If an atom had 7 electrons in second shell, it would need to ________ electron(s) to become stable.

The term 'Volume' in physics defines the measure of the amount of space that a substance occupies. It is used across various equations and calculations in the study of physical sciences. Its applicability ranges from classroom learnings to real-life situations.

The term that best defines the measure of the amount of space a substance occupies is Volume. Volume is a fundamental concept in physical sciences and is often used in equations and calculations. Whether the substance is a liquid, a gas, or a solid, you can calculate its volume. For instance, the volume of a solid box is calculated by length * width * height, and the volume of a liquid in a cylindrical container would be calculated with π*radius2*height. Knowledge of volume can apply to real-life situations beyond the classroom as well, like working out how much water you can fit in a pool, or how much air is in your bedroom.

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The atoms are both isotopes of calcium (atomic number 20). One isotope has a mass number of 40 (40Ca), which means it has 20 neutrons, while the other isotope has a mass number of 44 (44Ca), which means it has 24 neutrons.

When two different atoms have the same number of protons but different mass numbers, they are known as isotopes of the same element. In this case, since both atoms have 20 protons, they are isotopes of the element with the atomic number 20, which is calcium.

The identity of an atom is defined by its number of protons, which is the atomic number. For calcium, the atomic number is indeed 20. The mass number, which is given as 40 and 44 in the two variants, represents the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. To find the number of neutrons in each isotope:

Therefore, the isotopes of calcium can be represented as 40Ca (20 protons and 20 neutrons) and 44Ca (20 protons and 24 neutrons).

The type of bonding and the number of covalent bonds an atom can form are determined by its valence electrons, which influence the atom's ability to share electrons and achieve a stable outer electron shell.

The type of bonding and the number of covalent bonds an atom can form with other atoms are determined by its valence electrons. These are the electrons that are found in the outermost shell of an atom and are involved in bonding. Atoms form covalent bonds by sharing valence electrons with other atoms to achieve a full outer shell, resembling the electronic configuration of noble gases. The number of covalent bonds that an atom can form is generally equal to the number of additional electrons needed to fill its outer shell.

For example, carbon, which has four valence electrons, can form four covalent bonds because it needs four more electrons to complete its octet. Similarly, nitrogen, with five valence electrons, typically forms three covalent bonds, as it requires three more electrons to have a full octet, and oxygen with six valence electrons most often forms two covalent bonds.

Physical properties can be perceived or observed without changing the structure of matter. These are used to detect and describe matter. Physical properties comprise: appearance, texture, color, odor, boiling point, melting point, density, solubility, and polarity  just to name a few.

In this case, the physical process used is boiling, which causes water to evaporate and the contents in the tea bag to become more soluble and can make the color to change. Also, the physical property of solubility relates to some of the components of the tea.

Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy, making the reaction faster. They bind to reactants, presenting them in a manner that speeds up the bond breaking/formation. Enzymes don’t change the free energy; they only reduce the activation energy.

Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction, thus speeding up the reaction rate. Enzymes accomplish this by binding to the reactant molecules and positioning them in a manner that facilitates the bond-breaking and bond-forming processes more readily. They essentially act as catalysts within a cell.

The enzyme contains an active site that provides a unique chemical environment made up of amino acid R groups. This active site is perfectly suited to convert particular chemical reactants known as substrates into unstable intermediates called transition states. The binding of enzymes and substrates follow an induced-fit model, where the enzyme undergoes slight adjustments upon substrate contact, resulting in full, optimal binding.

Contrary to some misconceptions, enzymes don't alter the free energy of the reactants or the products. They only reduce the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed. After the reaction, the enzyme itself does not undergo any change and can participate in other reactions.

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Answer

79 ml

Explanation

You have 237 237 ml of​ ammonia, whose strength is​ 100%.

If you want to make it 75%, then;

let 75%  ⇒ 237 ml of ammonia and

   25% ⇒  x ml of water.

∴ x = (25% ×237) / 75%

       = 5,925/75

         = 79 ml of water.

Final answer:

Three physical properties of ionic compounds associated with ionic bonds are high melting and boiling points, brittleness, and poor conductivity in the solid state.

Explanation:

Three physical properties of ionic compounds that are associated with ionic bonds are:

High melting and boiling points: Ionic compounds have strong ionic bonds which require a large amount of energy to break. Thus, they have high melting and boiling points.

Brittleness: Ionic compounds are generally hard, but when a force is applied, the layers of ions shift causing ions of the same charge to come near each other. The repulsive forces between like-charged ions cause the crystal to shatter.

Poor conductivity in the solid state: Due to the strong ionic bonds, ions are unable to move freely in the solid state, making them poor conductors of electricity.

Answer:

[tex]m=0.05m[/tex]

Explanation:

Hello,

In this case, molality is defined as:

[tex]m=\frac{n_{solute}}{m_{solvent}}[/tex]

Whereas the mass of the solvent is given in kilograms. In such a way, for 5 moles of solute and 100 kg of water, the molality turns out:

[tex]m=\frac{5mol}{100kg}\\ m=0.05\frac{mol}{kg}[/tex]

Now it is important to notice that the molal units (m) equals mol/kg, thereby:

[tex]m=0.05m[/tex]

Best regards.

Answer:

bottom left corner

Explanation:

These are where their located

The metals in the bottom left corner of the periodic table are the most active in the sense that they are the most reactive. For example, lithium, sodium, and potassium all react with water.

The periodic table is a tabular array of chemical elements organized by atomic number, beginning with hydrogen and progressing to oganesson, which has the highest atomic number.

An element's atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element. There is one proton in hydrogen and 118 in oganesson.

Caesium, the most reactive metal in the periodic table, reacts violently, which is why it cannot be demonstrated in a classroom. When other common metals, such as iron and copper, are dropped into water, they produce no reaction.

Thus, The most reactive metals in the bottom left corner of the periodic table.

To learn more about the periodic table, follow the link;

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The mass of the compound will be equal to the sum of the masses of the individual elements.

According to the law of conservation of mass, the mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction must equal the mass of the products.

When sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) react to form a compound, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the total mass of the compound produced will be equal to the combined masses of the individual elements that reacted.

This principle is fundamental in chemistry and ensures that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.

Therefore, if you start with a certain amount of sodium, hydrogen, and oxygen, the total mass of these elements before the reaction will be exactly the same as the mass of the sodium hydroxide produced after the reaction.

Thus, the mass of the compound will be 'equal to' the sum of the masses of the individual elements.

An ice water slush mixture is used to calibrate thermometers at 0°C because it guarantees the temperature stays constant due to the thermal equilibrium between the melting ice and water, providing a precise reference for calibration.

To calibrate a thermometer at 0°C, it is necessary to use an ice water slush mixture rather than just ice. The reason for this is that the mixture of ice and water will be in thermal equilibrium, ensuring that the temperature remains consistently at 0°C. This equilibrium state occurs because the melting ice absorbs heat without a change in temperature until it completely transitions to liquid water.

The presence of ice ensures that any heat added to the system does not increase the temperature but instead is utilized to change the phase of the ice to water. This phenomenon is why a cup of water with ice cubes remains at 0°C on a hot day and why it is essential for the mixture to have both ice and liquid water to create an accurate calibration point for the thermometer.