In the little albert study, an 11-month-old boy was taught to fear a rat through the use of ______.
a. classical conditioning
b. hypnosis
c. operant conditioning
d. punishment

Answers

Answer 1
A. Classical Conditioning Little Albert was initially exposed to a variety of stimuli and displayed no fear towards them. In the next step of the experiment, when Little Albert was again exposed to a rat, the experimenters hit a pipe to make a loud noise, causing Little Albert to cry. This pairing of the stimuli of loud noise and rat was continued repeatedly. After enough repetitions, Little Albert began to cry just by seeing the rat. The experiment involved the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and responses of classical conditioning. Unconditioned stimulus: loud noise Unconditioned response: fear Conditioned stimulus: rat Conditioned response: fear

Related Questions

In what ways are cyanobacteria like algae and land plants

Answers

they have thylakoid membrane, where photosynthesis occurs.

A nurse is caring for a client with pulmonary tuberculosis. what must the nurse determine before discontinuing airborne precautions?

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The nurse must determine before discontinuing airborne precautions if the sputum is free of acid – fast bacteria. Sputum is a mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up by the patient from his respiratory tract. This is typically a result of infection or other diseases. 

The charge of each titanium ion in the ionic compound TiO2 is ____________________.

Answers

The charge of each titanium ion in the ionic coumpound TiO2 is ti2+

Explain how the mechanism of tubular secretion and explain its importance in the urine formation process

Answers

In the process of tubular secretion, this is where the renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary’s blood chemicals and secretes these to the tubular fluid. The two main purposes are waste removal and the maintenance of acid-base balance. This is the process in the urine formation where urea, uric acid, bile acids, ammonia and creatinine exits to the renal tubule. This clears the pollutants in the blood as well. It is also in this process where tubular secretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate irons functions to regulate the pH of the fluids of the body.

An older adult living in a long-term care facility has been receiving lithium 600 mg twice a day for 3 weeks to ease manic behavior. the client is experiencing nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, thirst, polyuria, slurred speech, and muscle weakness. what is the most appropriate nursing intervention?

Answers

 

If the client is experiencing nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, thirst, polyuria, slurred speech, and muscle weakness, then the most appropriate nursing intervention would be withholding the next dose of lithium and drawing blood to test it for toxicity to avoid worsening the client’s condition.

 

To add, the variety of toxicities wherein some substances may give rise causes of harm to the entire body, hazard to specific organs, major/minor damage, or cause cancer are called health hazards. Anything falling outside of the definition cannot be classified as that type of toxicant. In treating schizophrenia, impulse control disorders, depression, eating disorders and certain mental illnesses in kids, lithium is used for them.

Why are chewing tobacco and snuff often-called spitting tobacco?

Answers

Chewing tobacco and snuff often-called spitting tobacco because after you chew the tobacco you will be forced to spit saliva out.
These tobacco called smokeless tobacco because it consumed by chewing it in your mouth. This will increase saliva production and make spitting to prevent it to build up.
Chewing tobacco and snuff often-called spitting tobacco because after you chew the tobacco you will be forced to spit saliva out

A network of interlacing nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system (PNS):

Answers

A network of interlacing nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is called the nerve plexus. It is a branching network of nerves. It consists of efferent and afferent fibers that are results of the anterior rami of blood vessels and spinal nerves. These nerves are for motor and sensory functions.
Final answer:

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the interlaced network of nerve fibers that enables communication between the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system, or CNS) and the rest of the body. It serves a key role in transmitting sensory inputs and motor responses and comprises the sensory-somatic and the autonomic nervous systems. The PNS is vulnerable to injury and infections, which can result in neuropathy.

Explanation:

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a network of interlacing nerve fibers that serve as the connection between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body. The PNS consists of nerve cord-like bundles of axons that transmit both sensory inputs from the body to the CNS and motor responses from the CNS to the rest of the body. The nerves within the PNS are divided into the sensory-somatic nervous system, which manages the transmission of sensory information, and the autonomic nervous system, overseeing involuntary body functions.

The PNS operates much like the wires that connect a power source to individual houses. It carries the signals generated by the 'power plant' of the CNS, enabling these signals to control the body's functions and allowing the CNS to receive sensory information from the body. The PNS comprises bundles of axons, which, unlike the tracts in the CNS, are bound by multiple layers of connective tissue and supplied with nourishment by blood vessels.

Damage or infection to the nerves of the PNS can lead to neuropathy, resulting in sensations of tingling or numbness. The PNS and CNS are critical subsystems of the human nervous system, working interactively to maintain the communication network of the body.

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Explain how a neurotoxin present in the venom can paralyze one type of prey but not another

Answers

This is because some organismsbhave adapted to become immune to these poisons. 

Most neurotoxins are transferred through the blood stream, and use the blood cells to transfer to the nerves. Pufferfish poison, for example, follows sodium channels in the blood. It can paralyze the lungs because it follows Na- channels, but not the Na+ channels that lead to the heart. This is because humans have indirectly evolved, or evolved for one reason that just so happened to help in another way, to become partially immune.

Another example, bee venom won't kill you if you aren't allergic, however, it can kill some other organisms



Following on from what lgodbout23otm0my said, it could be to do on a microscopic level as well and how the tertiary structure of the protiens in the neurotoxins are not specific and complementary to the enzymes in the host and thus do not break down to cause damage to the host tissues from the products of the hydrolysis

In a hair the outermost single layer of cells that overlap one another like shingles is called the

Answers

it is called the cuticle

The outermost layer of a hair shaft, consisting of cells that overlap one another like shingles, is called the cuticle. This layer provides protection to the inner parts of the hair. Option b is correct.

In the structure of a hair shaft, there are three distinct zones. The cuticle is the outermost layer of the hair, and it consists of a single layer of cells that overlap one another like shingles on a roof. This arrangement helps protect the inner layers of the hair. The middle zone is called the cortex, and it contains keratinized cells that provide strength and color to the hair. The innermost zone is the medulla, which is composed of loosely packed cells and air spaces.Therefore, the outermost single layer of cells that overlap each other like shingles is called the cuticle.

Complete question as follows:

In a hair the outermost single layer of cells that overlap one another like shingles is called the

a. Cortex

b. Cuticle

c. Medulla

d. Papilla

Describe one example of poaching that is prevalent

Answers

The act of illegally killing an animal is poaching. The very prominent subject of the poaching is Rhino. Due to extensive illegal hunting, some species of which are now virtually extinct. However there is poaching of many other animals, like poaching of elephant which is poached for the ivory in their tusks.

Different scientists have different experiences and research goals. How do these differences help science advance

Answers

It is because of scientist's difference in terms of experience and goals, it makes them help science advance as they have different goals in mind where in they tackle and research more things in search of their goals that they make the knowledge and science research to increase and to widen, into helping the science advance and to not become constant and inactive.

In the annunciation of the death of the virgin (13.23), duccio employs an innovative use of __________.

Answers

In the annunciation of the death of the virgin 13.23, duccio employs an innovative use of architecture. During this period the most fervent development in painting occurred in Italy. At the end of the thirteenth century, Italian artist began demonstrating an astonishing genius for strikingly dramatic works. Incorporating the neo greek influences acquired from the fourth crusade with the gothic style and a bold new emotional intensity was exposed. The first major step eliminating painting from the architectural setting of other art forms can be seen in the Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin by the Sienese master, Duccio. Earlier painters always placed architectural features in arrears the figures which makes a new perspective of space and depth. While duccio, in structural space and depth on a two dimensional surface, opening a window onto a distant scene, giotto distilled these concepts of depth and space to startling simplicity drawing the viewer into a picture. 

The fibrous skeleton of the heart functions in all of these ways except in __________.

Answers

The fibrous skeleton of the heart functions in all of these ways: when the positions of the muscle fibers and valves in the heart is stabilized, when for the cardiac muscle fibers and myocardial blood vessels and nerves physical support is provided, the distribution of the muscles contraction forces are controlled. The fibrous layer is the reinforcing layer of the pericardium.

Final answer:

The fibrous skeleton of the heart does not initiate cardiac contractions, a role instead fulfilled by the SA node. Cardiac muscle tissue, composed of cardiomyocytes connected by intercalated discs, synchronizes contractions to effectively pump blood. The fibrous skeleton provides structural support, anchors heart valves, and serves as an electrical insulator.

Explanation:

The fibrous skeleton of the heart serves several functions, including providing structural support for the heart, anchoring the heart valves, thus preventing their overextension, and acting as an electrical insulator that allows for the correct timing of atrial and ventricular contractions. However, one function that it does not serve is the initiation of cardiac contractions. Instead, specialized cardiac muscle cells known as the sinoatrial (SA) node are responsible for generating electrical impulses that initiate the heartbeat.

Cardiac muscle, also referred to as heart muscle, is under involuntary control and does not require stimulation by the nervous system to contract. Unlike skeletal muscle fibers, cardiac muscle cells or cardiomyocytes are shorter, typically have a single nucleus located centrally, and feature many mitochondria and myoglobin for aerobic metabolism. Cardiomyocytes are connected via intercalated discs, enabling synchronized contractions throughout the heart muscle. These characteristics allow the cardiac muscle tissue to efficiently pump blood into the vessels of the circulatory system.

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Choose the category in which this activity should be placed an activity such as walking or biking

Answers

I would say that these two activities should be placed in the category of outside exercise and slightly to mildly to moderately aerobic ( as in climbing a steep hill with a bike or walking up a hill or mountain). They both exercise the leg muscles plus the heart and lungs to some extent depending on the terrain. 

The thyroid is a gland in the body that releases hormones. To what body system does it belong to?

Answers

its part of the endocrine system 

Vaccination triggers an immune response which produces ________ immunity.

Answers

Vaccination triggers an immune response which produces artificial active immunity. This type of immunity can be obtained with a vaccination, which is a substance that contains the antigen. After the vaccination the body is stimulated to respond against the antigen. This way the immunity for the specific antigen is formed. 

The calvin cycle makes direct use of ________ to make ________.

Answers

The Calvin cycle makes direct use of CO2, ATP, and NADPH to make sugar.

Calvin cycle is a part of light-independent reaction from a plant that used to make carbohydrate/sugar. Since this reaction is making more complex molecules it belongs to anabolic reaction and will need energy to be done.

Final answer:

The Calvin cycle makes direct use of ATP and NADPH to make glucose and other carbohydrates. It consists of two phases: carbon fixation and reduction, where ATP and NADPH are utilized to produce GA3P.

Explanation:

The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose, storing energy from photosynthesis. Specifically, the cycle harnesses energy in the form of 6 ATP and 6 NADPH to produce Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GA3P) molecules. These molecules store the energy captured from photosynthesis. During the cycle, GA3P is used to regenerate Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) which continues the cycle enabling the fixation of CO2.

The Calvin cycle consists of two main phases. Initially, CO2 is fixed into an organic molecule. Subsequently, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used to reduce the fixed carbon into GA3P, which can then be used to form sugars like glucose.

The cycle is crucial for building high-energy carbohydrates necessary for plant growth and energy storage, demonstrating how light energy is converted into chemical energy during the process of photosynthesis.

Which two characteristics of living things do viruses exhibit PLZ HELP!!!!!!!!!!!

1.They have genetic material.

2.They increase in size over time.

3.They are made up of a single cell.

4.They eliminate waste.

5.They reproduce.

Answers

The two characteristics that viruses have same as that of living things are mentioned as under:-

1. They have genetic material & 5.They reproduce.

They have genetic material as either DNA or RNA like living beings. The genetic material of viruses is surrounded by capsid which is made up of proteins. Apart from this basic feature they have the ability to reproduce. They infect a host cell and take control of host's cellular machinery to reproduce. They use host's energy in the form ATP and use the host's resources to regenerate their own replicas. They are basically parasitic in nature because they infect a host and use its resources without providing it any benefit.

Rest of the options are incorrect. Viruses do not increase in size. They are acellular i.e. they are not cellular neither they eliminate wastes.

Answer:  The two characters that viruses exhibit like that of living things are :

1. Viruses have genetic material, they carry RNA or DNA as genetic material. The nucleic acid may be double or single stranded. The virus is entirely an infectious particle. which consists of virons and outer shell which is made up of nucleic acid.

2. They reproduce: Viruses during the infection process in the target host cell reproduce and produce many viruses.

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division.

Answers

The Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division.
It is what controls the day-to-day "normal" functions of the body when we are not aroused, alarmed, or in a state of vigor such as exercise. For example, it keeps us breathing at a steady rate between 8-16 breaths per minute, keeps our heartrate between 60-90 beats per minute, keep blood flowing to our digestive organs and kidneys to process nutrients and filter out wastes, respectively. Hence the term "rest and digest."
It's antithetical system is the Sympathetic subdivision of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), which upon alarm or proper stimulus (activity): speeds up heartrate and respiratory rate, slows down digestive and kidneys function, and diverts blood from those organs (intestines and kidneys) to heart, lungs, and skeletal muscle for work and movement, aka "fight or flight."

In an atom, what and what have equal numbers?

Answers

What I was taught was electrons and protons.
Electrons and Protons is the correct answer

When hot, many mammals sweat to control their body temperature. evaporation contributes to temperature moderation, but mammals' ability to control their body temperature is mainly due to __________?

Answers

The absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds, think homeostasis or hypothalamus.

Answer:

Homeostatsis

Explanation:

Mammals are homoeothermic, which means they can adjust their body temperature as per change in temperature of the surroundings. This is called homeostasis.

Homeostasis is a self-regulatory process by which some organisms such as mammals, birds maintains their internal environment constant.

For examples, the body of a human body functions optimum at normal temperature which is  37°C. If the body temperature increases well above 37°C, then by self-regulatory process body bring down temperature to the normal.

Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells.

Answers

The answer is Catecholamine. It is any of a class of aromatic amines that includes a number of neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and dopamine. The adrenergic receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines, especially norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). These three - catecholamine, peptide hormones and eicosanoids acts as extracellular membrane receptors which means that these receptors are embedded in the membranes of cells. They act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules.

If a cell is placed inside a solution that has a higher concentration of solute than on the inside of the cell, what can be said about the movement of water?        A. Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrivel.   B. Water will move into the cell, causing it to swell.   C. Water will move out of the cell, causing it to swell.   D. Water will move in and out of the cell at the same rate.

Answers

WATER WILL MOVE OUT OF THE CELL CAUSING IT TO SHRIVEL. This is because, the more solute a solution contain, the less its probability of crossing a semi permeable membrane into another compartment, this then result in the net flow of water from the region of lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration. Thus, water will flow out of the cell which has lower solute concentration into the surrounding solution which has higher concentration. The outflow of water will make the cell to shrivel.

im thinking B but also A...trick question yea?

Answers

The best answer is B. For example, someone could ask for the probability of a tornado tomorrow. It's not very likely but it is still a valid probability.
I think it is B because it's describing if it did, what is most likely going to happen.

Suppose you have monohybrid flowers in your garden and find that they produce black seeds to brown seeds in the ratio of 3:1. If the allele are designated (B & b) receptively, what are the probable genotypes of the black seeds produced by your plants?

Answers

make the brown seeds blue

Answer:BB ONLY

Explanation:

Sandstone and basalt can be changed by heat and pressure to form _____.

a. limestone

b. granite

c. sedimentary rocks

d. metamorphic rocks

Answers

My answer would be B!

Answer:

Granite

Explanation:

The highly specialized blood cell whose function is oxygen transportation is

Answers

A red blood cell's function is to  transport oxygen.

This reaction releases ____________ from the acrosome of the sperm cell, which then digest a path through the granulosa cells and the ____________ .

Answers

This reaction releases enzyme from the acrosome of the sperm cell, which then digest a path through the granulosa cells and the zona pellucida.

This question is probably about fertilization when sperm is going acrosomal reaction. In this phase, the sperm will try to come inside ovum by using an enzyme to make the path.

The lobes of the human brain, which play an important role in decision-making and planning for the future, are called the ____________.

Answers

The answer is frontal lobe. The frontal lobe is part of the cerebral cortex and is the largest of the structure of the brain. They are the main site of so called higher cognitive functions and contain a number of important substructures which includes the prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, motor and premotor cortices and broca's area. These substructures are included in responsiveness and thought, voluntary actions, decision-making, and linguistic. The related purposes are executive procedures which is voluntary actions such as decision making, planning, problem-solving, and thinking, voluntary motor control, cognition, intelligence, attention, language dispensation and understanding, and many others.

A nurse is caring for a client with constipation. the incidence of constipation tends to be high among clients that follow which diet?

Answers

The incidence of constipation is high among patients who follow diet which lack fruits and vegetables. 
Constipation is a medical condition in which the patient find it hard to empty the bowel as a result of hardened feces.
The condition can be alleviated by drinking much water and by eating fruits and vegetables.
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