Gastric lipase has an optimal temperature of 37°C. Sketch an optimal temperature graph below.

Answer:

Griffith performed an experiment on the mice to test two different strains of bacteria. One of them was virulent and the other was non virulent. The result depicted that the non virulent strain transformed into virulent strain through the process of transformation.

Explanation:

Different mice were injected with different combination of strains. One of the strain was a virulent one, III-S and the other one was II-R which was non virulent. Both the strains were taken from Streptococcus pneumoniae. The following observations were made:

1. In the first mice only simple III-S was introduced. The mouse died.

2. In the second one, heat killed III-S was injected. The mouse survived as the virulent portion was killed.

3. In this one II-R was introduced. Since it was an non virulent strain, the mice did not die.

4. In this he added both heat killed III-S and II-R. The mouse died and this perplexed Griffith. He wondered what had happened since the non virulent form and heat killed virulent form should have not harmed the mice.

Later he found out that the DNA of the Heat killed III-S was imbibed by the II-R form. The bacteria had 'transformed' and as a result the mice died.

Answer:

The effects of iron deficiency on cell culture growth, cell respiration, mitochondrial oxidative properties, and the electron transport chain were studied with suspension-cultured sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) cells. Iron deprivation considerably decreased the initial growth rates and limited the maximum density of the cells. Under these conditions, the cells remained swollen throughout their growth. The absence of iron led to a steady decline in the uncoupled rate of O2 consumption. When the uncoupled rate of O2 uptake closely approximated the respiratory rate, the cells began to collapse. At this stage, the level of all the cytochromes and electron paramagnetic resonance-detectable Fe-S clusters of the mitochondrial inner membrane were dramatically decreased. Nevertheless, it appeared from substrate oxidation measurements that this overall depletion in iron-containing components solely disturbed the functioning of complex II, whereas neither complexes I, III, or IV, nor the machinery involved in ATP synthesis, was apparently impaired in iron-deficient mitochondria. However, our results suggest that the impairment of complex II resulted in a strong reduction of the overall capacity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which was responsible for determining the rate of endogenous respiration in sycamore cells. Finally, this situation led to a depletion of various energy metabolites that could contribute to the premature cell death.

Explanation:

Iron levels are critical to the rate of cellular respiration due to their role in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes, which are involved in oxygen transport and electron transfer. Abnormal iron metabolism, like anemia or iron overload, can lead to impaired cellular functioning and influence respiration efficiency. Maintaining proper iron levels supports optimal cellular respiration.

The effect of iron levels on the rate of cellular respiration is significant due to the role of iron in various biological processes. Iron is a critical component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes which are involved in oxygen transport and electron transfer within cells. Adequate iron levels are necessary for the efficient functioning of these proteins and hence, support optimal cellular respiration.

Abnormal iron metabolism, such as anemia or iron overload, can affect the cellular respiration rate. Low iron levels can lead to reduced oxygen transport to tissues, affecting ATP production during aerobic respiration. Conversely, iron overload can lead to oxidative stress and damage cellular components, impairing respiration efficiency. Moreover, in conditions like methemoglobinemia, where the iron in hemoglobin is oxidized from ferrous (Fe²⁺) to ferric (Fe³⁺), the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin is compromised, which can also impact cellular respiration.

Therefore, maintaining normal serum iron concentration and preventing abnormal deposition of iron in tissues are crucial for the proper function of cellular respiration pathways.

Answer:

Carbohydrates are hydrophilic  whereas Lipids are hydrophobic.

Explanation:

Carbohydrates can be most commonly understood as hydrates of carbons. They generally contain more than two carbon atoms and are easily soluble in water, thus giving them the characteristics of hydrophilic compounds. Sugar and glucose are some of the important examples of carbohydrates.

On the other hand, lipids comprise a polar region, which attracts water and a much larger non-polar region, which repels water. This non-polar region dominates the polar region of lipid molecules thus making it a hydrophobic compound. Oils, fatty substances, steroids, and waxes are some of the important examples of Lipid molecules.

Glaciers and sea ice are both forms of frozen water but have distinct characteristics and locations. Glaciers form on land and flow slowly downhill, while sea ice floats on the surface of the ocean and does not flow continuously.

Glaciers and sea ice are both forms of frozen water, but they have distinct characteristics and locations.

Glaciers are large bodies of ice that form on land and flow slowly downhill due to gravity. They are found in high-altitude or high-latitude areas, such as mountains and polar regions.

Sea ice refers to frozen seawater that floats on the surface of the ocean. It forms in polar regions during winter and melts during summer. Unlike glaciers, sea ice does not flow continuously.

Comparison:

Contrast:

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Explanation:

Software Engineering:

Focuses on developing software that is reliable, efficient, affordable, user-friendly and scalable

Computer Engineering:

Focuses on the design of the computer hardware and peripheral devices, often at the chip level

Information systems:

More of a business career that focuses in applying computers to business problems

Computer Science:

Focuses on computer architecture and how to program computers to make them work effectively and efficiently

Information Technology:

Focuses on computer equipment and software used by business and how they work, are secured, upgraded, maintained and replaced

The computer discipline with its description include the following below:

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Answer:

a

Explanation:

Mendel gave three laws in which the law of independent assortment states that the alleles of two distinct genes get sorted in the progenies independently and without affecting the expression of each other.

Each trait is passed independently of the other.

Therefore, option A is correct.

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Answer:

Duck-billed platypus

Answer:

duck-billed platypus, and echidna

Explanation:

stay woke, folk

Answer:

because it is just easy that way

Explanation:

Explanation:

Cellular respiration is when cells take oxygen and food to make energy, and also water and carbon dioxide. For the organism to get oxygen, they breath in the air from the outside. The oxygen travels through the respiratory pathway to get to cells.

Answer:

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Explanation:

to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide is the main function of respiratory pathway

Answer:

In India, in West Bengal, the shrimp found in a particular river were not deemed healthy to be eaten.

Explanation:

All water bodies have their own food chains and ecosystems. So basically in aquatic ecosystems, lot of marine animals are considered edible. The examples are fish, shrimp, prawn, lobster, crabs , etc are cooked and eaten.

Larger fish have a tendency to eat smaller fish. Anything that the smaller fish eats goes into the stomach of the larger fish and gets accumulated. Due to large industries not dumping their waste properly, lot of it falls into the water bodies. The waste contains toxic minerals like lead and mercury which when eaten by humans can cause poisoning.

Lead poisoning can cause loose motions, vomiting, cramps and infection in the abdomen etc.

Answer:

chlorophyll

Explanation:

A Triglyceride is a kind of lipid that can store energy for a long period of time.

Triglycerides are a type of lipid that can store energy for an extended duration. They consist of long chains of carbon and oxygen atoms bonded to a glycerol backbone structure. These molecules serve as the primary form of energy storage in the human body and many other organisms. Each triglyceride molecule contains three fatty acid chains attached to the glycerol backbone. The carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds within these fatty acids store a significant amount of chemical energy, which the body can access when needed.

When an organism requires energy, enzymes break down triglycerides into their constituent fatty acids, releasing energy for cellular processes. Excess triglycerides can be stored in adipose tissue, contributing to body fat. While triglycerides are vital for energy storage, elevated levels in the bloodstream can be associated with health issues, such as obesity and heart disease.

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Answer:

Plant cell has larger vacuoles.

Explanation:

Vacuole is a fluid filled structure found in cells of the plants, certain animals, protists, fungi, bacteria etc. Vacuoles found in plant cells are larger than that in animal, protist, fungal, and bacterial cells. The vacuole inside a plant cell stores water. It also helps to maintain the turgor pressure of the cell. The functions of the vacuole include isolating materials that might be harmful to the cell , maintaining an acidic internal pH ,  supporting the plant structures such as leaves and flowers.

Answer:

the plant cell

Explanation:

Elastic potential energy

Explanation:

An extended spring stores elastic potential energy.

An elastic potential energy is the energy stored in an elastic object when force is applied to deform it.

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Answer:

Proteins: used in facilitate transport across membrane

Carbohydrates: used to drive cellular respiration

Lipid: composes the cell membrane

Nucleic acid: used to create identical daughter cells in mitosis

Explanation:

A. In the cell membrane, transport proteins or channels are present which selectively allow the transfer of molecules. This is why the cell membrane is also known as a selectively permeable membrane.

B. In cellular respiration, which takes place in mitochondria, glucose (carbohydrate) is used to generate ATP molecules.

C. The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer that contains protein channels. This makes the membrane insoluble in water and maintains the integrity of the cell.

D. The nucleic acid is the hereditary material that can replicate and transfer genetic information to the next generation.

Answer:

The pH level of drinking water must fall within the range, 6.5-8.5 because is neither acidic nor alkaline enough to be dangerous in the human body.

Explanation:

The pH level is an indicator of acid-base equilibrium, and shows whether a substance is acidic or alkaline. The pH scale ranges from 0-14, where a pH value of 7 means the substance is neutral. The levels less than 7 is considered as acidic and the levels greater than 7 is considered as alkaline.

The pure water has a pH value of 7. The normal pH range of surface water systems is 6.5 to 8.5, and that of groundwater systems is 6 to 8.5. According to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) standards, the pH value of drinking water must fall within the range, 6.5-8.5 .This water is safe to drink as it is neither acidic nor alkaline enough to be dangerous in the human body.

Water having a pH value less than 6.5 is considered as soft and acidic, and it can be corrosive and filled with toxic metals while water with a pH value higher than 8.5 is hard and alkaline, and poses less of a health risk than acidic water but can taste bad and leave scale deposits on dishes, sinks etc.

The phase of mitosis shown in the diagram where chromatids separate from each other and are being pulled to the opposite ends of the cell is **anaphase.** The correct option is 1.

During anaphase, the centromere that holds sister chromatids together splits, allowing the chromatids to become individual chromosomes. These chromosomes are then pulled apart toward opposite ends (poles) of the cell by the contraction of spindle fibers. The movement of chromatids is facilitated by the shortening of microtubules within the spindle apparatus.

The key events of anaphase include:

1. **Separation of Sister Chromatids:** The chromatids, which are identical copies of each other, are separated as the centromere divides.

2. **Movement Towards Poles:** The separated chromatids, now individual chromosomes, are pulled towards the opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers. This ensures that each daughter cell will receive a complete set of chromosomes.

**Other Phases:**

- **Prophase:** This phase involves the condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes, the breakdown of the nuclear envelope, and the formation of the mitotic spindle.

- **Metaphase:** During metaphase, the chromosomes align along the center of the cell, known as the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.

- **Telophase:** In telophase, the separated chromatids (now chromosomes) arrive at the opposite poles and begin to decondense back into chromatin. The nuclear envelope starts to reform around each set of chromosomes, creating two distinct nuclei.

**Cytokinesis** follows mitosis and involves the division of the cell's cytoplasm and other organelles, ultimately producing two daughter cells.

In the diagram where chromatids are being pulled apart and moving towards the cell's opposite ends, it's indicative of **anaphase** of mitosis. This phase is crucial for ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of genetic material.

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Answler:

label A = c

label B = B

label C = A

label D= DExplanation:

Answer:

This is due to the farm runoff, or fertilizer run off

Explanation:

Various fertilizers like nitrogen and phosphorus are very essential for plant growth but it also increases the chances of the algal growth in the water bodies when washed away. This happens when intense rainfall occurs and washes away the nutrients and chemicals to the lakes, and many water bodies that has not been taken by the plants. these chemicals and nutrients affects the aquatic ecosystem. Due to toxicity various fishes die, hence a threat to the fisherman.

Answer:

hope it helps answer the question:)

Answer:

Renewable and Non-renewable resources are discussed below:

Renewable energy: are those energy that can be used again and again and it re-new after a short period of time. it is generally defined as that kind of energy resources that can be renewed naturally.

Renewable sources of energy can replace conventional sources of energy which produce harmful gasses which is harmful as well as costly.

Non-renewable: resources are those resources which can not be re-use or re-produce it is one-time use only and it takes a long period of time get re-produce,

Non-renewable sources of energy are also not good for the environment burning fossil fuels harm our environment.

Final answer:

Renewable resources, like sunlight and wind, are replenished naturally and are in endless supply, while nonrenewable resources, like fossil fuels and minerals, exist in fixed amounts and can be used up.

Explanation:

Renewable resources are those that can be replenished by natural processes at the same rate as they are consumed by humans. Examples of renewable resources include sunlight, wind, and the rising and falling of ocean tides. These resources are essentially in endless supply and can also be considered sustainable when used in a manner that doesn't prevent future generations from meeting their needs. Sustainable examples include sustainably harvested wood, cork, bamboo, and certain agricultural crops.

Conversely, nonrenewable resources exist in fixed amounts and can be depleted. These resources, such as fossil fuels (petroleum, coal, and natural gas), are formed over millions of years and therefore cannot be replaced as quickly as they are used. Other nonrenewable resources include precious metals and minerals. With the current rate of consumption, resources like petroleum and coal could be exhausted within a few decades or a few hundred years, respectively. Nuclear power is also considered nonrenewable due to the finite nature of uranium and the production of harmful wastes.

Understanding the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources is essential for sustainable management and the development of alternative energy sources, which often utilize renewable resources to replace fossil fuel use.

Semi-conservative replication means each half of the original DNA molecule is joined with a new complementary strand. Therefore, option D is correct.

Semi-conservative replication of DNA refers to the process by which DNA is replicated, where each new DNA molecule formed consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

During DNA replication, the double-stranded DNA molecule unwinds and separates into two strands. Each separated strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. The enzyme DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing new strand.

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Answer:

The subcellular structure involved in the translation of genetic material in protein synthesis​ is Ribosome.

Explanation:

DNA stores genetic information and that very information is used by the cells to achieve life’s functions. There are three steps involved in evaluating the genetic information which is further divider into three types of RNA molecules, one amongst which is Ribosomal RNA.

Ribosomal RNA also called as ribosomes have various purpose. Ribosomal is a subcellular structure present in a cell where protein synthesis is formed. To put it in simple words, they are simply the proteins found in cells.

The ribosome is the subcellular structure involved in the translation of genetic material in protein synthesis. Here, the information coded in mRNA is used to produce proteins. These proteins play vital roles in various cell processes.

The subcellular structure involved in the translation of genetic material in protein synthesis is the ribosome. Ribosomes are the site in the cells where protein synthesis occurs, which is the process where genetic information coded in mRNA is translated into proteins. This process has two main stages: transcription, in which the information from DNA is transferred to mRNA, and translation, in which the mRNA works with ribosomes to produce proteins. Proteins are crucial functional units within the cell and are involved in virtually all cell processes. Ribosomes are found within all living cells and are the place where genetic instruction in the mRNA are read to synthesize proteins in a process called translation.

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Answer:

A variable can be described as anything which we are trying to measure. In an experiment, there are two variables:

Independent Variable: Independent variable is a variable which changes on its own or changed by us during an experiment.

Dependent variable: Dependent variable is the variable which is under observation.

Two common examples of independent variable are time and age. Time and age keep changing and they are not influenced by any other factor.

Answer:

Option C is correct

Explanation:

Wavelength of the sound waves varies inversely with respect to frequency which means that if frequency increases wavelength will decrease and if  frequency decreases wavelength increase.

Mathematically this relation can be represented as -

[tex]W \alpha \frac{1}{f}[/tex]

Where W represents the wavelength and f represents the frequency

When frequency is constant, wavelength exhibit direct proportionality relationship with speed.

Answer:

the answer to this question is the letter C

Explanation:

About three billion years ago, single-celled organisms called cyanobacteria lived in Earth’s oceans. They thrived on the ocean’s abundance of carbon-di-oxide , which they used during the process of photosynthesis. Much later, this process allowed organisms, such as fish, to survive by extracting dissolved oxygen from ocean waters.

Explanation:

Cyanobacteria is the bacteria that is primitive form of bacteria that used to be first organisms even before the present day bacteria came into existence. They were able to do photosynthesis.

Cyanobacteria used the huge concentration of carbon dioxide that was mixed with the sea water. This carbon dioxide was picked up by millions of cyanobacteria that converted the carbon dioxide into useful glucose and other products and valuable oxygen. Thus oxygen came in earth and that was used by future organisms for respiration.  

Cyanobacteria thrived on carbon dioxide in the oceans and through photosynthesis, they released oxygen, which later life forms needed for survival. Therefore, the first blank in the statement should be filled with 'carbon dioxide', and the second one with 'oxygen'.

About three billion years ago, single-celled organisms called cyanobacteria lived in Earth's oceans. These cyanobacteria thrived on the ocean's abundance of carbon dioxide, which they used during the process of photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis, cyanobacteria were able to convert carbon dioxide and sunlight into glucose, a form of energy, and oxygen. This release of oxygen into the oceans made it possible for other life forms, like fish, to survive by extracting dissolved oxygen from ocean waters. Thus, the first blank in your statement should be filled with 'carbon dioxide', and the second one with 'oxygen'.

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Answer:

In the animal cell the organelles that is  labelled G is mitochondria.

Explanation:

Mitochondria are the membrane bound organelles with inner membranes folded inside which can form finger like structures called cristae. There numbers are more in the cell. They are basically responsible for the production of the energy, hence called as the power house of the cell. They also perform the cellular respiration, which means it takes the nutrients from the cell breaks it and makes energy from it. This energy is used by the cell to carry out various life processes.

Answer:

Microorganisms are very small, not visible with an eye, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Even though som of microorganisms can make people ill, many of them are not harmful, all the contrary, they can help a human with digestion, protect him from infections and keep the health good.

Explanation:

You have bad microorganisms in the body, called pathogens. Pathogens can be very harmful and kill all the good cells in the host. That is why good microorganisms are important. They make colonies and protect the body from the development of pathogens that release toxins into the body.

Good microorganisms provide nutrition for the organism, they involve minerals, produce hormones and stop bad microorganisms enter the organism.

Answer:

adhesion

Explanation:

Its just like Water drops on a pine needle or on anything else, Cohesion is when water is attracted to water. Therefor its Adhesion, because that's when water is attracted to other things or substances.

Answer:

Its adhesion

Explanation:

Its just like Water drops on a pine needle or on anything else, Cohesion is when water is attracted to water. Therefor its Adhesion, because that's when water is attracted to other things or substances.

Answer:

Frameshift mutation

Explanation:

frameshift mutation / frame-shift mutation; frameshift. A frameshift mutation is a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read. A DNA sequence is a chain of many smaller molecules called nucleotides.

Answer:

is nucleotides this is answer

Answer:

the answer is a nucleotides

Answer:

Some organism would not be well-adapted to the higher temperature.

Explanation:

Answer:

Some organisms would not be well-adapted to the higher temperatures.