The carbon-carbon bond in ethylene, h2cch2, results from the overlap of sp2 hybrid orbitals.
The correct option is (D).
1. Hybridization in Ethylene:
- Ethylene [tex](\( \text{H}_2\text{C}=\text{CH}_2 \))[/tex] is a molecule composed of two carbon atoms double-bonded to each other and each carbon atom is also bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
- The carbon atoms in ethylene undergo sp2 hybridization to form the π bond between them.
2. Explanation of sp2 Hybridization:
- In sp2 hybridization, one ( s ) orbital and two ( p ) orbitals of the carbon atom combine to form three sp2 hybrid orbitals.
- These sp2 hybrid orbitals are arranged in a trigonal planar geometry with bond angles of approximately 120 degrees.
- One of the sp2 hybrid orbitals overlaps with an sp2 orbital from the other carbon atom to form the σ bond between the two carbon atoms.
- The remaining two sp2 hybrid orbitals on each carbon atom form sigma bonds with hydrogen atoms.
3. Formation of the π Bond:
- The remaining unhybridized ( p ) orbital on each carbon atom is perpendicular to the plane formed by the sp2 hybrid orbitals.
- These unhybridized ( p ) orbitals overlap laterally to form the π bond between the carbon atoms.
- This lateral overlap of the ( p ) orbitals allows for the formation of the π bond, which is responsible for the double bond character between the carbon atoms in ethylene.
4. Conclusion:
- Thus, the π bond in ethylene results from the overlap of unhybridized ( p ) atomic orbitals, making option D) sp2 hybrid orbitals the correct answer.
complete question given below:
The π bond in ethylene, H2C=CH2, results from the overlap of ________. A) sp3 hybrid orbitals B) s atomic orbitals C) sp hybrid orbitals D) sp2 hybrid orbitals E) p atomic orbitals
In a chemical reaction, the reactants contain 385 kJ of chemical energy, and the products contain 366 kJ of chemical energy.
In order for energy to be conserved, what must happen?
Answer: 19kJ of energy must be released
Explanation:
Which type of mixture can be separated using a sieve?
A: a homogeneous mixture with components of varying sizes
B: a homogeneous mixture with components of the same size
C: a heterogeneous mixture with components of the same size
D: a heterogeneous mixture with components of varying sizes
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules that contain only __________. hydrocarbons are organic molecules that contain only __________. carbon and hydrogen atoms components found only in crude oil carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms carbon atoms
Use the periodic table to determine the electron configuration for Cl and Y in noble-gas notation. Y: [Xe]5s25d1 [Kr]5s24d1 [Kr]5s24d2 [Ar]4s23d104p65s25d1
The noble gas notation for chlorine (Cl) is [Ne]3s²3p⁵ and for yttrium (Y) is [Kr]5s²4d¹. This notation represents the core electrons with the symbol of the nearest preceding noble gas and the valence electron configuration thereafter.
Explanation:Noble Gas Notation for Chlorine (Cl) and Yttrium (Y)To find the electron configuration of an element in noble-gas notation, you locate the nearest noble gas that comes before the element in the periodic table. You use the noble gas to represent the core electrons and then add the remaining valence electron configuration.
For chlorine (Cl), which has 17 electrons, the nearest noble gas is neon (Ne), which has 10 electrons. Therefore, the noble-gas notation for chlorine is [Ne]3s²3p⁵.
For yttrium (Y), with 39 electrons, the nearest noble gas is krypton (Kr), which has 36 electrons. The remaining 3 electrons go into the 5s and 4d orbitals. Therefore, the noble-gas notation for yttrium is [Kr]5s²4d¹.
How many valence electrons does an oxygen atom need to gain in order to become stable? a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4
What substance takes part in an enzymatic reaction, but is unchanged by the reaction?
The specific heat of silver is 0.06 cal/g°C. Fifty grams of silver will require _____ calories to raise the temperature 1°C. A. 0.06 B. 3 C. 30 D. 833
If an insufficient amount of liquid unknown had been used, how would this have effected the value of the experimental molar mass
Using an insufficient amount of a substance in an experiment can lead to incorrect calculation of its molar mass, as the measurement is dependent on the amount of the substance used. This is evident in experiments involving volatile liquids, where insufficient amounts could result in fewer gas molecules. This inaccuracy also affects percent composition and the calculation of molecular and empirical formulas.
Explanation:If an insufficient amount of liquid unknown had been used in an experiment, it would have effected the experimental molar mass as molar mass is calculated based on the mass of the substance used. Reducing the amount of the substance used can lead to inaccurate measurements, potentially giving the compound a higher or lower molar mass than it actually has.
For example, if we were measuring a volatile liquid, the molar mass would be determined by heating the liquid in a flask with a tiny hole at the top, thereby converting the liquid into gas. In this case, the molar mass is calculated based on measurements of the mass, pressure, volume, and temperature of the sample. If the amount of liquid used was less than required, it could result in fewer gas molecules being formed, thereby affecting the molar mass calculated.
Furthermore, when looking at percent composition which is derived from the atomic or molar masses of the compound's elements, an insufficient amount of the liquid would also alter these figures, again leading to inconsistencies and inaccuracies in the calculation of the molecular and empirical formulas as well as the molar mass.
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What is equal solute concentration inside and outside of the cell so water moves at equal rates?
When 50.0 ml of a 0.3000 m agno3 solution is added to 50.0 ml of a solution of mgcl2, an agcl precipitate forms immediately. the precipitate is then filtered from the solution, dried, and weighed. if the recovered agcl is found to have a mass of 0.1183 g, what as the concentration of magnesium ions in the original mgcl2 solution?
Answer:
[tex]0.00826\ molar.[/tex]
Explanation:
The balanced reaction is:
[tex]2AgNO_3+MgCl_2-->2AgCl+Mg(NO_3)_2[/tex]
We know, number of moles = [tex]\dfrac{Given\ mass}{Molar\ mass}.[/tex]
Therefore, moles of AgCl formed=[tex]\dfrac{0.1183}{143}=0.000827\ moles.[/tex] ( Molar mass of AgCl is 143 gm)
From the balanced equation 1 mol of [tex]MgCl_2[/tex] forms 2 mol of AgCl.
Therefore, 0.000827 mol of AgCl was formed by
[tex]\dfrac{0.000827}{2}=0.0004135\ mol[/tex]
Now concentration of [tex]MgCl_2=\dfrac{moles\ of\ MgCl_2}{Volume\ in\ Liters}=\dfrac{0.000413}{0.050}\ molar=0.00826\ molar.[/tex]
Hence, this is the required solution.
The concentration of magnesium ions in the original MgCl₂ solution is 8.25 x 10⁻³ M, determined by using stoichiometry and principles of gravimetric analysis.
We first calculated the moles of AgCl formed and connected it back to MgCl₂. The final concentration is found by dividing the moles by the total volume.
To determine the concentration of magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) in the original MgCl₂ solution, we use stoichiometry and principles of gravimetric analysis. First, we need to find the moles of AgCl precipitated:
Mass of AgCl = 0.1183 g
Molar Mass of AgCl = 143.32 g/mol
Moles of AgCl = 0.1183 g / 143.32 g/mol = 8.25 x 10⁻⁴ mol
Since the reaction between AgNO₃ and MgCl₂ is:
2 AgNO₃ + MgCl₂ → 2 AgCl + Mg(NO₃)₂
The moles of AgCl equals the moles of Cl⁻, which also equals the moles of MgCl₂.
Initial combined volume = 50.0 mL + 50.0 mL = 100.0 mL
So, the concentration of Mg²⁺ is:
[Mg²⁺] = (moles of MgCl₂) / (total volume in L)
= (8.25 x 10⁻⁴ mol) / (0.100 L)
= 8.25 x 10⁻³ M
Thus, the concentration of magnesium ions in the original MgCl₂ solution is 8.25 x 10⁻³ M.
-What is the frequency of a 5.6 x 10^10 cm wave?
-What is the wavelength of 0.1096 Hz wave?
How many moles of zinc, Zn, are in 0.535g of zinc?
Answer: The amount of zinc for a given amount are 0.0082 moles.
Explanation:
To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:
[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]
We are given:
Given mass of zinc = 0.535 g
Molar mass of zinc = 65.4 g/mol
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]\text{Moles of zinc}=\frac{0.535g}{65.4g/mol}=0.0082mol[/tex]
Hence, the amount of zinc for a given amount are 0.0082 moles
Water (H2O) forms when hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2) react according to the equation below: 2H2 +O2 → 2H2O What mass of water forms when 1.45 × 10-3 g O2 react completely? (Molar mass of O2 = 32.00 g/mol; molar mass of H2O = 18.02 g/mol)
The answer is A
1.63 × 10-3 g
What is a function of water in a cell? A) producing lipids and carbohydrates B) helping the cell move and grow C) assisting in the production of proteins D) preventing rapid temperature changes
is waste water a pure subtance or a mixture
Which element has the same number of valence electrons as oxygen——. a. Neon—b. Nitrogen—c. Sulfur—d. Fluorine
Sulfur is the element that has the same number of valence electrons as oxygen, as both belong to Group 6A of the periodic table.
The element that has the same number of valence electrons as oxygen is sulfur (c). Oxygen is in Group 6A on the periodic table, which means it has six valence electrons. Sulfur, which is also in Group 6A, has the same number of valence electrons as oxygen. The completion of the valence shell is of great importance because it determines the bonding behavior and reactivity of an element. This is a part of the periodic table's systematic organization, where elements in the same group have identical valence electron configurations and exhibit similar chemical properties.
The ________ includes the entire planet and all of its living and nonliving parts.
A) biosphere
B) community
C) ecosystem
D) lithosphere
Astrology is the science of studying the stars. True or false need help please
Astrology is the science of studying the stars.
True
False
Trueeeee
Which of the following features would be most affected by weathering
Answer: Glaciers
Explanation:
We know that a neutral atom of bromine (Br) is larger than a neutral atom of magnesium (Mg) because
A.) group numbers tells us how many electrons orbitals surround a nucleus, bromine is in group 7A while magnesium is in group 2A
B.)period numbers tells us how many electron orbitals surround a nucleus, bromine is in period 4 while magnesium is in period 3
C.)atoms with many electrons are always larger than atoms with fewer electrons, a neutral atom of bromine has 35 electrons while neutral atom of magnesium has only 12.
D.) bromine and magnesium has very different physical and chemical properties.
Answer: Option (C) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Bromine is a group 7A element with atomic number 35. Whereas magnesium is a group 2A element with atomic number 12.
This means that a neutral atom of bromine has more number of electrons as compared to a neutral atom of magnesium. Hence, size of a bromine atom will definitely be larger than the size of a magnesium atom.
Thus, we can conclude that we know that a neutral atom of bromine (Br) is larger than a neutral atom of magnesium (Mg) because atoms with many electrons are always larger than atoms with fewer electrons, a neutral atom of bromine has 35 electrons while neutral atom of magnesium has only 12.
For basic solutions, which element is added to balance half-reactions?
chlorine
hydroxide
iron
nitrogen
Answer: Hydroxide ion
Explanation: The question is to balance half -reactions in basic solutions(medium) and not to neutralize the basic solutions.
In acidic medium, half-reactions are balanced by adding [tex]H^+[/tex] and [tex]H_2O[/tex] where as the half-reactions in basic medium are balanced by adding [tex]OH^-[/tex] and [tex]H_2O[/tex] .
As the question asks about balancing half-reactions in basic solutions, the right choice is hydroxide ion.
Chlorine, Iron or nitrogen are not used for balancing half reactions.
To make pickles, fresh cucumbers are soaked in a salt water solution called brine. how many liters of a 4% brine solution must be added to 16 liters of a 10% brine solution to dilute it to an 8% solution?
Final answer:
To make an 8% brine solution, 8 liters of a 4% brine solution must be added to 16 liters of a 10% brine solution.
Explanation:
To determine how many liters of a 4% brine solution must be added to 16 liters of a 10% brine solution to dilute it to an 8% solution, we can set up an equation based on the concept of concentration. Let x be the volume of the 4% solution we need to add. We know that the amount of salt in the combined solution should be equal to the sum of the salt in each solution.
The equation representing this scenario is:
(10% × 16 liters) + (4% × x liters) = 8% × (16 liters + x liters)
Converting percentages to decimals and multiplying through gives:
(0.10 × 16) + (0.04 × x) = 0.08 × (16 + x)
Expanding and grouping like terms:
1.6 + 0.04x = 1.28 + 0.08x
Subtract 0.04x from both sides and subtract 1.28 from both sides:
0.04x - 0.04x = 1.6 - 1.28
This simplifies to:
0x = 0.32
Since 0x equals zero, our equation simplifies down to 0 = 0.32, which indicates a mathematical error in our setup. Realizing this, we reassess our equation after subtracting 0.04x from both sides:
1.6 = 1.28 + 0.04x
Now we subtract 1.28 from both sides to solve for x:
0.32 = 0.04x
Divide both sides by 0.04:
x = 8 liters
Therefore, 8 liters of 4% brine solution must be added to 16 liters of 10% brine solution to achieve an 8% solution.
The common name for the compound ch3ch2ch2 och2ch3 is
Give the symbol for the element that has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p63s23p4.
Answer: The symbol for the given element is S.
Explanation:-
Sulphur is an element with atomic number 16 and thus contain 16 electrons. It is a p block element as the last electron enters the p orbital. The nearest noble gas is Neon with 10 electrons.
The electrons are filled according to Afbau's rule in order of increasing energies and thus the electronic configuration is:
[tex]S:16:1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^4[/tex]
The electronic configuration of sulphur in terms of noble gas is :
[tex]S:16:[Ne]3s^23p^4[/tex]
The element with the given electron configuration of 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴ is sulfur. The symbol for sulfur on the periodic table is S.
The numbers and letters in this notation have specific meanings. The numbers (1, 2, 3) represent the principal energy levels or shells, while the letters (s, p) represent the subshells or orbitals within those energy levels.
In the given element,
1s² means there are two electrons in the 1s orbital.
2s² indicates that there are two electrons in the 2s orbital.
2p⁶ signifies that there are six electrons in the 2p orbitals.
3s² shows that there are two electrons in the 3s orbital.
3p⁴ indicates that there are four electrons in the 3p orbitals.
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Consider a neutral atom with 30 protons and 34 neutrons. the number of electrons in this atom is ________.
The number of electrons in the given neutral atom is equal to 30.
What is a neutral atom?
A neutral atom is one in which the number of the positive charge is equal to the number of the negative charge. Therefore, the overall charge on the atom is zero. Therefore, that type of atom is called a neutral atom.
For a neutral atom, we generally say that the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. All chemical elements arranged in the periodic table are neutral.
Given, the number of protons is equal to 30 and the number of neutrons is equal to 34. As the given atom is a neutral atom,
So, the number of electrons = Number of protons.
The number of electrons for the neutral atom = 30.
Therefore, the number of electrons in the atom is 30.
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A 325 ml sample of gas is initially at a pressure of 721 torr and a temperature of 32°c. if this gas is compressed to a volume of 286 ml and the pressure increases to 901 torr, what will be the new temperature of the gas (reported to three significant figures in °c)?
The new temperature of the given gas is [tex]\boxed{62.4\:^{\circ}\text{C}}[/tex].
Further Explanation:
An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas that is composed of a large number of randomly moving particles that are supposed to have perfectly elastic collisions among themselves. It is just a theoretical concept, and practically no such gas exists. But gases tend to behave almost ideally at a higher temperature and lower pressure.
The expression for the ideal gas equation is as follows:
[tex]\boxed{{\text{PV}} = {\text{nRT}}}[/tex] …… (1)
Here, P is the pressure of gas.
V is the volume of the gas.
T is the absolute temperature of gas.
n denotes the number of moles of gas.
R is the universal gas constant.
Rearranging equation (1), we get:
[tex]\frac{{PV}}{T} = nR[/tex]
For a particular gas, the number of moles (n) and the universal as constant (R) both are constants.
If a specific gas with [tex]{P_1}[/tex] , [tex]{V_1}[/tex] and [tex]{T_1}[/tex] as initial parameters is treated to the final parameters being [tex]{P_2}[/tex] , [tex]{V_2}[/tex] and [tex]{T_2}[/tex] . So equation (1) becomes
[tex]\frac{{{P_1}{V_1}}}{{{T_1}}} = \frac{{{P_2}{V_2}}}{{{T_2}}}[/tex] …… (2)
Here,
[tex]{P_1}[/tex] is the initial pressure of the gas.
[tex]{V_1}[/tex] is the initial volume of the gas.
[tex]{T_1}[/tex] is the initial temperature of the gas.
[tex]{P_2}[/tex] is the final pressure of the gas.
[tex]{V_2}[/tex] is the final volume of the gas.
[tex]{T_2}[/tex] is the final temperature of the gas.
Calculation of the final temperature [tex]\left({{{\mathbf{T}}_{\mathbf{2}}}}\right)[/tex] of the gas:
Rearranging equation (2), we get:
[tex]{T_2} = \frac{{{P_2}{V_2}{T_1}}}{{{P_1}{V_1}}}[/tex] …… (3)
Firstly, [tex]{T_1}[/tex] is to be converted into K. The conversion factor for this is,
[tex]{\text{0 }}^\circ{\text{C}} = {\text{273 K}}[/tex]
So [tex]{T_1}[/tex] is calculated as follows:
[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Temperature}}\left( {\text{K}} \right)&= \left({32 + 273}\right)\;{\text{K}}\\&=305\;{\text{K}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]
The value of [tex]{P_2}[/tex] is 901 torr.
The value of [tex]{V_2}[/tex] is 286 mL.
The value of [tex]{T_1}[/tex] is 305 K.
The value of [tex]{P_1}[/tex] is s721 torr.
The value of [tex]{V_1}[/tex] is 325 mL.
Substitute these values in equation (3).
[tex]\begin{aligned}{T_2}&=\frac{{\left({{\text{901 torr}}}\right)\left({{\text{286 mL}}}\right)\left({{\text{305 K}}}\right)}}{{\left({{\text{721 torr}}}\right)\left({{\text{325 mL}}}\right)}}\\&={\text{335}}{\text{.40693 K}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]
Conversion Factor:
[tex]{\text{0 K}} = -{\text{273}}^\circ{\text{C}}[/tex]
So the value of [tex]{T_2}[/tex] [tex]\left({^\circ{\text{C}}}\right)[/tex] is calculated as follows:
[tex]\begin{aligned}{T_2}&=\left( {{\text{335}}{\text{.40693}}-{\text{273}}}\right){\text{ }}^\circ {\text{C}}\\&={\text{62}}{\text{.40693 }}^\circ{\text{C}}\\&\approx{\mathbf{62}}{\mathbf{.4 ^\circ C}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]
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Answer details:
Grade: Senior School
Subject: Chemistry
Chapter: Ideal gas equation
Keywords: ideal gas, pressure, volume, absolute temperature, equation of state, hypothetical, universal gas constant, moles of gas, initial, final, K, conversion factor, 325 mL, 286 mL, 721 torr, 901 torr, 62.4 degree Celsius.
Explain the connection between energy quanta and energy levels.
The connection between energy quanta and energy levels is that electrons in atoms can only occupy specific, discrete energy levels and absorb or emit energy in small, distinct packets called quanta when transitioning between these levels.
This concept of energy quantization is fundamental in understanding atomic structure and emission spectra.
The connection between energy quanta and energy levels lies in the concept of quantization of energy. In an atom, electrons can only occupy specific energy levels, and these levels are discrete rather than continuous. When an electron moves between these levels, it absorbs or emits energy in distinct packets called quanta. This is similar to climbing steps where you can only step on specific heights and not in between.Energy levels in an atom are quantized, represented by quantum numbers. These quantum numbers are integers that describe the specific energies electrons can have. For instance, when an electron transitions from a higher energy level to a lower one, it releases a photon whose energy matches the difference between these two levels.This concept is pivotal in understanding line spectra emissions in elements, a principle that laid the groundwork for the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
Why is a foaming antacid tablet fizzing in water a chemical change?
A foaming antacid tablet fizzing in water is a chemical change because it involves a chemical reaction that produces new substances, namely carbon dioxide gas.
Explanation:A foaming antacid tablet fizzing in water is considered a chemical change because it involves a chemical reaction that produces new substances. When the tablet comes in contact with water, it reacts with the water to release carbon dioxide gas. This reaction is known as an acid-base reaction, in which the active ingredient in the antacid tablet reacts with the water, producing carbon dioxide gas bubbles.
This chemical reaction can be represented by the following equation:
Active ingredient + Water → Carbon dioxide gas + Other products
The formation of new substances, in this case, the production of carbon dioxide gas, is a characteristic of a chemical change.
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What does HYDROPHOBIC mean?
What does HYDROPHILIC mean?
Hydrophobic substances, which are 'water-fearing,' repel and don't mix with water, while hydrophilic substances are 'water-loving,' attracted to, and dissolve in water due to their polar or charged nature.
The terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic refer to the affinity, or lack thereof, that a molecule has towards water. A hydrophobic substance is one that is 'water-fearing,' meaning it repels water and does not dissolve or get wetted by it. This is often due to a lack of polar or charged groups that can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Common hydrophobic substances include nonpolar hydrocarbons and lipids such as fats and cholesterol.
In contrast, a hydrophilic substance is 'water-loving' and is attracted to water. Such substances can dissolve in or be wetted by water due to the presence of polar or charged groups that interact favorably with water. A hydrophile is a molecule like sugar or salt that is readily dissolved by water.
You need to help a hunting companion with a deep, open chest wound. What should you do first?
To assist someone with a deep, open chest wound, ensure safety first and call for emergency help. Apply pressure to stop bleeding, cover the wound with a dressing, and seal on three sides if a pneumothorax is suspected. Monitor vital signs until help arrives.
If you need to help a hunting companion with a deep, open chest wound, the first thing to do is ensure your own safety by wearing gloves to avoid any potential transmission of blood-borne pathogens. Next, you should call for emergency medical help immediately. While waiting for help to arrive, the priority is to address any severe bleeding. If there's active bleeding, you apply direct pressure to the wound using a clean cloth or dressing. Do not attempt to clean the wound or push any protruding organs back in. Instead, you may cover the wound with a clean cloth or sterile dressing and seal it on three sides to create a flutter valve if you suspect a pneumothorax. This allows air to escape from the chest cavity without letting more air in. Keep the person calm and still, and monitor their breathing and pulse until medical professionals take over. Remember that in the case of a suspected pneumothorax, it's crucial not to completely seal the wound, as this could lead to a tension pneumothorax.