Series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction

Answer: A) a recent court case

Final answer:

To determine the mass of CuSO4 · 5H2O needed for a 0.020 M stock solution, the molar mass of the compound and the volume of the solution are required. Assuming a 1-liter volume, approximately 4.9936 grams of CuSO4 · 5H2O are needed to achieve this molarity.

Explanation:

The question being asked is: How many grams of CuSO4 · 5H2O are needed to prepare a 0.020 M stock solution? To answer this, we first need to understand that CuSO4 · 5H2O (Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate) is a hydrated salt and its molar mass is essential in calculating the required mass for a given solution concentration and volume. The molar mass of CuSO4 · 5H2O is approximately 249.68 g/mol. For a 0.020 M (molar) solution, this refers to 0.020 moles of the solute per liter. However, the original question does not specify the volume of the stock solution to be prepared, which is crucial information needed to calculate the mass. Typically, a stock solution might be prepared in a standard volume such as 1 L. If we assume this to be the case, for a 0.020 M solution, 0.020 moles of CuSO4 · 5H2O would be required, which equates to 4.9936 grams (0.020 moles × 249.68 g/mol).

This calculation demonstrates how to determine the mass of a solid substance required to prepare a specific concentration of solution, given the molar mass of the compound and the desired solution volume and molarity. Without explicit details on the intended volume, assumptions must be made, here we assumed 1 liter. It's critical in chemistry calculations to have clear, precise information to ensure accuracy.

Final answer:

The family of organic compounds that are soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water are known as lipids. These compounds, which can include fats, oils, and waxes, are characterized by their hydrophobic nature, low melting points, and low boiling points.

Explanation:

The family of organic compounds that are soluble in organic solvents but not in water are generally referred to as lipids. These compounds exhibit low solubility in water due to their largely hydrophobic (non-polar) nature but have high solubility in nonpolar solvents. Lipids include a variety of molecules such as fats, oils, waxes, certain vitamins (like vitamins A, D, E, and K), hormones, and most of the non-protein membrane components.

Lipids are notable for their low melting points and low boiling points, characteristics that are common among organic compounds with non-polar bonds. The structure of lipids, which often includes long chains of hydrocarbons, makes them insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like dichloromethane.

Not all organic compounds, however, are lipids. Some, like glucose are highly polar and therefore soluble in water despite being organic. Others include different families of organic compounds such as hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and arenes), halogen-substituted hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing compounds (such as alcohols, ketones, and carboxylic acids), and nitrogen-containing compounds (like amines and nitriles).

Answer:

Mass is conserved

Explanation:

Answer: Option (a) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Rate of a reaction gets affected by change in temperature as when we decrease the temperature then reactant molecules lose kinetic energy. As a result, there occurs decrease in number of collisions between the molecules.

Hence, rate of reaction also decreases with decrease in temperature.

Whereas when we increase the concentration from 30 mg to 60 mg then there is increase in number of reactant molecules. Therefore, there will be increase in number of collisions between the molecules.

Also, when substance is placed in smaller container then molecules come closer to each other and thus collide more frequently. So, rate of reaction will also increase.

On the other hand, grinding the substance into a powder will also increase the number of reactant particles. Thus, this will also increase the rate of reaction.

Thus, we can conclude that changing the temperature from [tex]90^ºC[/tex] to [tex]40^ºC[/tex] will decrease the rate of a reaction.

A solution with a pH of 8 has 100 times fewer hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 6 because for each unit of pH, the hydrogen ion concentration changes by a factor of ten.

A solution with a pH of 8 has how many times fewer hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 6? The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that a difference of one pH unit corresponds to a tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration. Since the solution with a pH of 6 is more acidic than the solution with a pH of 8, it has more hydrogen ions. Specifically, for each pH unit difference, there is a tenfold difference in [tex][H^+][/tex] concentration.

Calculating the fold difference for two pH units, we know it's ten to the power of the difference in pH levels. Therefore, the difference is 102 or 100 times. Hence, a solution with a pH of 8 has 100 times fewer hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 6.

The electron configuration represents a neutral atom of Selenium (Se) since it has 34 electrons and, in a neutral state, it should have an equal number of protons hence 34 protons match Selenium on the periodic table.

The configuration 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s2,3d10,4p4 represents an atom with a total of 34 electrons. Because the atom is neutral, this means it must also have 34 protons. The atom with 34 protons is Selenium (Se). Therefore, the neutral atom that is represented by this electron configuration is Selenium (Se).

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Mendeleev is the father of periodic table based on the mass number of elements. The elements placed in this old periodic table was, hydrogen  and lithium in a group, and Be, Mg, Al, S, Cl, Ca etc.

Periodic table is a classification of all the elements discovered yet. There are groups which are vertical column with elements of similar properties. The periodic table was first introduced by Dimitri Mendeleev.

But Mendeleev was classified the elements based on the increasing order of mass number. But later it was modified as it is now based on the atomic number of elements.

Due to the discrepancies found in Mendeleev's periodic table Mossley modified the table and proposed that the atomic properties are based on the atomic number.

There were only about 63 elements in the old periodic table which included the elements hydrogen, Li, S, Mg, Ca, Na, N, O,C, some of the transition elements Ti. V, Cr, Mn etc.

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There are two types of chemical compound one is covalent compound and other is ionic compound, covalent compound formed by sharing of electron and ionic compound formed by complete transfer of electron. Therefore, the correct option is option A.

Chemical Compound is a combination of molecule, Molecule forms by combination of element and element forms by combination of atoms in fixed proportion.

An ionic compound is a metal and nonmetal combined compound.  Ionic compound are very hard. They have high melting and boiling point because of strong ion bond. Covalent compounds are created when two or more non-metals are combined with less electronegativity difference.

Therefore, the correct option is option A that is non metals.

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Answer:

[tex]NH_{4}NO_{3}[/tex] has pH<7

Explanation:

pH of salt depends on species generated through hydrolysis of the given salt.

Hydrolysis equilibrium of [tex]NH_{4}NO_{3}[/tex] is given below:

                [tex]NH_{4}NO_{3}+H_{2}O\rightarrow NH_{4}OH+HNO_{3}[/tex]

[tex]NH_{4}OH[/tex] is a weak base and [tex]HNO_{3}[/tex] is a strong acid. So species obtained through hydrolysis of [tex]NH_{4}NO_{3}[/tex] is a mixture of strong acid and weak base.

Hence the the salt solution will be acidic in nature. That means pH of solution is less than 7.

It's D. 1.0645 × 1025

There are approximately 3.548 × 10²⁴ atoms in 131.97 liters of water vapor at STP. Option (2) is correct.

To calculate the number of atoms in 131.97 liters of water vapor at STP, we need to use the ideal gas law and Avogadro's number.

Convert the volume from liters to moles using the molar volume at STP, which is 22.4 liters per mole.

Moles of water vapor = 131.97 liters / 22.4 liters per mole ≈ 5.90 moles

Now, calculate the number of atoms using Avogadro's number (6.023 × 10²³ atoms per mole).

Number of atoms = Moles of water vapor × Avogadro's number

Number of atoms = 5.90 moles × 6.023 × 10²³ atoms per mole

Number of atoms ≈ 3.548 × 10²⁴ atoms

Therefore, there are approximately 3.548 × 10²⁴ atoms in 131.97 liters of water vapor at STP.

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Volatile organic compounds is not a criteria of pollutant.

The elements, molecules, and particles that contribute to pollution are known as pollutants; life can be injured by exposure to these substances, and their impacts on people and plants are widely documented.

There are several ways that pollutants can enter the environment, both naturally and through human activity. Depending on the type of pollution, what happens to it once it is released into the air, soil, or water supply.

Secondary pollutants are created when primary pollutants react with outside influences, primary pollutants are released directly into the environment.

Therefore, Volatile organic compounds is not a criteria of pollutant.

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Order these elements from least to greatest atomic mass is He, Li, N, S. Thus option B is correct.

Elements are defined as a pure substance made up only of one sort of atom, each of whose nuclei contains the same number of protons.

It can also be defined as a substance that cannot be chemically divided into simpler substances.

There are basically three types of elements.

Atomic masses are defined as the amount of material that makes up an element's atom.

It can also be defined as the relative mass of the element's atom in relation to the mass of an isotope of carbon-12.

To determine the average mass of elements and molecules as well as to resolve stoichiometry issues, the atomic mass is used.

Thus, order these elements from least to greatest atomic mass is He, Li, N, S. Thus option B is correct.

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The most abundant element in the earth core is oxygen the most essential and precious gas. Second most abundant element is silicon.

Elements are the basic things in the universe. Everything in the world is made of elements. Elements combines to form molecules, molecules then forms compounds and compounds makes the macrothings.

There are various kinds of elements such as metals, gases, metalloids. etc. These all elements shows their characteristic physical and chemicals behaviours. Based on their electronic properties all the elements are classified into various groups in periodic table.

Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth core that we all are used to intake for respiration. Oxygen s 8th element in periodic table and it is in P-block.

Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth core. Silicon is a metalloids in 14th group of p-block and it is 14th element in periodic table. It is used in many electronic devises.

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Answer:

C. parasitism

Explanation:

Symbiosis is an interspecific ecological interaction, that is, between organisms of different species, occurring in a compulsory and harmonious manner, allowing reciprocal advantages for the species involved. This association is permanent, causing dependence indispensable to the survival of the parties, and can no longer detach from each other, due to the collaboration that each exerts on the metabolism of its dependent, probably harmful if they were separated.

Parasitism is an association between two organisms, but it is the type of association that does not promote benefits to both living organisms, on the contrary, in parasitism an organism causes a malfunction in the body of another organism, but its development is favored. For this reason, parasitism cannot be considered a kind of symbiosis.

Answer:

There are 0.0292 moles of sucrose available for this reaction

Explanation:

Number of moles of a compound = [tex]\frac{mass of compound}{molar mass of the compound}[/tex]

Here mass of sucrose is 10.0 g. Molar mass of sucrose is 342.3 g/mol

So moles of sucrose available for this reaction = [tex]\frac{10 g}{342.3 g/mol}= 0.0292 moles[/tex]

The lewis electron-dot structure of N₂ has 2 nonbonding electrons pairs, 3 bonding electron pairs, and a bond order of 3.

1. Nonbonding Electron Pairs: Each nitrogen atom in [tex]\( \text{N}_2 \)[/tex] has 5 valence electrons (group 15 in the periodic table). In the Lewis structure, these are represented as dots around the nitrogen atoms. Nitrogen needs 3 more electrons to achieve a stable octet (except in some cases where it can expand its octet), so each nitrogen atom has 2 nonbonding electron pairs (dots).

2. Bonding Electron Pairs: The two nitrogen atoms are bonded together by a triple bond (three pairs of shared electrons). This triple bond consists of 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds. Sigma bonds are formed by overlapping of atomic orbitals head-on, while pi bonds are formed by overlapping of atomic orbitals sideways.

3. Bond Order: Bond order is a measure of the number of bonds between two atoms in a molecule. For [tex]\( \text{N}_2 \)[/tex], the bond order is calculated as:

[tex]\[ \text{Bond Order} = \frac{(\text{Number of bonding electrons} - \text{Number of antibonding electrons})}{2} \][/tex]

  In [tex]\( \text{N}_2 \)[/tex], each nitrogen atom contributes 3 bonding electrons (one sigma bond and two pi bonds). There are no antibonding electrons in the [tex]\( \text{N}_2 \)[/tex] molecule, so the bond order is:

 [tex]\[ \text{Bond Order} = \frac{6}{2} = 3 \][/tex]

  A bond order of 3 indicates a triple bond between the two nitrogen atoms.

Therefore, the Lewis structure of [tex]\( \text{N}_2 \)[/tex] shows 2 nonbonding electron pairs on each nitrogen atom, 3 bonding electron pairs (forming the triple bond), and a bond order of 3.

The solubility of [tex]C{O_2}[/tex]in an open bottle of seltzer water is[tex]\boxed{{\mathbf{9}}.{\mathbf{3394g}}{\text{/}}{\mathbf{100}}{\text{ }}{\mathbf{mL}}}[/tex].

Further explanation

Molar solubility is the concentration of pure substance dissolved in saturated solution. It is generally defined as ratio of number of moles of substance dissolved in one litre of solution until the solution becomes saturated. The S.I unit of molar solubility is mol/L.

The equilibrium constant between the compound and its ion, when dissolved in solution, is known as solubility product constant. It is denoted by [tex]{{\text{K}}_{{\text{sp}}}}[/tex]. The solubility product constant is used to calculate the product of concentration of ions at equilibrium. Higher the solubility product constant more will be the solubility of the compound.

The formula to relate concentration (C), volume (V), and number of moles (n) is as follows:

[tex]{\text{C = }}\frac{{\text{n}}}{{\text{V}}}[/tex]                          …… (1)

Ideal gas law is considered as the equation of state for any hypothetical gas. The expression for the ideal gas equation of gas is as follows:

[tex]{\text{PV}}={\text{nRT}}[/tex]                       …… (2)

Here,

P is the pressure of the gas.

V is the volume of gas.

n denotes the number of moles of gas.

R is the gas constant.

T is the temperature of gas.

The equation (2) can be written as:

[tex]{\text{P}}=\frac{{\text{n}}}{{\text{V}}}{\text{RT}}[/tex]                           …… (3)

Substitute C for [tex]\frac{{\text{n}}}{{\text{V}}}[/tex] in equation (2), the formula will become,

[tex]{\text{P}} = {\text{CRT}}[/tex]             …… (4)

If the temperature is constant then RT will be constant. Then the equation (4) can be written as follows:

[tex]\frac{{\text{P}}}{{\text{C}}}={\text{constant}}[/tex]                              …… (5)

If we have initial and final value of pressure and concentration then the equation (5) will be written as follows:

[tex]{{\text{P}}_1}{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}={{\text{P}}_2}{{\text{C}}_1}[/tex]                          …… (6)

Here,

[tex]{{\text{P}}_1}[/tex]is the initial pressure.

[tex]{{\text{P}}_2}[/tex]is the final pressure.

[tex]{{\text{C}}_1}[/tex]is the initial concentration.

[tex]{{\text{C}}_2}[/tex]is the final concentration.

On rearranging equation (6) for [tex]{{\text{C}}_2}[/tex] we get,

[tex]{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}=\frac{{{{\text{P}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{1}}}}}{{{{\text{P}}_{\text{1}}}}}[/tex]                             …… (7)

[tex]{{\text{P}}_1}[/tex]is 760 mmHg

[tex]{{\text{P}}_2}[/tex]is[tex]{\text{4}}{\text{.2}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{\text{4}}}\;{\text{mmHg}}[/tex]

[tex]{{\text{C}}_1}[/tex]is 0.169g/100 mL.

Substitute the values of [tex]{{\text{P}}_1}[/tex], [tex]{{\text{P}}_2}[/tex], and [tex]{{\text{C}}_1}[/tex]in equation (7).

[tex]\begin{aligned}{{\text{C}}_2}&=\frac{{\left({{\text{4}}{\text{.2}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{\text{4}}}\;{\text{mmHg}}}\right)\times\left( {{\text{0}}{\text{.169 g/100 mL}}}\right)}}{{\left({{\text{760 mmHg}}}\right)}}\\&={\text{9}}{\text{.3394 g/100}}\;{\text{mL}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

The solubility of [tex]{\mathbf{C}}{{\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{2}}}[/tex]in an open bottle of seltzer water is 9.3394g/100 mL.

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Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Solutions

Keywords: ideal gas, pressure, volume, temperature, number of moles, initial, final, equation, 760 mmHg, 9.334g/100mL, 0.169g/100mL.