through the common ion effect. Whereas the AgNO₃ solution contains Ag+ ions which would vastly decrease the solubility of AgCl due to the common ion effect. Therefore, the AgCl is most soluble in the 0.20 M KNO₃ solution (Choice C), because it does not supply any common ions that could reduce its solubility.

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Answer:

C. a large amount of solute

Explanation:

To make a solution we need both solute and solvent. Therefore both options A and D are incorrect. In a dilute solution there is a lower concentration of solute dissolved in the solvent. Therefore option B is incorrect.  In a concentrated solution there is a higher concentration of solute dissolved in the solvent. Therefore option C is correct.  

In the concentrated solution there is "large amount of the solute". The correct option is C.

The concentrated solution is the solution in which the solution contains a large amount of the solute as compared to the amount that could be dissolve. When the amount of the solute added to the solvent is in the large amount that could be dissolve then the solution is referred as the concentrated solution.

The concentration of the solution is the measurement of the amount of the solute which is dissolved in the amount of solution or the solvent. The concentrated solution becomes more solute when we added the more solute. Therefore, the option C is correct.

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The reaction given is 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2NOCl(g). The initial concentrations of NO and Cl2 are 0.50 M. At equilibrium, concentration of NOCl is 0.30 M, while concentrations of NO and Cl2 are 0.20 M. The equilibrium constant Kc for this reaction at this temperature is thus calculated to be 9.0 M⁻².

The value of Kc at a given temperature for a reaction can be calculated using the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants and products in the chemical equation. The reaction described here is 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2NOCl(g).

At equilibrium, the concentration of NOCl is given as 0.30 M, while we are not provided with the equilibrium concentrations of NO and Cl2, but we know that initially they were both 0.50 M.

The expression for the equilibrium constant Kc in this case would be: Kc = [NOCl]² / ([NO]² [Cl2])

Therefore, calculating equilibrium concentrations of NO and Cl2 from the balanced chemical equation since each 2 moles of NO and Cl2 react to form 2 moles of NOCl, [NO] = [Cl2] = 0.50M - 0.30M = 0.20M.

Substituting these equilibrium concentrations, the value of the Kc becomes:

Kc = (0.30²) / (0.20² * 0.20) = 9.0 M⁻²

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Answer:

a) The charge of one electron is the same charge of another electron.

b) The charge of one electron  has the same magnitude and opposite sign as the charge of a proton. The charge of an electron is negative by convention and the charge of a proton is positive by convention.

c) The mass of a proton is about 1,836 times the mass of an electron.

Explanation:

1) Electron discovery is due to J.J Thompson who is responsible for the famous experiment of the cathode-rays tube.  J.J Thompson, in 1897, found that cathode rays could be deflected by an electric field. He could establish that electrons had negative charge, and also determined the approximate the ratio of its charge to the mass. Yet, he could not determine such magnitudes.

2) Later on, Ernest Rutherford,  with the famous gold foil experiment, found that all of the positive charge (proton) and essentially all of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a tiny region which he named the nucleus.

3) Since, the atom has the same number of electrons and protons, and it is neutral, the charge magnitude of the charges electrons and protons are equal.

4) Robert Millikan, 1908 - 1917, was able to determine the charge of the electron, with which the mass was also determined.

The accepted relative values for the subatomic particles are:

Particle   Relative mass Relative charge

Proton           1                              +1

Neutron        1                                0

Electron        1/ 1,836                    -1

Answer:

all electrons have same charge. Electron is equal and opp to proton

Protean mass of electron

Explanation:

I think it could be "an asteroid" .