The cultural part of the transmission happens when the child learns the song from the father.
The gene part of co-evolutionary relationship happens when the females mate only with the males who sing the song produced by males of their own species.
Explanation:
The gene is known to a heredity unit that is transferred from a parent to the child and the gene plays a major role in determining the characteristic of the child.
The gene-culture transmission of birdsong illustrates that the songbirds usually learn the songs from other birds of their gene.
Bicarbonate ions which migrate from red blood cells into the surrounding fluid are replaced by _____ ions.
Answer: chloride ions
Explanation:
This movements of chloride ions into the blood plasma to replace the outward diffused bicarbonate ions is called chloride shift, It occurs to restore the blood ionic balance altered by the bicarbonate ions diffusion out into plasma
The same amounts of Chloride ions replaced the lost amount of bicarbonate ions
If you were performing an actual DNA gel electrophoresis, what process would you have performed beforehand to amplify the DNA isolated from samples?
Answer:
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Explanation:
PCR is a technique used to create many copies (amplify) of small segments of DNA. In order to achieve first, the DNA must be denaturalized with heat forming two strands that will serve as templates for the Taq polymerase, an enzyme that will duplicate de original DNA. This cycle is repeated 30 to 40 times to get as many copies as possible.
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Ruben has a new puppy named Paddington and wants to feed him the best possible food. Hedecides on an experiment where he will feed Paddington the very best canned food plus a dietarysupplement of vitamins recommended by a veterinarian. Which of the following best describesRuben's project?A) This is an example of an excellent, controlled experiment as it is written.B) Ruben needs to take careful measurements of Paddington's weight and height at least once aweek for it to be a good experiment.C) This is not an experiment-there are no controls or replicates.D) Ruben needs to control for the amount of exercise, sunshine, water, and care that Paddingtongets each week, so that they are equal from week to week.E) Ruben needs to use his mother's 6-year-old chocolate Sharpei named Scout to feed astandard diet so he can compare Paddington to a control dog.
Answer: C). This is not an experiment-there are no controls or replicates.
Explanation:
For an ideal experiment there must be the use of variables, and controls samples. A variable can be independent which means the effect of this variable will be seen over the other variable like test variable. A control sample is the one which is used as a standard benchmark for comparison with the variables being tested upon.
The experimental procedure must be repeated a number of times so as to obtain a concordant data which can be used for concluding results.
The given situation is not an example of experiment. Here, the two variables canned food and dietary supplement of vitamins have been used but no control variable is used to check the effect of food on the puppy also the feeding frequency is not mentioned.
After a thoracentesis for pleural effusion, a client returns to the outpatient clinic for a follow-up visit. The nurse suspects a recurrence of pleural effusion when the client makes which statement?
After a thoracentesis for pleural effusion, a client returns to the outpatient clinic for a follow-up visit. The nurse suspects a recurrence of pleural effusion when the client makes which statement?
"Lately I can only breathe well if I sit up." "During the night I sometimes get the chills." "I get a sharp, stabbing pain when I take a deep breath." "I'm coughing up larger amounts of thicker mucus for the last several days."Answer:
"I'm coughing up larger amounts of thicker mucus for the last serveral days."
Final answer:
A client's statement indicating they can only breathe well if sitting up is suggestive of a potential recurrence of pleural effusion after a thoracentesis.
Explanation:
When a client returns for a follow-up visit after a thoracentesis, the statement by the client that indicates a potential recurrence of pleural effusion is "Lately I can only breathe well if I sit up." This symptom is suggestive of dyspnea when in the supine position, which can be caused by the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space interfering with lung expansion.
Symptoms of pleural effusion may include difficulty breathing when lying down, a sensation of pressure or tightness in the chest, and diminished breath sounds upon auscultation. Other significant factors that a nurse should assess include the patient's self-reported dyspnea intensity score and re-evaluate whether previous interventions have been effective.
How are water scarcity and water pollution related?
A) Water pollution is a solution to water scarcity.
B) Water pollution contributes to water scarcity.
C) Water scarcity contributes to water pollution.
D) Water scarcity is a solution to water pollution.
These are physical features shared by organisms with common ancestry; they may have the same structure. What are these strucrures?
Answer:
The correct answer will be- homologous structures
Explanation:
The history of how life has survived on the earth can be studied through a field of biology called evolutionary biology.
Studying the anatomical features of the organisms and the collected specimens (fossils) shows that some organisms posses similar anatomical structures which could be performing different functions.
The structures in organisms which are similar in their structure are thought to have derived from a common ancestor and are known as "homologous structures. "
Thus, homologous structures are the correct answer.
What type of grasses dominate in an area where grazing is heavy or overgrazing occurs?
Answer:
short-grass, unpalatable ruderal and shrubs species.
Explanation:
Overgrazing can be defined as the intensive grazing of farm animals in a restricted area of land, usually over a long period of time. During this period, there is no recovery rate for emergence of newer species. Effects of Overgrazing reduces the usefulness, productivity, and biodiversity of the land and is one cause of desertification and erosion.
In an area where grazing is heavy or overgrazing occurs, short-grass species usually less than 2-3 inches tall exists in the overgrazed areas. In other parts of the world, overgrazed pasture is typically taller than sustainably grazed pasture, with grass heights typically over 1 meter and dominated by unpalatable ruderal and shrubs species.
In the Olestra experiment conducted by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, the people who ate the Olestra potato chips were the ____.
Answer:
Experimental group
Explanation:
An experimental group or the treatment group is the group or test subjects that receives a treatment in an experiment. The results is contrasted against a control group which do not receive the treatment in an experiment.
In this case, the people who ate the Olestra potato chips were the are the test subjects in the experimental group used to find answers to some varaibles in the experiment.
Viruses mutate and can become more pathogenic to humans. Some viruses may originate in other animals, such as birds, bats or pigs and then become infectious to humans. An influenza pandemic is a global outbreak of disease that occurs when a new influenza A virus appears or "emerges" in the human population, causes serious illness, and then spreads easily from person to person worldwide. Such a pandemic_____________.
Answer:
Viruses may be defined as the organisms that shows the border line between the living and non living organisms. Viruses can only replicate when they enter in the body of a particular host.
Viruses are pathogenic for humans and can cause deadly diseases like AIDS. The pandemic condition of virus mainly depends on the the matter of time. The appearance of the disease condition before the occurrence of the another disease.
In Drosophila, absence of Bicoid protein results in larvae missing anterior segments and absence of Nanos protein results in larvae missing posterior segments. Suppose you inject Bicoid protein into the posterior region of early embryos lacking Nanos protein. The expected result would be:
Answer:
Larva with two anterior region
Explanation:
The maternal effect genes are involved in the development of anterior-posterior axis in Drosophila. There are 50 maternal effect genes but only four genes of these are involved in maintaining gradient along the axis. These are Hunchback, Bicoid, Caudal and Nanos.
The Hunchback and Bicoid regulates the development of anterior axis in Drosophila. The Caudal and Nanos regulates the Posterior axis development in Drosophila.
The products of hunchback and bicoid mRNA are required for development of head and thorax. The proteins coded by nanos and caudal are required for abdominal segments. The embryo that lacks nanos do not develop posterior axis. The early embryo injected with Bicoid protein into the posterior region will develop two anterior region.
An age pyramid with a broad base that quickly slopes up to a narrow top would be indicative of ________.
A. a developing nation
B. an industrialized nation
C. a population with a low death rate in the pre-childbearing years of life
D. a population with a high average age
Answer:
A. a developing nation
Explanation:
Age pyramids are the age structure diagrams that represent the number and proportion of people at each age in a population. The base of the age pyramids represents the population in pre-reproductive age which is from 0 to 10 years. The overall shape of an age pyramid indicates if the population is increasing, stationary, or shrinking.
The age structure diagram for a developing nation has a broad base that tapers quickly towards the top. This means that a larger percentage of the population is in the pre-reproductive age group and reproductive age group with a smaller percentage of the population in the post-reproductive age. These countries have a great chance of future population growth.
Who, due to a disappointing experience while traveling with family, developed Holiday Inns?
Answer:
Kemmon Wilson
Explanation:
he created Holiday Inns in 1952, after becoming outraged due to other hotels charging extra for the five children in his family.
When people first meet 14-year-old Micah, they find him to be an attractive, charming young man. But Micah's adoptive parents, his teachers, and his schoolmates know otherwise. Micah is a chronic liar, manipulator, and bully. In the past four years he has been caught several times vandalizing other people's property in his neighborhood and at his school. He has been arrested twice for shoplifting and was also caught trying to cash a forged check. Based on this information it is probably safe to say that Micah would be diagnosed as having:
Answer:
The correct answer is conduct disorder.
Explanation:
An extreme behavioral and emotional disorder, which can take place in teens and children is known as a conduct disorder. An individual with this disorder demonstrates a pattern of violent and disruptive behavior and exhibit issues in following rules.
A behavior is considered to be a conduct disorder when it is existing for a prolonged time and when it violates the rights of others, goes against the accepted norms of behavior and hampers the life of the family.
Some of the common symptoms of the disorder are aggressive behavior, destructive behavior, violation of rules, and deceitful behavior.
In genetics, the separation of alleles on homologous chromosomes during meiosis so
that the haploid daughter cells have one allele or the other, but never both, is also referred to as
A) Mendel's first law.
B) Segregation.
C) Random genetic drift.
D) Both the first and second answer choices are correct.
E) All of the above answer choices are correct.
Answer:
D) Both the first and second answer choices are correct.
Explanation:
Mendel's first law is also usually referred to as law of segregation, it posits that allele pairs (alleles on homologous chromosomes during meiosis) separate or segregate during gamete formation and randomly unite at fertilization so that the haploid daughter cells have one allele or the other, but never both.
Match the following. 1 . codominance Both members of an allelic pair contribute to phenotype producing a mixture of phenotypic traits 2 . Rh factor A hereditary condition for bleeding due to the inability to clot properly 3 . hemophilia A gene located on the Y chromosome in XY species 4 . holandric gene An inherited protein found on the surface of the red blood cell membrane
Answer:
1. codominance Both members of an allelic pair contribute to phenotype producing a mixture of phenotypic traits
2 . Rh factor: An inherited protein found on the surface of the red blood cell membrane
3 . hemophilia: A hereditary condition for bleeding due to the inability to clot properly
4 . holandric gene: A gene located on the Y chromosome in XY species
Explanation:
Codominance occur when a pure breeding White flower crosses with a pure breeding Red flower and gives PINK offspring
Rhesus Factor is an antigen that appears on the surface of red blood cells. it is an important factor to consider during blood transfusion.
Hemophilia is a sex-linked condition where the sufferer is unable to have a blood clot.
Holandric gene can ONLY be passed from males (carriers of XY chromosomes) to their sons
1. Both members of an allelic pair contribute to phenotype producing a mixture of phenotypic traits
2.A hereditary condition for bleeding due to the inability to clot properly
3.A gene located on the Y chromosome in XY species
4.An inherited protein found on the surface of the red blood cell membrane
1. = codominance
2.=hemophilia
3.=holandric gene
4.=Rh factor
Any violation of the conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can result in:_________.
Answer:
It will result in evolution.
Explanation:
Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium is also known as the the Hardy Weinberg principle which states or explains that the genotype frequencies or genetic variations in a population remain constant from generation to generation peradventure there is absence of factors that can disturb or absence of evolutionary influences.
Match the following for the following questions: Part Aa. Secretes b. Regulatory c. Hormones d. Supports Body and Anchors e. Muscle f. Transports g. Substances throughout the body including the heart. h. Exchanges Oxygen and CO₂ between body and air. Part B1. Allows the body to move. 2. Defends against diseases. 3. Includes thymus and spleen. 4. Rids body of liquid waste. 5. Includes Kidney and Urethra. 6. Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. 7. Include the liver, stomach, and anus Processes sensory information and controls responses. 8. Includes the brain & spinal cord.
Answer: (The question is incomplete) The human body is made up of different organs. An organ is a group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function. The different organs in the body can work together to perform a similar function. These groups of organs performing a common function constitutes an organ system. For example, the circulatory system which is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body, consists of the heart and blood vessels known as veins, arteries and capillaries.
Explanation:
The hypothalamus which is part of the endocrine system organ synthesizes and secretes regulatory hormones.
The skeleton which is part of the Skeletal system supports Body and Anchors Muscle.
The blood which is part of the Circulatory (cardiovascular) system transports substances throughout the body including the heart.
The respiratory system exchanges Oxygen and CO₂ between body and air.
The Muscular system is an organ system consisting of muscles which permits movement of the body.
The immune system of the body defends the body against diseases.
The lymphatic system functions to keep body fluid levels in balance and to defend the body against infections. It includes thymus and spleen.
The excretory system rids body of liquid waste. It includes the skin, the kidney and urethra, the bladder, and two ureters.
The digestive system which includes the stomach, the liver, anus, large and small intestine,e.t.c, breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
The nervous system processes sensory information and controls responses. It includes the brain & spinal cord which form a part of the nervous system called the central nervous system (CNS)
Choose "all that are true regarding the resting membrane potential" a. It has a negative value. b. It is measured in millivolts. c. It is measured in millivolts. d. It can range from −40 to −90 millivolts. e. It can range from −40 to −90 millivolts. f. It reflects a more negative voltage in the interstitial fluid compared to the cytosol.
Answer:
a. It has a negative value.
b. It is measured in millivolts.
c. It is measured in millivolts.
Explanation:
Resting membrane potential is typically ~ -70 millivolts so options a, b and c are correct, rest are false statements.
The resting membrane potential is -70 millivolts because more K+ is inside the neuron while more Na+ is outside the neuron and it reflects more negative voltage in the cytosol as compared to the interstitial fluid.
As soon as stimulus arrives, it causes more Na+ to move inside the neuron making the membrane potential as +20 millivolts and the neuron is said to be in 'depolarized state'. Soon after that K+ starts to move outside of the neuron and since K+ has positive charge and it is moving out of the cell so the membrane becomes more and more negative inside and at this time neuron is said to be in 'hyperpolarised state'.
Robert was helping his son work on the son's car when he temporarily lost the ability to speak in a normal manner and had difficulty handing his son the requested tools. This episode lasted for several minutes and then he was himself again. Robert's son insisted that his dad see his doctor after this episode. What might be the doctor's diagnosis of Robert's episode and what could be the cause?
Answer:
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) may be defined as a medical condition in which individual suffers from numbness, difficulty in speaking and dizziness. The body loss is completely lost for few minutes.
In the given question, Robert might suffers from TIA. In TIA the brain cells of the body feels the anoxia or the cells are completely deprived of the oxygen. This TIA remain last only for few seconds to minutes and might cause the other serious problem.
Hemophiliacs have blood that does not coagulate well, and they often die at a young age. The disease allele is recessive and X-linked. Which genetic possibilities can be predicted for the offspring of a hemophiliac male and a nonhemophiliac female who is a carrier for the disease?
The question is incomplete. The complete question is:
Question:
Hemophiliacs have blood that does not coagulate well, and they often die at a young age. The disease allele is recessive and X-linked. Which genetic possibilities can be predicted for the offspring of a hemophiliac male and a nonhemophiliac female who is a carrier for the disease?
a) All females would be hemophiliac.
b) All males would be hemophiliac.
c) Some males and females could be hemophiliac.
d) All children would be hemophiliac
Answer:
c) Some males and females could be hemophiliac.
Explanation:
Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder. Let's assume that the X-linked allele "h" causes the disease. The genotype of a hemophiliac man would be X^hY and that of the carrier female would be X^hX.
A cross between hemophiliac man and carrier woman would produce progeny in following ratio = 1 Hemophiliac daughter: 1 Hemophiliac son: 1 normal but carrier daughter: 1 normal son.
Therefore, the couple is likely to produce some of their sons and daughters affected by the disorder.
iane is a soldier and suffered head trauma during an explosion. She is likely to see a(n) ______, who will handle the medical aspects of her concussion and other injuries. She is also likely to see a ____, who will provide rehabilitation for any cognitive changes (e.g., attention span problems).
Answer:
neurologist
neuropsychologist
Explanation:
Neuropsychologists at times work with neurologists.
In this senerio, Diane needs to see a neurologist (to diagnose and treats the physical consequences of the injury) and a neuropsychologist (to diagnose and treats the related consequences of the injury).
Jennifer's baby brother had infantile Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), but Jennifer did not have the disease. When Jennifer grew up and got married, her third child also had infantile TSD. How is this possible?
A.
Jennifer and her husband were both carriers of the allele.
B.
Jennifer was a carrier of the allele for the disease, and her husband was not.
C.
Jennifer's husband was a carrier of the allele for the disease, and Jennifer was not.
D.
Jennifer's husband had the disease, and Jennifer did not have any alleles.
Answer:A
Explanation: Jennifer did not get it because it is not always a 100% that you will get the disease you can become a carrier though if you do not get it. Which is what happened to her, the child got it because the higher chance that had it chances were very high and through chance actually got it. Which is you want to look at this it can kinda explain.
Jennifer's baby brother: 78% Chance to get it, 56% Chance to turn into a carrier
Jennifer herself: 67% Chance to get it, 89% Chance to turn into a carrier
Jennifer's husband: I wouldn't know his chance but only estimate it. 45% Chance to get it, 59% Chance to turn into a carrier.
Identify the virus: I am commonly associated with ready-to-eat food items I can produce a mild fever, nausea and general weakness, later onset of Jaundice; I am primarily found in the feces of infected people and purchasing shellfish from an approved supplier can be a safeguard against me.
Answer:
Hepatitis A virus
Explanation:
Hepatitis A can be described as a contagious liver disease. It is caused by an infectious virus known as the hepatitis A virus.
This virus causes inflammation in the liver. Symptoms for the infection can be seen in some people while for others there are no symptoms.
Symptoms include jaundice, urine of dark colour, pale skin colour, vomiting etc.
Hepatitis A can be spread through one person to another by methods like faeces of an infected person etc.
Measures for hepatitis A control are washing hands thoroughly, purchasing shellfish from an authentic place or supplier as the hepatitis A virus lives in water.
An investigation was set up to study the movement of water through a membrane. The results are shown in the diagram below. Based on these results, which statement correctly predicts what will happen to red blood cells when they are placed in a beaker containing a water solution in which the salt concentration is much higher than the salt concentration in the red blood cells?
Answer:
Option B/2 is correct
Explanation:
Please see the attachment
Homeostatic regulation of the body is made possible through coordination of all body systems. This coordination is achieved mainly by:__________.
Answer:
Nervous and endocrine systems
Explanation:
The sensory receptors of the nervous system sense the stimuli (change or deviation from a homoeostatic condition) and send the information to the central nervous system. The various components of the brain (CNS includes the brain and spinal cord) integrate the sensory information and command the effect organs, the muscles, and exocrine and endocrine glands to perform the desired action to restore the homeostasis. The endocrine glands secrete hormones to regulate the various bodily function. In this way, Nervous and endocrine systems together maintain the homeostasis.
For example, an increased blood sugar level is sensed by sensory receptors of the nervous system. Pancreas (a component of endocrine and digestive systems) is stimulated to release the hormone insulin to restore the normal blood sugar levels.
Answer:
The correct answer is- nervous and endocrine systems
Explanation:
Homeostasis is the ability of a system to resist the change and maintains a stable and constant condition. In our body homeostasis occurs due to the coordination of all body systems. Like the kidney which comes in the excretory system helps in maintaining the osmotic balance in blood.
This coordination is achieved mainly by the nervous and endocrine system. Nervous systems coordinate different systems in the body by accepting the signals and releasing the informatory signals to them.
Endocrine system release hormones in the blood that reaches to target organs and regulate their function that helps in maintaining homeostasis in the body.
Producers use photosynthesis to transfer energy from the sun into stored energy in chemical bonds. Explain what happens to that stored energy in the ecosystem?
Final answer:
Photosynthesis by producers like plants captures the sun's energy, transforms it into chemical energy stored in glucose, and passes this energy through the food chain to various consumers in the ecosystem. The net primary productivity represents the energy left after producers' own growth and metabolic needs. This process is essential for energy flow in ecosystems and oxygen supply.
Explanation:
Producers, such as plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria, are crucial as they convert the sun's energy into stored chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. This conversion involves synthesizing substances like glucose where the solar energy is captured and stored in the chemical bonds. The energy stored in the form of glucose or other carbohydrates is then passed through the ecosystem when organisms consume these producers. For instance, herbivores eat the plants, and this energy is transferred to them, which is then passed on to carnivores when they consume the herbivores. This continuation forms a food chain, where the stored energy in the producers is transferred to various levels of consumers, demonstrating the energy flow within an ecosystem.
During this process, not all of the absorbed energy is transferred to consumers; producers use some of it to grow and reproduce, a part depicted as net primary productivity. This productivity is what remains after producers have used the necessary energy for their metabolism. Ultimately, photosynthesis not only provides the foundation for energy flow in ecosystems but also contributes to the oxygen supply needed by many organisms, including humans.
An obese client who has been diagnosed with peripheral artery disease (PAD) should be advised to do which of the following?
Select one:
a. Avoid aerobic exercise for lower extremities.
b. Substitute self-myofascial release for static stretching.
c. Focus on resistance training so leg pain will not limit exercise.
d. Strive for 20 to 30 minutes of continuous aerobic exercise daily.
Answer:
Option D, strive for 20-30 minutes for continuous aerobic exercise daily
Explanation:
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is caused by development of plaque in the arteries which is commonly termed as atherosclerosis. The plaque reduces or limits the flow of blood which can leads to failure of organs such as kidney, may cause foot or leg amputations, and in severe cases PAD may cause heart attack, cardiac arrest or stroke. In general, a person with PAD is recommended to do treadmill walking as it allows the better flow of blood which was earlier restricted by the plaque
Hence, option D is correct
What impact might the cutting of the forest and the destruction of the marsh have?
a) The removal of the trees and grass during construction could result in erosion of topsoil.
b) Loss of the wetland means an increase in wildlife in other marshes.
c) Removal of the marsh will help create new topsoil.
d) All of the above
Option a) The removal of the trees and grass during construction could result in erosion of topsoil.
Explanation: Plants play a vital role in an ecosystem such as they produce oxygen, food, plays an important role in hydrological cycle(water cycle) etc. Deforestation in simple words, is the cutting down of forests for human use such as to clear land for construction, for fuel, for making furniture etc. Deforestation is one of the major reason for Soil erosion. Soil erosion is a natural process, but it get accelerated by deforestation. Plants are a natural barrier to slowdown soil erosion by slowing down the water current, as running water can also be a reason for soil erosion. Roots of the plants binds with the soil tightly and prevent it from washing away by water or taken away by air. Plant growth in less nutritious soil(Lower layers of soil) is very difficult(as the top layer contains maximum nutrients).Result: Deforestation in forests and marsh play a major role in erosion of the top layer of the soil.
At an initial examination in Oxford, Massachusetts, migraine headache was found in 5 of 1,000 men aged 30 to 35 years and 10 in 1,000 women aged 30 to 35 years. The inference that women have a two times greater risk of developing migraine headache than do men in this age is:______
A) Incorrect, because a ratio has been used to compare male and female rates
B) Incorrect, because of failure to recognize the effect of age in the two groups
C) Incorrect, because no data for a comparison (control) group are given
D) Incorrect, because of failure to distinguish between incidence and prevalence
Answer:
D) Incorrect, because of failure to distinguish between incidence and prevalence
Explanation:
YES!, the inference was incorrect because we no information was given about the emergence of the migraine or effect that resulted to it. Also, the inference made from such observation is void and not applicable.
The data suggests women have a two times higher risk of developing migraines than men, but it's important to consider other influencing factors in more comprehensive studies.
Explanation:The inference that women have a two times greater risk of developing migraine headache compared to men is correct. The finding is based on the data provided from an initial examination in Oxford, which reports a two-fold increase in incidence of migraines in women compared to men. It's important to note, however, that more comprehensive studies would take into account other factors, such as the age profile, other health conditions, and lifestyle factors, which can influence the risk of migraines.
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Which exceptional family member program category is assigned for temporary medical treatment?
Answer:
Category VI : Temporary inactive.
Explanation:
Exceptional family member program is an obligatory program meant for family member with medical, psychological and educational needs due to chronic medical and educational situations. service members are assure the necessary provision and treatment like dental treatment, education, surgery, wheelchair and wheelchair access etc.
There are different categories of exceptional family member program and they range from category I to VI.
Category I to V are for members with permanent conditions, while category VI is for members that are inactive due to temporary medical condition.