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Periodic trends include the atomic radius, which decreases across a period and increases down a group; electronegativity, which increases across a period and decreases down a group; and ionization energy, which increases across a period and decreases down a group.
Periodic Trends: Atomic Radius, Electronegativity, and Ionization Energy
The periodic table is organized in such a way that certain properties of elements show predictable trends. These periodic trends include atomic radius, electronegativity, and ionization energy.
Atomic Radius
The atomic radius is the size of an atom. It generally decreases from left to right across a period due to the increase in the number of protons, which pulls the electrons closer to the nucleus. Conversely, the atomic radius generally increases from top to bottom within a group, as additional electron shells are added, making the atom larger.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons. It generally increases from left to right across a period because atoms are more effective at attracting electrons due to their increased nuclear charge. In contrast, electronegativity decreases going down a group because the increased distance from the nucleus and the shielding effect make it harder to attract electrons.
Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state. This energy increases from left to right across a period owing to stronger attraction between the nucleus and electrons. However, ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in a group because outer electrons are farther from the nucleus and more shielded by inner electrons, requiring less energy to remove them.
These periodic trends are critical for understanding elemental behavior and predicting chemical reactions.
The pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture is called the
In a gravimetric analysis, if the water molecules are not completely removed from the salt during the heating process, will the reported salt-to-water mole ratio be high or low?
The label on a container of margarine lists "hydrogenated vegetable oil" as the major ingredient. what is the result of adding hydrogens to vegetable oil? the label on a container of margarine lists "hydrogenated vegetable oil" as the major ingredient. what is the result of adding hydrogens to vegetable oil? the hydrogenated vegetable oil is less likely to clog arteries. the hydrogenated vegetable oil has fewer trans fatty acids. the hydrogenated vegetable oil has more "kinks" in the fatty acid chains. the hydrogenated vegetable oil has a lower melting point. the hydrogenated vegetable oil stays solid at room temperature.
Catalytic hydrogenation causes the oil to become saturated. So hydrogenated vegetable oil has fewer trans fatty acids and thereby less kinks. The greater the unsaturation (double bonds) the higher is the "kinks" in the fatty acid chains. Hydrogenated vegetable oil have higher melting point causing them to be solids at room temperature such as margarine. In the absence of double bonds (hydrogenated) the fatty acids pack tightly in a crystal lattice. Hydrogenated vegetable oil is likely to clog arteries.
The label on a container of margarine lists "hydrogenated vegetable oil" as the major ingredient. What is the result of adding hydrogens to vegetable oil?
-The hydrogenated vegetable oil has a lower melting point.
-The hydrogenated vegetable oil stays solid at room temperature.
-The hydrogenated vegetable oil has more "kinks" in the fatty acid chains.
-The hydrogenated vegetable oil has fewer trans fatty acids.
-The hydrogenated vegetable oil is less likely to clog arteries.
Further explanationOils such as vegetable, olive, sunflower are liquids at room temperature. In the food industry, hydrogen is added to oils in a process called hydrogenation to make them more solid, or 'spreadable'.
Hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVOs) in margarine (Margarine is a spread used for flavoring, baking, and cooking that was first made in France in 1869) used due to benefits like longer shelf-life. But it have bad effects on health because they are main sources of trans fatty acids (TFAs), which are of interest due to their effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Vegetable oils, are oils extracted from seeds, or less often, from other parts of fruits. Vegetable oilsare mixtures of triglycerides.
By adding hydrogens to vegetable oil it changes into a solid form called vanaspati ghee in the presence of nickel called catalyst through the process of hydrogenation.
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Grade: 9
Subject: Chemistry
Chapter: ingredient
Keywords: container of margarine, hydrogenated vegetable oil, the fatty acid chains, ingredient, clog arterie
You just found a metallic object in a creek bed. You have found its mass to be 96.5 g, and it displaces 5 mL of water. What is the substance?
yeah the answer is gold
Could someone please help me with this question?
When an electric current is passed through water during the process of electrolysis, two gases are formed. One has a boiling point of -183°C and the other has a boiling point of -253°C. Has a physical change or chemical change occurs? Explain.
What is the definition of a physical property of matter?
The physical property is characteristic of matter that is independent of its chemical composition. Examples of physical properties are density, hardness, color, electrical conductivity, and melting and boiling points.
What is physical property?The matter is composed of tiny particles known as atoms and can be represented as something that occupies space. It must represent both the mass and volume properties.
Properties are the features that capable us to differentiate one material from another. A physical property is a characteristic of matter that does not depend on its chemical composition.
For example, color, hardness, density, melting points, electrical conductivity, etc.
Any properties of matter that can be measured, such as density, color, length, mass, volume, melting point, malleability, hardness, odor, and temperature are considered properties of matter. The physical properties of matter can be intensive or extensive. Intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter while extensive properties depend upon the quantity of matter.
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An atom has 27 protons and 22 neutrons. what is the chemical symbol for the atom
Which has larger ionization energy and why: Ca or Mg
The heat of combustion of butane , c4h10 , is 2874 kj/mol. what is the heat of combustion of butane, in kj per gram?(provide the right sig. fig)
Answer : 49.45 kJ per gram.
Explanation:
Heat of combustion is the amount of heat released on complete combustion of 1 mole of substance.
Given :
Amount of heat released on combustion of butane = 2874 kJ/mol
According to avogadro's law, 1 mole of every substance occupies 22.4 L at NTP, weighs equal to the molecular mass and contains avogadro's number [tex]6.023\times 10^{23}[/tex] of particles.
1 mole of [tex]C_4H_{10}[/tex] weighs = 58.12 g
Thus we can say:
58.12 g of [tex]C_4H_{10}[/tex] on combustion releases = 2874 kJ
Thus 1 g of [tex]C_4H_{10}[/tex] on combustion releases =[tex]\frac{2874}{58.12}\times 1=49.45 kJ[/tex]
Thus the heat of combustion of butane, in kJ per gram is 49.45.
If the ph of a solution is decreased from ph 8 to ph 6 it means that the
Explanation:
Relation between pH and concentration of hydrogen ions is as follows.
pH = [tex]-log [H^{+}][/tex]
So, it means that an increase in the value of pH will show that there occurs a decrease in concentration of hydrogen ions.
Therefore, the solution becomes basic in nature.
On the other hand, a decrease in the value of pH will show that there occurs an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions.
Therefore, the solution becomes more acidic in nature.
Hence, if the pH of a solution is decreased from pH 8 to pH 6 it means that the concentration of hydrogen ions has increased in the solution.
If the pH of a solution is decreased from pH 8 to pH 6 it means that the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution has been increased while the concentration of OH ions have been decreased.
Further Explanation: pH and pOH pH and pOH measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.pH is the measure hydrogen ion concentration in a substance while pOH measures the concentration of hydroxyl ions.Acids and bases Acids Acids are substances that react with bases to form salt and water as the only products.Acids have a pH less than 7, with strong acids having a pH range of 1-3 while weak acids have a pH range of 4-6.The pOH of acids on the other hand is greater than 7.BasesBases are substances that react with acids to form salt and water as the only product.Bases have a pH greater than 7, with strong bases having a pH range of 12-14 and weak bases having a pH range of 8-11.Bases have a pOH less than 7.Calculation of pH and pOH pH is calculated as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.That is;
pH = -Log [H+]
pOH on the other hand is calculated as the negative logarithm of hydroxyl ion concentration.That is;
pOH =-Log[OH-]
Additionally;
pH + pOH = 14
Keywords: Acids, bases, pH, pOH
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Subject: Chemistry
Topic: Acids and bases
Sub-topic; pH and pOH
What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together?
In a sample of pure copper all atoms have atomic numbers which are
A compound is found to consist of 1.37g of iron and 2.62g of chlorine. what is the percent by mass of chlorine in the compound?
Which best explains the high surface tension of water?
A. its high density
B. its ion-dipole interactions
C. its adhesive interactions
D. its hydrogen bonding interactions
Gaseous acetylene (c2h2) reacts with oxygen gas to form gaseous carbon dioxide and gaseous water. express your answer as a chemical equation. identify all of the phases in your answer.
2C2H2(g)+5O2(g)→4CO2(g)+2H2O(g)
Imagine clark kent is investigating the half-life of krypton-8 and finds that it is approximately 10.8 years. what fraction of the initial amount of krypton-8 would still be remaining after 65 years?
How many liters of a mouthwash can be prepared from 105 ml of cinnamon flavor if its concentration is to be 0.5%?
25% is made of cinnamon flavour
Where does the energy to form the peptide bond between two amino acids come from?
Suppose you are given an unknown solid material. Describe some tests you might perform to prove that is either an element or a compound?
To determine if an unknown solid material is an element or a compound, visual inspection, chemical reaction tests, test tube reactions to see characteristic behaviors, and spectroscopic analysis to identify the types of atoms present can all be utilized. An element will show uniform characteristics and limited reactivity, while a compound will have a fixed ratio of elements and distinct reaction patterns.
To determine whether an unknown solid material is an element or a compound, you can perform a series of tests. An element is a substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances and is found on the periodic table, while a compound consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio.
Identifying an Element or Compound
Visual Inspection: Observe the material to see if it has a uniform appearance. Compounds often have a uniform composition, while elements may or may not.Chemical Reaction Tests: Attempt to cause a chemical reaction. For example, by burning the material, you could observe whether a new substance is formed indicating a reaction. Burning magnesium ribbon, for instance, produces magnesium oxide, a compound of magnesium.Test Tube Reactions: Perform test tube reactions with other known substances. Different compounds will react in characteristic ways. For instance, sodium reacts vigorously with water but a compound containing sodium may not.Spectroscopic Analysis: Use techniques like mass spectrometry or X-ray diffraction to identify if the material is composed of one type of atom or multiple types, differentiating elements from compounds.If the material is an element, it may not react with other substances or only under specific conditions, and spectroscopic analysis will show peaks for only one type of atom. If the material is a compound, it will likely react with other substances and spectroscopic analysis will show the presence of two or more different types of atoms.
To answer more specific questions, like distinguishing between organic and inorganic substances or identifying the substance in a mixture, similar methods such as chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and other chemical tests can be used.
An open box is to be made out of a 12-inch by 16-inch piece of cardboard by cutting out squares of equal size from the four corners and bending up the sides. find the dimensions of the resulting box that has the largest volume.
To maximize the volume of the box formed by cutting out squares from a rectangular piece of cardboard, assign a variable 'x' to represent the sides of the squares cut out, and then find the dimensions of the box by subtracting twice 'x' from both the length and the width of the cardboard. The volume of the box is then given by V = x x (12-2x) x (16-2x). Differentiate this equation and solve for x to find the box's dimensions that give maximum volume.
Explanation:To find the dimensions of the cardboard box with the maximum volume, we first need to assign a variable to the size of a square that is cut out from each corner. Let's call this variable 'x'.
Then, the dimensions of the box are (12-2x) by (16-2x). We get these dimensions by subtracting two times the length of the square cut out from the length and width of the cardboard.
The volume V of the box can be found using the formula V = length x width x height, which in this case becomes V = x x (12-2x)x(16-2x).
To find the maximum volume we would differentiate this cubic equation, set the derivative equal to zero, and solve for x. This is a doable but rather complicated calculus problem and the solutions are not straightforward numbers. However, if this calculation were done the x that results in maximum volume would be found. The dimensions of the box with maximum volume would then be length: 12-2x inches, width: 16-2x inches, and height: x inches.
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An atom of tin has an atomic number of 50 and a mass number of 119 how many protons neutrons and electrons does this atom have
Planet X is a terrestrial planet in our solar system. It has 21% oxygen in its atmosphere. Humans can walk on this planet without the aid of a space suit.
Based on the description, planet X is
Answer:
Earth
Explanation:
The term for free electrons in metals transferring energy by colliding with other atoms or electrons is _____.
Answer:
Conduction.
Explanation:
Take my answer with a grain of salt, but I believe this is the answer.
A chemist dissolved crystals of an unknown substance into water at room temperature. He found that 33 g of the substance can be dissolved into 100 mL of water. What property of the unknown substance was the chemist most likely investigating? its solubility its rate of dissolution its chemical reaction to water its reaction to temperature changes
Answer:
He must be investigating its solubility in water.
Explanation:
Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in 100mL or 100g of water at a given temperature.
So if a chemist dissolves some amount of a crystal in 100mL then it shows that is he investigating the solubility.
The rate of dissolution will be measured only if time is also noted.
To understand the reaction one has to do some other test after reaction.
To note the temperature change the chemist must use thermometer.
Answer: its solubility
Explanation:
How many orbitals are available in the first energy level?
Answer:
1
Explanation:
a p e x :)
What are the elements and number of atoms in the compound c6h12o6?
Final answer:
The compound C6H12O6 is glucose, consisting of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms. Its empirical formula is CH₂O, representing a 1:2:1 ratio.
Explanation:
The question is related to the molecular composition of a compound with the formula C6H12O6, which is glucose. In this formula, the numbers indicate the quantity of each type of atom present in a single molecule of glucose. There are 6 carbon atoms (C), 12 hydrogen atoms (H), and 6 oxygen atoms (O). The empirical formula of glucose, which represents the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms, is CH₂O indicating a 1:2:1 ratio for C:H:O.
To find the molecular and empirical formulas of the compound, we can analyze the ratio of atoms by considering the molecular or molar mass. Using glucose as an example, we understand that (CH₂O)6 equals C6H12O6, demonstrating the relationship between the empirical and molecular formulas. This approach is equally valid when dealing with molar mass (g/mol) rather than molecular mass (amu).
If a sample of 0.362 m lithium phosphate contains 0.284 g of lithium, what is the volume of the sample?
Answer;
= 0.03791 Liters
Solution and explanation;
-The molar mass of Li3PO4 is 115.79 g/mol.
-If lithium is 6.9 g/mol, multiplied by 3 (from Li3PO4), that would be 20.7 g/mol.
-Now we can use this to find the percentage of Li in Li3PO4, 20.7/115.79 = 0.1788 or 17.88%
-This 17.88% can tell us the mass of Li3PO4 using the mass which 0.284. Now lets divide 0.284 by 0.1788 = 1.589 g. This now the mass of Li3PO4.
-Using that, we can now easily find the moles of Li3PO4,
using the molar mass. So (1.589g)(1mol/115.79g)=0.013723 moles of Li3PO4.
-From this, we can now find the volume using molarity (0.362), which is moles per Liter.
= (0.013723 moles)(1L/0.362mol)=0.03791 L
Classify these atomic orbitals as s, p, or d according to their shape.
Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7; therefore, it has ______ electrons in its outermost electron shell.
a.10
b.18
c.5
d.2
Among all the given options, the correct option is option C. Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7; therefore, it has 5 electrons in its outermost electron shell.
What is atomic number?The quantity of protons inside the nucleus of the atom makes up the atomic number of such a chemical element. Given that neutrons don't have a net electrical charge, it is the nucleus' charge number.
The identification of such an element and several of its chemical characteristics are determined by its atomic number. The rising atomic number is used to rank the current periodic table.
Any atom containing 47 protons is just an atom of silver. Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1, carbon has an atomic number of 6, and silver has an atomic number of 47. Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7; therefore, it has 5 electrons in its outermost electron shell.
Therefore, the correct option is option C.
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When a cell uses chemical energy to perform work it couples _____ reaction with _____ reaction?