In the space provided, make an argument for or against the policy of judicial review. Should the Supreme Court have the ability to deem laws and executive actions unconstitutional? Why or why not?

Mostly Third Estate members make a proclamation promising to stay together until they have created a constitution for France (June 20, 1789), The Oath represented the first official declaration of French citizens' opposition to Louis XVI.

Beginning in 1789 and coming to an end in the late 1790s with Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power, the French Revolution marked a turning point in world history. French population underwent a major political landscape change during this time, toppling centuries-old institutions like the monarchy and the feudal system.

Disgust with the French aristocracy and King Louis XVI's economic policies, were the main causes of the upheaval. Even if it turned into a slaughter during the Reign of Terror, the French Revolution contributed to the development of modern democracies by demonstrating the strength of the popular will.

In the months that followed, the Oath also served as inspiration for a wide range of revolutionary actions, from rioting in rural France to renewed calls for a written constitution.

Therefore Tennis court oath was a critical moment on road to rebellion.

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The u.s did not want  Europe to interfere with our land

Answer:

0.7 (85 + h) = 74.90

Explanation:

Final answer:

Lay investiture allowed secular rulers to appoint church officials, leading to strife with Rome's authority. The investiture controversy and reform efforts in the church sought to curb such practices, reinforcing clerical independence and ecclesiastical celibacy.

Explanation:

Lay investiture was a practice that caused significant conflict between secular rulers and the authority of the Rome church. Kings and princes, desiring to control the church within their territories, often appointed bishops through lay investiture, challenging papal authority. This practice sparked major controversies, such as the investiture controversy of the 11th century, where Pope Gregory VII aimed to stop secular rulers from appointing church officials, leading to conflicts like the excommunication of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.

In response to the corruption and power struggles within the church, centered around practices like simony and nepotism, numerous church reforms were attempted, culminating in significant changes in the church's structure and its relationship with secular authorities. This eventually led to the church asserting its independence from secular rulers by requiring that bishops be elected by the clergy rather than appointed by nobles, and reinforcing the rules of celibacy among priests.

Final answer:

Peter Stuyvesant was the last Director-General of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, known for his efforts to protect New Amsterdam, which became New York City, before it was taken by the English.

Explanation:

Peter Stuyvesant was the last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded to the English in 1664. He is best known for his efforts to strengthen the defensive fortifications of New Amsterdam, modern-day New York City, and for attempting to resist British forces. Despite his efforts, New Amsterdam was surrendered to the English. Stuyvesant later retired to his farm in the colony, which eventually became part of city he once governed. His legacy includes various New York City landmarks, including the neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant, which bears his name.

Federal judges are nominated by the President and must be confirmed by a majority vote in the U.S. Senate. They serve lifetime terms as mandated by Article III of the Constitution, which fosters judicial independence by protecting judges from political influence.

How Are Federal Judges Selected?

Federal judges play a crucial role in the U.S. judicial system, and their selection process is designed to promote an independent judiciary. The process begins with the President of the United States, who nominates candidates for federal judgeships. These nominations are typically influenced by the President's own ideological, policy, and partisan preferences, and presidents often seek candidates that align with their political and judicial philosophy. Once nominated, the candidate must be confirmed by the U.S. Senate through a majority vote, which falls under the Senate's 'advice and consent' role as prescribed by the Constitution. This system of checks and balances ensures that the candidate is suitable for the lifelong position.

To further secure judicial independence, Article III of the U.S. Constitution states that federal judges 'shall hold their offices during good Behavior,' allowing them to serve for life unless they are impeached or choose to resign or retire. This lifetime tenure protects judges from undue political pressure and promotes impartiality in the judicial process. Historically, administrations, such as President George W. Bush's, have employed screening committees to ensure nominees meet specific criteria regarding their ideological stance and party affiliation.

Answer:

Frederick Douglass grew up as a slave in Maryland.

Explanation:

Frederick Douglass was an American slave, social activist, editor, speaker, writer, statesman. After escaping from captivity, he became the leader of the abolitionist movement.

He was born as a slave. His name was then Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. At the age of eight, he was resold to Baltimore, where his new master's wife helped him learn how to read and write. Then he worked in the local shipyard tarring the hulls of wooden ships.

Final answer:

The Missouri Compromise, orchestrated by Henry Clay, admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state while establishing the 36° 30' line to limit the expansion of slavery. It aimed to promote national unity by balancing interests between North and South and reaffirmed the Constitution's protection of slavery, temporarily easing tensions that could have led to disunion.

Explanation:

The Missouri Compromise was a significant event in American history enacted in 1820 to maintain the delicate balance between slave and free states. This political agreement, spearheaded by Henry Clay, facilitated the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, thus preserving the equilibrium in the Senate. Moreover, the compromise established the 36° 30' line as the boundary above which slavery was prohibited in the remaining territories of the Louisiana Purchase, except for Missouri. This provision not only tempered the stark division over slavery but also evoked a sense of national unity by avoiding potential disunion over the contentious issue.

At the core of the compromise was the intent to strengthen the nation by avoiding the specter of civil war. It momentarily assuaged the fears of disunion and promoted a sense of national unity by ensuring that both the Northern and Southern interests were considered. The compromise highlighted the national leaders' commitment to keeping the Union together despite deep-seated regional and ideological differences. It was a testament to the idea that, even in times of great division, American leaders were capable of finding common ground for the sake of the nation's stability and cohesion.

The debates during the Missouri Compromise revealed the deepening regional divisions but also reignited discussions on fundamental principles such as "All Men Are Created Equal". Despite not resolving the issue of slavery expansion completely, the compromise reinforced the principle that the Constitution protected slavery where it already existed, which paradoxically promoted national unity by confirming the status quo.

The two materials used to create cuneiform tablets were wet clay and a reed stylus. The stylus was pressed into the clay to inscribe the cuneiform script. These durable tablets preserve a wealth of knowledge about ancient Mesopotamian societies.

The two materials used for creating cuneiform tablets, a form of early writing developed by the Sumerians, were wet clay and a stylus made from reed. The process involved pressing the reed stylus into the soft, wet clay to create a meaningful pattern of specific wedge-like marks or symbols, known as cuneiform script. Once complete, the clay could be left to dry and, in some instances, baked to make it more durable, preserving the inscriptions for thousands of years.

These tablets held much significance, serving as records of laws, religious writings, and property transactions. Their discovery and subsequent deciphering have provided a wealth of knowledge about the ancient societies who used them, including the Sumerians and other peoples of Mesopotamia.

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Nomadic people from central Asia overrun Gupta India before the decline of the Maurya empire.

Nomadic people are a member of a community without fixed habitation who regularly moves to and from the same areas. Such groups include hunter-gatherers and pastoral nomads. In the twentieth century, the population of nomadic pastoral tribes slowly decreased, reaching an estimated 30 to 40 million nomads in the world as of 1995.

Nomadic hunting and gathering following seasonally available wild plants and the game is by far the oldest human subsistence method. Pastoralists raise herds of domesticated livestock, driving or accompanying them in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover. Nomadism is also a lifestyle adapted to infertile regions such as steppe, tundra, or ice and sand, where mobility is the most efficient strategy for exploiting scarce resources.

For example, many groups living in the tundra are reindeer herders and are semi-nomadic, following forage for their animals.

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The Native American population sharply declined after the arrival of European settlers due to the introduction of diseases and forced displacement from their lands.

The main reason for the sharp decline in the Native American population after the arrival of European settlers was the introduction of diseases that were previously unknown to the Native Americans. Diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza were devastating to the indigenous populations because they had no immunity to them. The Europeans also forcibly displaced Native Americans from their lands, leading to a further decline in population.

One example of the impact of disease can be seen in the case of the Aztecs of Mexico. When the Spanish conquistadors arrived, they brought with them diseases that the Native Americans had never been exposed to. This resulted in a widespread outbreak of diseases, and it is estimated that up to 90% of the Aztec population died as a result.

In addition to disease, the Europeans also engaged in warfare and violence against the Native Americans, further contributing to the decline in population. This included conflicts over land and resources, as well as organized campaigns to remove Native Americans from their ancestral homelands.

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The Battle of Lexington and Concord are seen as the start of the American Revolution.

These battles mark the first open hostilities with the British Army and signaled the beginning of the War and were seen as the opening of a divide between the British and its colony.