Answer:
Penguins in general are distributed close to each other to be able to withstand the extreme cold, characteristic of the ecosystems they inhabit. They also group together to incubate their eggs.
They perform a series of coordinated movements that help them fight low temperatures, being careful to drop the egg.
Penguins are most likely to use a clumped distribution. This allows them to balance the need for warmth from proximity to others while minimizing the risk of nest disturbances. This pattern is common amongst many species in the animal kingdom.
Explanation:The behavior described in the question for penguins refers to clumped distribution. This pattern occurs when individuals in a population find it advantageous to stay close to one another, often for reasons of protection, access to resources, or reproduction. However, as described, being too close can also have its drawbacks, such as the risk of having a nest stepped on by a neighbor. This balance between proximity for warmth and space for safety is indeed what defines a clumped distribution.
In the animal kingdom, many species use clumped distribution as a defense mechanism against predators. For penguins in particular, communal nesting not only provides safety in numbers but also helps conserve heat in the harsh, cold climate where they live.
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A single Na+/K+ ATPase pump is present in the plasma membrane of an artificial cell with an initial cellular environment of 500 molecules of Na+ and 1000 molecules of ATP inside the cell, 500 molecules of K+ outside the cell, and a net charge differential across the plasma membrane of 0. Assuming the only changes in the cellular environment are a result of the pump's actions, what would be the number of Na+, K+ and ATP molecules inside the cell after 10 cycles of the pump and what would be the net charge differential (inside - outside) across the plasma membrane?
a. 300 Na+; 200 K+; 100 ATP and -100 charge differential (inside - outside)
b. 470 Na+; 20 K+; 990 ATP and -20 charge differential (inside - outside)
c. 30 Na+; 20 K+; 900 ATP and -10 charge differential (inside - outside)
d. 470 Na+; 480 K+; 10 ATP and +100 charge differential (inside - outside)
e. 30 Na+; 480 K+; 10 ATP and +20 charge differential (inside - outside)
Answer:
the correct option is A
Explanation:
the correct option is A, because a sodium-potassium pump in a cell requires ONE molecule of ATP for each cycle and exchanges 3 units of sodium for two of potassium, that is why also as the Potassium inside the cell and sodium is excreted in the extracellular medium, the interior value of the cell begins to become negative.
Sodium potassium pumps are fundamental pumps for cellular osmotic balance and are ATP dependent, this means that they need energy to operate.
The number of Na⁺ and K⁺ and the net charge differential (inside-outside) across the plasma membrane - (b) 470 Na+; 20 K+; 990 ATP and -20 charge differential (inside-outside)
Given:
Inside the cell
500 molecules - Na⁺
1000 molecules - ATP.
Outside the cell,
500 molecules - K⁺.
Solution:
we know that,
The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump expels 3 molecules of Na+ and enters 2 molecules of K+ with every pump and it costs 1 ATP
Let assume there's only one Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and there are no other changes in the cellular environment, and the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pumps 10 times,
Then,
So, after 10 cycles of pumping,
30 - Na⁺ move out and
20 - K⁺. get in the cell
the cost of - 10 ATP molecules.
Therefore, the net balance of the pumping action:
Inside the cell:(500-30) sodium ions, (1000-10) ATP and 20 potassium ions
= 470 sodium ions, 990 ATP, 20 potassium. Total charge = 490
Outside the cell:(500-20) potassium ions, 30 sodium ions
= 480 potassium ions, 30 sodium ions. Total charge = 510
So, charge difference (inside-outside)
= 490-510
= -20
Thus, The number of Na⁺ and K⁺ and the net charge differential (inside-outside) across the plasma membrane - (b) 470 Na+; 20 K+; 990 ATP and -20 charge differential (inside-outside)
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Which are true of stroke volume? Choose all correct. (20) a. It is the volume ejected per beat. b. An average resting value for stroke volume is 5 L/min. c. Cardiac output is inversely related to stroke volume. d. Mathematically, stroke volume equals EDV-ESV.
Answer:
a. It is the volume ejected per beat
d. Mathematically, stroke volume equals EDV-ESV.
Explanation:
Stroke volume refers to the volume of blood which is expelled out by the left ventricle of the heart to the body.
The stroke volume can be measured with the echocardiogram which measures the EVD or End-diastolic volume which represents the volume before the contraction of the ventricle and the ESV or End-systolic volume which represents the residual volume after the contraction.
The Stroke volume is calculated by the difference between the EDV and ESV. The stroke volume for a normal person is measured is 70 mL per sec.
Thus, the selected option is correct.
A rooster with white feathers is mated with a gray hen of the same phenotype. Among their offspring, 28 chicks are gray 31 are white. What is the simplest explanation for the inheritance of these colors in chickens?
Answer:
The chickens that were born from this cross show incomplete dominance.
Explanation:
The colors of chicken feathers are determined by two genes. A dominant "A" gene that determines black color and a recessive "a" gene that determines white color. In addition, chickens may present the gray color that occurs when the alleles establish an incomplete dominance, which is the type of inheritance that happens when a heterozygous individual (presents the Aa alleles) has an intermediate characteristic in relation to the characteristics determined by the two alleles .
Based on this, we can say that at the crossing shown above, there was an inheritance determined by incomplete dominance.
The inheritance of feather colors in chickens, given the mix of gray and white offspring, suggests a pattern of codominance, where the genes for white and gray feathers are neither dominant nor recessive and are expressed together in the offspring.
When a rooster with white feathers is mated with a gray hen and they produce both gray and white offspring, it appears that neither the white nor gray color is completely dominant over the other. Instead, each phenotype is expressed in the offspring, suggesting a codominant pattern where the alleles for feather color are neither dominant nor recessive and are expressed simultaneously in a unique phenotype, as is common in certain chicken breeds.Comparatively, in some other contexts, the colors may blend and display an intermediate phenotype, which is characteristic of incomplete dominance. For example, if black and white mice breed and result in all gray offspring, it would demonstrate incomplete dominance, where the black and white alleles blend to produce gray. An example in plants would be the snapdragon, where red and white parents result in pink offspring. However, in the case provided, since there are distinct gray and white offspring, codominance seems more likely.
collagen is a protein found in connective tissue in animals and lysozyme is a protein that breaks down bacterial cell walls. After looking at figures in your text, what type of protein structure is only found in ONE of these proteins?
Explanation:
Protein structure is the three dimensional game plan of particles in an amino corrosive chain atom. Proteins are polymers explicitly polypeptides framed from groupings of amino acids, the monomers of the polymer.By show, a chain under 30 amino acids is regularly distinguished as a peptide, rather than of a protein. All proteins have primary, auxiliary and tertiary structures yet quaternary structures possibly emerge when a protein is comprised of at least two polypeptide chains. The collapsing of proteins is additionally determined and fortified by the arrangement of numerous bonds between various pieces of the chain.Connective tissues for the most part have barely any cells and extensive extracellular filaments including collagen and elastin. Collagen is the absolute most abundant protein in the creature body and establishes roughly 25–35% of the entire body content.Please help !!! Explain how a change in an abiotic factor, such as sunlight, would affect biodiversity.
Answer:Loss of plant growth
Explanation:
Answer:
A change in an abiotic factor could affect the biodiversity of an eco system negatively.
Explanation:
For instance, if sunlight were dramatically decreased in a rainforest, the trees would die because they ned sunlight to produce food. this means that the monkeys, birds and other organisms wouldn't have a home and would have to leave the rainforest.
To aid inhalation, both the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are used. By expanding the thoracic cavity, the action of these muscles creates a space with _____ atmospheric pressure.
Answer: lower atmospheric pressure
Explanation:
During the inspiration process the diaphragm, and external intercostal muscles. The contraction of the diaphragm causes the increase in the size of the thoracic cavity this causes the contraction of the external intercostal muscles. As a result of this the ribs and the sternum get elevated.
This causes the lungs to expand, and increasing the volume of the air passage. In this response the air pressure inside the lungs reduces below the air outside the body. Thus this facilitates the movement of the gases from a region of high pressure to low pressure, this way the air rushes into the lungs.
Proto‑oncogenes are genes that have the potential to become oncogenes through either mutation or an increase in expression. Classify the statements as describing proto‑oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.
Answer:
Proto-oncogenes
These genes code for protein that normally promote cell divisionMutations that increase activity of these genes may lead to cancerTumor suppressor genes
These genes code for protein that normally prevent uncontrolled cell divisionSome products of these genes normally function in repairing damaged DNAMutation that decrease activity of these genes may lead to cancer.Explanation:
Proto-oncogenes are group of genes that ordinarily help cells develop. At the point when a proto-oncogene mutates or there are such a large number of duplicates of it, it turns into a "terrible" quality that can turn out to be forever turned on or activated when it shouldn't be. At the point when this occurs, the cell becomes wild, which can prompt malignant growth. This terrible quality is called an oncogene.
Tumor suppressor genes are normal gene that hinder cell division, fix DNA missteps, or tell cell when to undergo apoptosis (die). At the point when tumor suppressor gene don't work appropriately or inactivated, cells can develop uncontrollable growth, that ultimately lead to cancer.