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1. STORIES OF USEFUL INVENTIONS, excerpt
By S. E. Forman

1911

THE MATCH

There never was a time when the world was without fire, but there was a time when men did not know how to kindle fire; and after they learned how to kindle one, it was a long, long time before they learned how to kindle one easily. In these days we can kindle a fire without any trouble, because we can easily get a match; but we must remember that the match is one of the most wonderful things in the world, and that it took men thousands of years to learn how to make one. Let us learn the history of this familiar little object, the match.

Fire was first given to man by nature itself. When a forest is set on fire by cinders from a neighboring volcano, or when a tree is set ablaze by a thunderbolt, we may say that nature strikes a match. In the early history of the world, nature had to kindle all the fires, for man by his own effort was unable to produce a spark. The first method, then, of getting fire for use was to light sticks of wood at a flame kindled by nature—by a volcano, perhaps, or by a stroke of lightning. These firebrands were carried to the home and used in kindling the fires there. The fire secured in this way was carefully guarded and was kept burning as long as possible. But the flame, however faithfully watched, would sometimes be extinguished. A sudden gust of wind or a sudden shower would put it out. Then a new firebrand would have to be secured, and this often meant a long journey and a deal of trouble.

In 1827, John Walker, a druggist in a small English town, tipped a splint with sulphur, chlorate of potash, and sulphid of antimony, and rubbed it on sandpaper, and it burst into flame. The druggist had discovered the first friction-chemical match, the kind we use to-day. It is called friction-chemical because it is made by mixing certain chemicals together and rubbing them. Although Walker's match did not require the bottle of acid, nevertheless it was not a good one. It could be lighted only by hard rubbing, and it sputtered and threw fire in all directions. In a few years, however, phosphorus was substituted on the tip for antimony, and the change worked wonders. The match could now be lighted with very little rubbing, and it was no longer necessary to have sandpaper upon which to rub it. It would ignite when rubbed on any dry surface, and there was no longer any sputtering. This was the phosphorus match, the match with which we are so familiar.

Read this sentence from the text:

But the flame, however faithfully watched, would sometimes be extinguished.


How does this line show the problem with early fire?
It shows how dependable nature is.
It shows how people got fire.
It shows how long it took to create matches.
It shows the need for matches.

2. A student is revising a paper and needs to find another word to express a feeling of confusion. What reference manual should the student use to find similar words?

Dictionary
Encyclopedia
Thesaurus
Wikipedia

Answer:

It is creative non-fiction.

Explanation:

A memoir is a narrative piece that depicts the specific moments in a person's life that affected or changed their idiosyncrasies, personal growth, or that caused a richer understanding of any situation.  

Memoirs are non-fiction because they present real events that occurred in a person's life, during a concrete period.

The best word to complete the sentence is though. The correct option is C.

The other words do not make sense in the context of the sentence. Before and never would suggest that the person was not pompous at all, while despite would suggest that his pomposity was a hindrance to his entertainment value. Though, on the other hand, acknowledges the person's pomposity while also suggesting that it did not prevent him from being entertaining.

Before: This word suggests that the person was not pompous at all before he became entertaining. This does not make sense, as the sentence is about how the person was both pompous and entertaining at the same time.

Never: This word also suggests that the person was not pompous at all. This is even less likely than the previous interpretation, as it is hard to imagine someone who is never pompous being entertaining.

The correct option is C.

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The answers provided are based on the story and characters from 'Surviving the Applewhites'. Destiny styles his hair in little points, E.D. is trying to catch a fritillary butterfly, and Jake starts to feel invisible within the unconventional Applewhite family.

The questions provided seem to be based on the book 'Surviving the Applewhites' by Stephanie S. Tolan. Here are the answers provided based on the context of the book:

The questions are about a specific narrative and require knowledge of the text to answer accurately, concerning characters and plot details in literature study.

The questions presented appear to be related to a specific story, most likely from the realm of English or literature study in a middle school curriculum. The questions discuss characters and their actions within the narrative, indicating that they pertain to a particular novel or work of literature. Therefore, without the context of the book's title or more information, it is not possible to provide factually accurate answers to the questions. Under the circumstances that the text or story is known, one would provide answers referencing the specific events or character actions directly from the book. Readers are encouraged to look at the text for character actions such as what Destiny does to his hair or what E.D.'s reaction is in specific scenarios. The questions center on understanding character motivations and plot developments, which are crucial aspects of analyzing literature.

The most appropriate word to suggest a highly negative judgment of the study's conclusions due to its small sampling size is 'skepticism'. This conveys Melissa's strong doubt and critical viewpoint on the study's reliability and evidential support.

When revising the sentence to suggest a highly negative judgment of the study, the appropriate word to fill in the blank is skepticism. This word conveys a strong sense of doubt regarding the reliability or validity of the study's conclusions, especially given the context of only a small sampling of test subjects being used. Using skepticism highlights Melissa's doubt and critical assessment of the study's conclusions, indicating that she might find them unconvincing or lacking sufficient evidence. This choice aligns with an understanding of critical thinking and analytical assessment of scientific findings, where the adequacy of sample size and evidence plays a crucial role in determining the validity of conclusions drawn.

Galatea story show how Higgins thinks about Eliza as a thing, so she could be a statue and would represent the same to him, this behavior can be notice during the play on his rude treatment to her. In the analogy used Eliza’s transformation became complete not she turned into human but when she is able to stands up to Higgins.

Odysseus goes to Hades in 'The Odyssey' to seek guidance from the prophet Tiresias, who provides crucial information to aid in his journey home. He also encounters the spirits of other deceased characters.

In Homer's epic poem, The Odyssey, the hero Odysseus makes a journey to Hades, the land of the dead, in order to consult with the spirit of the blind prophet Tiresias.

Tiresias is the only one who can provide Odysseus with the necessary information to complete his journey home to Ithaca.

During his visit, Odysseus also encounters the spirits of his mother and other dead comrades, who share their own tales and provide supplementary guidance and warnings.

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Answer:

d

Explanation:

The central idea of this excerpt includes option D: Residents were used to fires and did not think that this one was different from any others.

The story "The great fire" written by Jim Murphy in 1995. It is an extraordinary love story set in the immediate aftermath of the great conflagration of the Second World War.

It should be noted that the fact that people shouted fire doesn't mean that the residents will ignore the warning and stay inside or that they'll volunteer to help extinguish the blaze.

As per the given excerpt, the best option is D because it describes the central idea of the story. Rest all options like A, B and C are incorrect because they do noy define the aim of the excerpt.

Therefore, correct option is D.

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Here are the correct options:

Which central idea does this excerpt support?

Many mistakes contributed to the spread of the fire and prevented it from being put out.

The fire spread because the firefighters were not equipped to handle such a massive blaze.

Many residents aided the firefighters by carrying furniture and helping their neighbors escape.

Residents were used to fires and did not think that this one was different from any others.

The grammatical name given to the expression "who have failed in learning to read and write" is a relative clause.

A relative clause is a type of dependent clause that provides additional information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause. In this case, the relative clause "who have failed in learning to read and write" is providing more information about the group of people being referred to. It begins with the relative pronoun "who," which acts as the subject of the clause, and the verb "have failed" further describes the action of the group in relation to their ability to read and write.

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The correct answer is:  

The long-line structure imitates stream-of-conscious thought.

“A Supermarket in California” by Ginsberg evokes Walt Whitman and is written in a scarcely frenzied style by applying free verse. It is a satire on American excess that both praises and denounces the fast-moving vulgarity and the increasing threat of America in the 1950s.  

Answer:

C

The long-line structure imitates stream-of-conscious thought.

Directors have dramatic license to interpret scripts, but must balance their creativity with respect for the playwright's vision, especially when scripts are copyrighted. The director's artistic interpretation can enrich the narrative, potentially creating an auteur piece.

The question pertains to the freedoms and limitations a director has in interpreting a play or film script. Directors do have a certain amount of dramatic license to interpret a story as they see fit. In theater, respect for the playwright's vision is important and the playwright's intention often holds significant weight. However, directors bring their own vision to the production, combining it with the initial script to create a richer artistic experience.

This balance may shift depending on whether the text is under copyright or in the public domain. Modern directors must navigate the continuum between being faithful to the script and bringing their own creative interpretation to the work. While adherence to the script is crucial, the director's interpretive choices and conceptualization add multiple layers to the narrative, potentially resulting in an auteur vision.

Answer:

b. fadeth and ruin'd

Explanation:

The words from Shakespeare's "Sonnet 73" that create a gloomy tone are "fadeth" and "ruin'd". Thus, Option (B) is correct.

In "Sonnet 73," Shakespeare uses vivid imagery to describe the natural process of aging and the eventual decline of youth and beauty. The word "fadeth" suggests the gradual disappearance or withering away of something once vibrant, while "ruin'd" indicates a state of destruction or deterioration.

These words, combined with the overall imagery of fading light and approaching death, create a somber and melancholic atmosphere, highlighting the fleeting nature of life and emphasizing the speaker's contemplation of mortality and the passage of time.

Thus, Option (B) accurately describes the words that Shakespeare used in "Sonnet 73" when creating a gloomy tone.

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The correct answer is B i just took the test

Armaments are military weapons used in warfare. Iron weapons and gunpowder arms like the arquebus played significant roles in historical military superiority.

Armaments are weapons or military equipment used in combat or warfare. Throughout history, the advancement of armaments has often led to decisive advantages in battles and wars. For example, the Assyrians were among the first to mass-produce iron weapons, giving them superiority in military might. Later, the use of gunpowder and firearms, such as the arquebus, further transformed military engagements. Armies equipped with such technologies, such as Matthias I of Hungary's infantry and Ottoman forces during the siege of Constantinople, demonstrated heightened effectiveness and power.

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The correct answer is: Studies, Join

Answer:

B. Jigsaw puzzles.

Explanation:

Reflection upon one´s own identity, one´s consciousness through time and in time, is a philosophical topic that has puzzled thinkers for as long as thought has been present in humanity. In order to elaborate this topic through a fictional character, it would be fitting for a writer to use as a symbol the figure of a jigsaw puzzle since it, just like one´s own identity, seems to be comprised of pieces and fragments that one needs to place in a given order and arrangement —through effort and attention— in order to catch a glimpse of the overall image hidden in the composability of the pieces.  

Answer:

tranquility

Explanation:

correct on odyssey

“Ambush” and “Facing It” include a flashback about an even.

Flashbacks may be defined as interruptions that writers do in order to insert past events, seeking to provide background or context to the current events of a narrative.

Flashbacks are useful to allow the readers to gain insight into a character’s motivations, and provide a background to a current conflict. For example: dream sequences as well as memories are used to present flashbacks in a story.

The topic sentence encapsulates the main idea in a paragraph, guiding its development and enhancing coherence and clarity for readers.

The _______ contains the main idea in a paragraph, serving as its focal point, around which all other sentences revolve. This integral sentence is often referred to as the topic sentence. Its role is akin to that of a thesis statement in an essay, providing a clear and concise statement of the paragraph's central theme or argument.

Crafting an effective topic sentence is crucial for ensuring coherence and clarity within a paragraph. It sets the tone, establishes the direction of the discussion, and offers readers a preview of what to expect. Moreover, it aids in organizing thoughts and guiding the development of supporting details.

In academic writing, particularly in expository or persuasive essays, the topic sentence plays a pivotal role in structuring the overall argument. It encapsulates the paragraph's main point, offering a roadmap for readers to navigate the ensuing content. Thus, a well-crafted topic sentence not only conveys the paragraph's main idea but also enhances the readability and persuasiveness of the writing.

In summary, the topic sentence functions as the linchpin of a paragraph, encapsulating its central theme and guiding the reader through the ensuing discussion. Its clarity, coherence, and relevance are essential for effective communication and comprehension within written discourse.

Here's a paragraph demonstrating the main idea:

"In today's interconnected world, digital literacy has become an essential skill for individuals of all ages. From navigating social media platforms to conducting research online, the ability to effectively use technology is crucial for success in both personal and professional realms. Digital literacy encompasses not only technical proficiency but also critical thinking and ethical considerations.

With the exponential growth of information available online, being able to discern credible sources from misinformation is paramount. Moreover, understanding how to protect personal data and privacy online is increasingly important in an era of pervasive digital surveillance. Therefore, fostering digital literacy should be a priority in education and beyond, equipping individuals with the skills they need to thrive in the digital age."

Explanation of sentence error in a list of sentences about peregrine falcons.

The sentence that contains a mistake is: 2. Peregrine falcons are great fliers, they help keep the pigeon population down in some cities.In this sentence, 'they' is unnecessary and creates a sentence error by separating the subject from the verb.Corrected versions: 1. Peregrine falcons are great fliers, and they help keep the pigeon population down in some cities. 3. Peregrine falcons are great fliers; they help keep the pigeon population down in some cities. 4. Peregrine falcons are great fliers. They help keep the pigeon population down in some cities.

Answer:

The clause in parentheses in Jeff read the book on football strategies (that the coach recommended) is an adjective clause.

Explanation:

An adjective clause is a type of dependent clause. The function of this group of words is to provide more information or describe a noun in the sentence -like any adjective. In this case, the clause that the coach recommended is working as a whole to modify the book on football strategies.