Biology College

Suppose jim isolated four
e. coli mutants, mut1 to mut4, that showed abnormal expression of the lac permease protein. to identify the defect in each mutant, he determined the relative levels of lac permease protein in each mutant. he also generated f\' plasmids that contained the wild type (wt) lac operon or the lac operon from each of the four mutants. he determined lac permease protein levels in partial diploids of wild type cells containing f\' lac from each mutant and mutant cells containing wild type f\' lac. all measurements were carried out in cultures grown in the presence ( ) or the absence (–) of lactose and glucose, as shown in the table in cell genotype / f\' plasmid genotype format.

Answers

Answer 1
I found the full exercise on the internet and attached is table with the results. 

The task is: "Identify the defect in each mutant."

For mutant 1, the defect is a deletion of the repressor gene. The wt cell contains all the genes that are important to test the questions for the lac permease protein (that's why it is used in the experiment). With the wt cells the table shows that there was only, and always, lac permease production when lactose was present. The fact that, when considering the mut1 cells or the wt cells with the mut1 lac operon plasmid (F' lac from wt/mut1), there was always lac permease production regardless of the presence or absence of lactose, and in the F' lac from mut1/wt cells there wasn't, tells us that there is a deletion of the repressor gene operator in the mut1 cells. That repressor binds to the operator when lactose is absent. This is a gene that is outside the operon and therefore there is no repression when considering mut1 cells.

For mutant 2, the defect is a deletion of the operator. There is always production of lac permease protein, even when there isn't lactose, which means that there isn't an operator for the repressor to bind to. The operator is part of the operon lac and therefore, if it is not present in mut2's operon lac, there won't ever be repression of this operon.

For mutant 3, the defect is a defective promotor. Because there seems to be no problem with the regulation of the operon lac when lactose is absent, and there isn't any production of lac permease even when lactose is present, the problem is the activation of the operon by the promotor. When the promotor wt is present there is no problem and the lac permease production occurs normally.

For mutant 4, the defect is a defective CAP-binding site. When there is a defective CAP-binding site, the CAP protein cannot bind to the operon. The CAP protein binds to the lac operon whenever glucose is low so that the lac operon is activated. When considering only mut4 cells this activation is not present which indicates a problem with this activation process. If there is normal production of lac permease whenever wt lac operon is present, it means that the problem is on the actual binding site of the mut4 operon and not in the CAP protein.
Suppose Jim Isolated Foure. Coli Mutants, Mut1 To Mut4, That Showed Abnormal Expression Of The Lac Permease
Answer 2
Final answer:

This question discusses a study on E. coli mutants with abnormalities in the expression of the lac permease protein. The lac operon from each mutant was evaluated in different conditions of lactose and glucose availability. Providing an answer requiring the interpretation of potential measurement results would help in identifying the location of the defect for each mutant.

Explanation:

This question is about a study involving E. coli mutants and the oversecretion of the lac permease protein. The E. coli mutants were named mut1 to mut4. F' plasmids containing the lac operon from either wild type (wt) or each of the mutants were generated and lac permease protein levels were measured in the context of these plasmids in both wild type and mutant cells. The measurements were taken under conditions of presence (+) and absence (–) of lactose and glucose for each of these combinations.

To understand the behaviour of the individual mutants, it would be important to examine the pattern of lac permease expression in each mutant compared to the wild type, both in the presence and absence of lactose and glucose. A mutant showing normal expression when the wild type lac operon is present, but abnormal expression when its own lac operon is present, likely has a mutation in the lac operon itself. Conversely, a mutant showing abnormal expression under both conditions likely has a mutation elsewhere that affects lac operon expression.

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Related Questions

What kind of solution causes chloroplasts to be pushed outward against the cell wall?

Answers

Turgor is a type of pressure caused in plant cells by the water in the large vacuole pushing outward against the cell membrane and cell wall. As a result when a water concentration of the cell cytoplasm is lower then the medium is a hypotonic solution then the cell will result in gaining water.

What are the main differences between eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses?

Answers

 Prokaryotic cells are a group of organisms whose cells don't have a cell, nucleus, or any other membrane bound organelles. A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells .



WILL GIVE A BRAINLEST

The major factor keeping forests from growing in grassland areas is _____.


grazing


grass fires


rainfall


soil structure

Answers

I was going to go with Rainfall but then i realize that the soil structure is what is growing the grass so I think Soil Structure is the answer. With enough nutrients in the soil it will be able to expand (aka. grow). 
I believe it is grass fires because, well... think of it... When grass catches on fire doesn't that stop forest from growing. And then once they catch on fire it can catch other things on fire like the trees in the forest. Hope this helps! =)

Which factors stimulate cell division when conditions are favorable?

Answers

Growth factors are the factor that stimulates cell division when conditions are favorable. It is added to cells to stimulate transcription of early response genes, such as transcription factor c-Fos; altogether these factors stimulate transcription of delayed-response genes. 
The cell number it depends on the amount of the cell division and cell death. 

One human impact on the phosphorus cycle occurs through:

a. burning of fossil fuels.

b. the erosion of agricultural lands.

c. the greenhouse effect.

d. global warming.

e. depletion of the ozone layer.

Answers

d is the awnser i think

List at least one reason for not touching the magnesium metal with bare hands. 3. list two reasons for using crucible tongs to handle the crucible and lid after their initial firing in the experimental procedure.

Answers

One of the reason is that Crucible tongs are specifically designed to hold the crucible. Using the crucible tongs will minimize the risk of the crucible falling and burning the handler. second reason is that The crucible is extremely hot, so it is inadvisable to handle it with bare hands, latex gloves or clumsy mittens,

___ enter the lymph and need transport carriers to circulate in the bloodstream.

Answers

long chain fatty acids

According to maslow, all humans acquire a similar set of motives through genetic endowment and social interaction.
a. True
b. False

Answers

The answer to the question is
A. True

what type of consumer is a flagfish?

Answers

Answer:

algae

Explanation:

Final answer:

Flagfish, or dinoflagellates, are generally considered to be primary producers due to their ability to photosynthesize. However, some also consume other organisms, which could classify dinoflagellates as primary or secondary consumers. Some dinoflagellates are filter feeders, a type of consumer that strains food particles from the water.

Explanation:

A flagfish, also known as dinoflagellates, fall within the group of organisms called the Chromalveolata. The dinoflagellates are mostly marine organisms and are an important component of plankton. They possess various nutritional types which include being phototrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic. Dinoflagellates use chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c₂, and other photosynthetic pigments which helps them to photosynthesize. Additionally, these organisms have two flagella, that help them move.

In the context of the food chain, dinoflagellates are primary producers. However, some can also consume other organisms, acting as primary or secondary consumers depending on their diet. Certain dinoflagellates are known to produce neurotoxins that can cause paralysis in other organisms, posing a threat when ingested.

An interesting example from the Opisthokonts, are the choanoflagellates. The single, apical flagellum in these protists is surrounded by a contractile collar composed of microvilli, which is used to filter and collect bacteria for ingestion by the protist. This classifies them as filter feeders, a type of consumer that strains food particles from the water.

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Crossing over occurs when

A- sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere during anaphase II

B- homologous chromosomes join together to form tetrads during prophase I

C- chromosomes are grouped together into new nuclei during telophase II

D- tetrads of homologous chromosomes randomly line up in metaphase I

Answers

Correct answer:
"B- homologous chromosomes join together to form tetrads during prophase I"

It is during prophase I that homologous chromosomes join together (synapsis) and form tetrads - four chromatids are together in the new structure of two chromosomes - and this is the reason why crossing-over occurs in this phase. It is in this tetrad that both arms of both chromosomes may crossover and matching regions exchange places. This process results in homologous chromosomes recombination leading to genetic variability. 

The correct answer is B: homologous chromosomes join together to form tetrads during prophase I

"a client with chronic kidney disease reports not being able to urinate for the past 24 hours. a bladder scan shows no urine in the bladder. how does the nurse document this data?"

Answers

The nurse will tell the client that another type of catheter, such as a condom catheter, may be ordered at the discretion of the healthcare provider. The nurse should not implement bathroom privileges or straight catheterization without a healthcare provider’s order. It is unethical and inappropriate to continue to place the catheter without the client’s consent. Documentation will consist of scan results, inability to excrete urine.

A. histamine released from mast cells causes relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of capillaries, which increases local blood flow.
b. during inflammation, plasma proteins leak into the extravascular space, increasing the rate at which water leaves capillaries by osmosis.
c. delivery of oxygen and nutrients is aided by increased fluid flow through inflamed areas.
d. neutrophils accumulate in the extravascular space in inflamed areas.
e. both basophils and mast cells are granulocytes.

Answers

Un what's even the question so that I can help you get the answer???

The nurse is asked to obtain a urine sample from a school-age child for a urine culture to detect bacteriuria. which intervention does the nurse implement?

Answers

Bacteriuria or Asymptomatic Bacteriuria (ABU) is not a common condition or children. If the nurse is asked to obtain a urine sample from a school-age child for a urine culture to detect bateriuria, the nurse should implement the following interventions:
1. The nurse should obtain an early morning sample of urine as it gives the accurate results.
The child should not be allowed to drink water before giving the sample as water dilutes the bacterial count of the urine and might give false report.
3. There are chances of contamination of the sample and the urine might change its characteristics in a given period of time. Thus, the urine sample should be brought immediately to the laboratory for urine culture.

During dna replication in a bacterium a g is mistakenly inserted into the newly-synthesized dna strand opposite a t in the template dna strand. if this mistake is not repaired before the next round of dna replication, what mutation will eventually result?

Answers

The type of mutation that will eventually occur is A TO G BASE SUBSTITUTION. 
In this type of mutation,  what will happen is that, in all the points where adenine base is suppose to be inserted, it is the guanine base that will be inserted there. This is an example of base substitution error in DNA replication.
Answer:

The mutation will be one base substitution mutation.

Explanation:In the newly forming strand only one G is inserted mistakenly.As we know DNA replication is a semi conservative model.In which two strands of double stranded DNA will be two separate templates for the two newly strands of DNA.As one of the strand has one wrong nucleotide in its sequence. As if it is not repaired the substitution will become the part of newly formed strand formed from this mutated strand.And this mutation will pass onto next generation with half correct DNA and half wrong DNA.

Compounds that contain a fused ring system are called

Answers

The answer is Steroids
Final answer:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds with fused ring systems, while heterocyclic compounds have rings with non-carbon atoms like nitrogen.

Explanation:

Compounds that contain a fused ring system are known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These structures consist of multiple aromatic rings, such as benzene rings, that are joined together and share one or more sides or edges. For instance, the basic structure of steroid hormones includes a system of three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring that are connected in this way. These rings have bridgehead carbons that link them together. Furthermore, some cyclic compounds contain atoms other than carbon, called heterocyclic compounds. Notable examples are purine and pyrimidine, which are key components in nucleic acids and contain nitrogen atoms within their fused ring structures.

A researcher who studies neurodegenerative diseases has found that dying neurons contains a high concentration of miss-folded proteins in their cytoplasm. further experiments demonstrated that the lysosomes are working properly in these neurons. according to this information, which cellular structure is responsible for this disease?

Answers

The cellular structure responsible for this disease is THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. 
In eurkaryotic cells, endoplasmic reticulum is very essential for the folding and trafficking of proteins. Increased protein synthesis and environmental insults usually leads to the misfolding of proteins by endoplasmic reticulum. The accumulation of misfolded proteins inside the cell is called endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Our bodies are "time capsules" that tell of critical moments in the history of our planet and of the distant past in ancient oceans, streams and forests. explain.

Answers

Nsndjdjdjddjdjdjdjfnfnfnfnf

Abnormal gametes associated with a heterozygous pericentric inversion result from

Answers

An inversion refers to a type of mutation where chromosomal rearrangement takes place in a single chromosome. It can be of two types: Paracentric Inversion and Pericentric Inversion.
Pericentric inversion occurs in the chromosomes that leads to abnormal gametes where some genes are missing.
Abnormal gametes associated with a heterozygous pericentric inversion result from crossing over which is characterized by two-break events within the chromosome (short arm and the long arm).

I REALLY NEED HELP PLEASE. I WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST IF YOUR CORRECT.
Cellular respiration is a process involving the breakdown of glucose molecules in order to generate energy for cellular activities. Given the general reaction below, which of the following best describes the products labeled x and y?

C6H12O6 + O2 → _x___ + __y___ + energy

a. The products are CO (carbon monoxide) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), which then decompose into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

b. The products are H2O (water) and CO2 (carbon dioxide), which then undergo anaerobic respiration.

c. The products are CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water), which then become the reactants for photosynthesis.

d. The products are O2 (oxygen) and H2O (water), which are then used for growth and to keep the organism hydrated.

Answers

B.The products are H2O (water) and CO2 (carbon dioxide), which then undergo anaerobic respiration.

The presence of vesicles in an igneous rock is evidence that the source melt ________.

Answers

melt magma out of the volcano then cools and hardens

The presence of vesicles in an igneous rock is evidence that the source melt contained dissolved volatile. The correct option is D.

What are igneous rocks?

Igneous rocks are those rocks that are formed by the cooling down of molten magma and rocks from volcanoes on the surface of the earth or the molten magma present inside the earth's crust. Some common igneous rocks are andesite, basalt, rhyolite, etc.

There are four types of igneous rocks. The y are felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. The igneous rocks are crystalline solids. Spaces are present in between these rocks. These are called small vesicles. These vesicles are formed due to the accumulation of air in between the rocks.

Thus, the correct option is D. Contained dissolved volatile.

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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:

A. Underwent fractional crystallization

B. Had a mafic composition

C. Was stopping and assimilating wall rock

D. Contained dissolved volatile

What is filler metal, and why might it be needed to produce a joint?

Answers

Filler Metal is a type of metal used in the fusion welding union, and it is necessary to produce a joint because it serves to collaborate in the opposition, to a greater or lesser degree, against the forces applied to it, without suffering deformation or breakage.

Does cow liver have prokaryotic cells

Answers

No, but onion root does of that helped at all

A trait is likely to be heritable if _____ are more similar in that trait than _____.
a. dizygotic twins; monozygotic twins
b. monozygotic twins; dizygotic twins
c. ordinary siblings; dizygotic twins
d. dizygotic twins; ordinary siblings

Answers

a. Dizygotic twins originate from two different eggs, whereas monozygotic twins come the same egg. Monozygotic twins are"identical" because they come from the same egg, and so similar traits between them do not indicate any hereditary tendencies. Dizygotic twins come from two different eggs. Because of this, similarity between them is more likely to be due to a hereditary tendency, because both eggs had to individually inherit the trait.

Differentiate between the lithosphere and Asthenosphere.

Answers


Difference between Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
• The difference between lithosphere and Asthenosphere pertain to their compositions.
• While lithosphere is hard and rigid, Asthenosphere is a layer made up of molten rocks.
• Lithosphere stretches from the top of the earth’s crust down to first 100 kilometers while Asthenosphere lies beneath lithosphere
• Rocks are under severe pressure in Asthenosphere, whereas they face much less pressure in lithosphere.
• The mineral composition of lithosphere is varied as it contains more than 80 minerals whereas Asthenosphere is mainly comprised of silicates of iron and magnesium.
• The depth of the lithosphere is about 100 kilometers, whereas the depth of Asthenosphere is 400-700 kilometers.

Final answer:

The Lithosphere consists of the Earth's crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It contains the tectonic plates. The Asthenosphere sits beneath the lithosphere and is a semi-fluid layer where heat convection occurs, driving tectonic movement.

Explanation:

The Lithosphere and the Asthenosphere are two different layers of the Earth. The Lithosphere consists of the Earth's crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It is broken up into tectonic plates; these plates are moving apart in some areas, like the Atlantic Ocean, and being forced together in others, such as off the western coast of South America. The Asthenosphere, on the other hand, is located directly below the lithosphere and is part of the upper mantle. It is regarded as the 'hot, weak layer' because of its physical state, which is plastic or semi-fluid. It is here that convection occurs, taking heat from the interior and transporting it to the upper mantle. This convection is the power source for the movement of the tectonic plates.

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Why are lichens a good pioneer species after a volcanic eruption?

Answers

The question is asking to choose among the following choices that states the reason why are lichens a good pioneer species after a volcanic eruption, and base on my research, They are able to grow on bare rock. I hope this would help.

Answer:

The pioneer species are defined as those species that are very strong and hardy and also they have the capability of enriching the soil particles that favor their growth and development.

The lichens are considered to be a good pioneer species because they have the ability to settle on the surface of the bare rocks, where they can produce acid that allows the rock to disintegrate and results in the generation of soil particles.

Thus, the lichens are a pioneer species that can evolve rapidly after an eruption of a volcano.

Because of retinal disparity, we can enjoy:

Answers

Retinal disparity describes the way that a person's left eye and right eye view slightly different images upon "seeing" an object. However, when both eyes are open, these slightly different images are blended into one view, allowing us to perceive and enjoy depth and dimensionality of the things that we see around us.  

Which mineral weathers faster hornblende and quartz?

Answers

the answer is hornblende 

The ozone layer helps to sustain terrestrial life by __________.

Answers

because it helps absorb most of the suns ultraviolet waves

Answer:

Ozone is a layer of gas in the atmosphere that is represented by O₃. It has an essential role in sustaining life forms on earth. It prevents the harmful ultraviolet rays ( that come from sun) to reach the earth. These radiations are absorbed by ozone layer and therefore it acts like a protective shielding layer for the planet earth.

Medulla is a set of cells that run through a piece of hair. forensic scientists use them to determine which creature the hair came from.

Answers

If the question in true or false the answer is true.

igneous rock can be changed into which type of rock through the application of heat and pressure?
A. Foliated igneous rock
B. Non-foliated igneous rocks
C. Clastic sedimentary rock
D. Metamorphic rock

Answers

Answer:

D. Metamorphic rock

Explanation:

i did test and got it 5/5

Igneous rock can be changed into metamorphic rocks by the application of heat and pressure. This changes the shape and size of rocks. Thus, the correct option is D.

What is Metamorphic rock?

Metamorphic rocks formation occurs when igneous rocks are subjected to very high temperature, pressure, and hot mineral-rich fluids. This leads to change in the shape and size of the rocks.

Metamorphism is a process which changes the pre-existing rocks into new forms because of the increase in temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids. Metamorphism may affect different types of rocks like igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks.

During this process, new minerals form, with different sizes, shapes, and orientations than those of the original ones. The chemical composition of the original rocks may also change, as elements are carried away and some are added by the fluids flowing to the rocks.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

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