Answer: The result of DNA replication is one old chain and one new nucleotides.
Explanation:
DNA replication usually occurs in living organisms and is process that involves the production or synthesis of two identical DNA replicas from old DNA molecule during cell division. Thus, DNA replication usually starts a specific location in the genome and each strands from the original DNA usually serves as template for the synthesis counterpart DNA known as semi-conservatives replication. However, the result of DNA replication is semi-conservatives replication which is made up of one old chain and one new nucleotides.
A worm would stand a poor chance of being fossilized because ________.
Answer:
Explanation:
because it has no bones
A worm has a low likelihood of fossilization due to its soft body structure and its living habitat which doesn't favor the fossilization process.
Explanation:A worm would stand a poor chance of being fossilized primarily for biological and environmental reasons. Worms, like many other soft-bodied creatures, are less likely to become fossilized because they lack hard parts such as bones, shells, or teeth which are most typically preserved in the fossil record. In addition, worms live in environments which typically do not lend themselves well to the fossilization process.
For fossilization to occur, an organism's remains usually need to be covered by sediment or other material soon after death to prevent decay and scattering by scavengers. A worm's habitat in the soil doesn't often provide these conditions, decreasing its chances of fossilization.
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What are three factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs
Answer: The main factors affecting rate of photosynthesis are light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature.
Explanation:
"The correct answer is that three factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs are light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature.
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process is crucial for life on Earth as it provides the oxygen and organic molecules necessary for the survival of most organisms. The rate of photosynthesis can be influenced by several factors, among which the following three are key:
1. Light Intensity: Photosynthesis requires light to drive the reaction. At low light intensities, the rate of photosynthesis increases as the light intensity increases. However, once the light intensity reaches a certain threshold, the rate plateaus because other factors become limiting. This point is known as the light saturation point.
2. Carbon Dioxide Concentration: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a substrate in the photosynthesis reaction. An increase in CO2 concentration typically leads to an increase in the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain point. Beyond this point, the enzyme responsible for fixing CO2 (RuBisCO) becomes saturated, and additional CO2 does not increase the rate of photosynthesis.
3. Temperature: Temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis by influencing the activity of enzymes involved in the process. As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis generally increases as well, up to a certain optimal temperature. Beyond this optimal temperature, enzymes may denature, and the rate of photosynthesis will decrease.
Other factors that can also affect the rate of photosynthesis include water availability, the presence of pollutants, and the health of the plant. However, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature are typically considered the primary factors that have the most significant impact on the rate of photosynthesis."
Joe makes a daily protein shake and includes a raw egg in it for extra protein. he is at risk for which foodborne illness
Answer:
Salmonella
it is a germ inside an egg that makes you sick
baby sea turtles hatch underground automatically did upward towards the sky and skirts what is the waves this is an example of _______behavior
Answer:
maybe D
Explanation:
An endospore may survive a drought because it is protected by a
a. hollow bridge.b. thick wall.c. plasma membrane.d. plasmid replication.
Answer:
b. thick wall.
Explanation:
Endospore is a structure formed by some bacteria, that help them survive unfavourable conditions (e.g. lack of nutrients). This survival strategy of some bacteria (usually Gram+ bacteria) help them stay dormant for a while, until stressful conditions stop. A thick wall composed of many layers (exosporium, spore coat, spore cortex, core wall) of the endospore is what provides resistance to different stressful chemical and physical factors such as UV radiation, temperature, chemical damage etc.
An endospore can survive a drought due to a thick protective wall it forms around itself. This protective layer helps it withstand extreme conditions such as dryness, heat, and cold.
Explanation:An endospore is a tough, dormant structure formed within certain bacteria that allows them to survive in harsh conditions such as a drought. The major contributing factor to this resilience is a thick wall that the endospore forms around itself. This provides resistance to extreme conditions including desiccation (extreme dryness), heat, cold, radiation, and certain disinfectants. Unlike a plasma membrane, hollow bridge, or plasmid replication, it's this thick shock-resistant layer which grants the endospore this durability. In essence, it is built to endure extremely adverse situations.
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What is a B cell?
A.
A lymphocyte that makes antibodies
B.
A pathogen that makes antigens
C.
An antigen that makes antibodies
D.
A virus that makes bacteria
A lymphocyte that makes antibodies
mark brainlest
Interruption of normal blood flow to part of the brain is known as __________. cerebrovascular disease hypertension atrial fibrillation arrhythmia
Based on this information, which alternative energy source should the community consider investing in?
Answer:
Solar Energy
Apex
What is the function of each lymph organ?
Answer:
The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.
Short Answer:
It helps get rid of toxic waste throughout the body in which can cause harm or damage organs.
Answer:
The primary function of lymph organs is transport of lymphatic fluid.
Explanation:
The lymphoid organs include the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, lymph tissue, and thymus and form the lymphatic system.
Lymph nodes are bean-shaped small structures that produce and store cells that fight against infections, bone marrow produce T and B cells and some times it helps in the early maturation of these cells.
Thymus glands are the site of developing specialized cells called T-lymphocytes. From thymus gland, these cells transported through blood vessels to spleen and lymph node.
The primary function of lymphatic organs to transport and storage of lymphatic fluid to the different site of the body.
Thus, the primary function of lymph organs is transport of lymphatic fluid.
What does a pyramid of biomass represent?
A. Range of food webs found in one trophic level
B. Amount of living tissue within a trophic area
C. Percentage of energy that's passed through each trophic level
D. Number of total organisms within each trophic level
Answer:
B. Amount of living tissue within a trophic area
Explanation: I just took the test
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Most nutrient absorption happens in which structure within the digestive system? A. Duodenum B. Stomach C. Large intestine D. Chyme
Answer:
A. Duodenum
Explanation:
Duodenum is the first part of the small intestine which receives bile juice, pancreatic and intestinal digestive juices. The digestive enzymes present in these juices completes the process of digestion.
The lining of the duodenum has numerous finger-like projections called intestinal villi. The villi are specialized to absorb the digested food by providing increased surface area for the process of digestion. Hence, among the given options, the absorption of digested food occurs in duodenum.
Most nutrient absorption happens in A. Duodenum
Explanation:The duodenum is the primary site for nutrient absorption within the digestive system. It is the first part of the small intestine, located immediately after the stomach. The chyme, a mixture of partially digested food and gastric juices, enters the duodenum from the stomach.
Here, various digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver are introduced to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. These enzymes help in the absorption of nutrients, including glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, into the bloodstream. While some nutrient absorption occurs in other parts of the small intestine, the duodenum plays a pivotal role in this process.
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The characteristic of development that says that change does not always occur in a straight line is:
Answer:
multidirectional.
Which group of macromolecules includes enzymes?
A.) lipids
B.) carbohydrates
C.)nucleic acids
D.)proteins
Answer: D. Proteins
Background Info: (from Wikipedia)
A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term for molecules and ions that are present in organisms, essential to some typically biological process such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development.[1] Biomolecules include large macromolecules (or polyanions) such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, and natural products. A more general name for this class of material is biological materials. Biomolecules are usually endogenous but may also be exogenous. For example, pharmaceutical drugs may be natural products or semisynthetic (biopharmaceuticals) or they may be totally synthetic.
Enzymes, which are catalysts for biochemical reactions, fall into the protein group of macromolecules. They are comprised of amino acid chains.
Explanation:The group of macromolecules that includes enzymes is proteins. Enzymes are specific types of proteins that act as catalysts in various biological functions.
They speed up the rate of chemical reactions within cells, making them crucial for maintaining life. As proteins, enzymes are composed of amino acid chains.
The other options, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, are different types of macromolecules that serve various functions in cells but do not include enzymes.
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Which of the following does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted?
a. length of the axon
b. presence or absence of a myelin sheath
c. diameter of the axon
d. presence or absence of nodes
e. whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS
Answer:
e. whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS
Explanation:
Nerve impulse is action potential movement through the axon. Nerve impulse propagation has its velocity (speed at which nerve impulse travels down the axon) which depends on many factors. For example, myelination increases the conduction velocity. Also, the larger the diameter of an axon, the higher the velocity is. Nodes of Ranvier present on the axons, and myelin sheath between the nodes act as a good electrical insulator which also increases the velocity.
Whether or not the im_pulse begins in the C_NS does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted.
What is the C_NS?The Central Nervous system (C_NS) refers to the organism system used by the body to receive and transmit signals from the environment.
The central nervous system is composed of cells called neurons, which contain prolongations called axons.During a nervous stimulus, the axons serve to communicate different nerve cells.In conclusion, whether or not the impulse begins in the C_NS does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted.
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Modifications of histone tails can:affect expression of some genes in response to the environment.affect chromatin structure.activate transcription of some genes.repress transcription of some genes.All of these choices are correct.
Answer:
All of these choices are correct.
Explanation:
Histone modification can be defined as a type of gene expression regulation. It refers to covalent post-translational modifications of histon tail proteins such as methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, and sumoylation. As a consequence of modifications, chromatin structure might be changed, into active regions of euchromatin, (active transcription), or heterochromatin regions (inactive transcription).
Modification might be due to response to the environment, are heritable and are called epigenetic control.
Leia um parágrafo que aponta o agente causador da gripe e cita um exemplo de tr?s grandes pandemias dessa doença?
Answer:
Eu preciso saber o que a passagem diz para que eu possa Responda
Explanation:
The Empire State building in New York City is one of the most recognizable buildings in the world. Jim works at a structural engineering firm and needs to make a scale model of the Empire State building. He knows that the Empire State building is 443.2 m tall. His boss wants the scale to measure 1.00 cm= 2.50 m. What should be the height of the scaled Empire State building?
Jim's scale model of the Empire State building should be 177.28 centimeters tall according to the scale of 1.00 cm to 2.50 meters.
Jim needs to make a scale model of the Empire State building for his structural engineering firm. The real Empire State building is 443.2 meters tall and the desired scale is 1.00 cm to 2.50 meters. To find the height of the scaled model, we use the given scale to calculate:
Identify the scale factor: 1 cm : 2.50 m.Convert the real height (443.2 meters) into the same units used by the scale, usually the smaller one. In this case, we will convert to centimeters: 443.2 m × 100 cm/m = 44320 cm.Apply the scale factor: 44320 cm × (1 cm / 2.50 m) = 17728 cm.Convert the result back to the original unit for the model's height, which is in centimeters, therefore the final step is not necessary in this case. The scaled model should be 17728 cm high.In conclusion, the height of the scale model of the Empire State Building should be 177.28 centimeters.
A bird species known as the cattle egret is often found near farms in wet areas. The bird waits, sometimes even perched on a cow's back, until the cow kicks up a frog or fish while it walks. Then, the bird strikes and eats the exposed prey. This is an example of what kind of feeding relationship? A. Parasitic B. Mutualistic C. Herbivorous D. Detritus
Answer:
mutualistic
Explanation:
the egeret is dependent on the cow to kick up the frogs or fish
Answer:
B. Mutualistic
Explanation:
Cattle egret and grazing cattle exhibit close association. Egrets always forage close to the grazing cattle since the cattle stir up the vegetation while moving. This flushes out the insects from the vegetation and egrets feed on them. Without a grazing cattle, egrets find it difficult to locate and catch the insects. Since egrets are benefited from the association, it is mutualism.
A condition in which one gene pair masks the expression of a nonallelic gene pair is called ________.
Answer:
The condition is called EPISTASIS.
Explanation:
Epistasis is said to occur when two or more distinct genes contribute non-additively to the same phenotype. This occurs because one of the genes involve dominate or modify the other gene. There are various examples of genetic epistasis in nature. For instance, in a particular dog specie (Labrador) two genes control the color of the specie giving rise to three different coat colours in the dogs.
Epistasis is a condition where the effect of one gene pair suppresses or masks the expression of another nonallelic gene pair. This is different from dominance which is a relationship between two alleles of the same gene. Epistasis can be showcased in an example where the albinism gene in mammals masks the gene for black and brown color.
Explanation:The condition in which one gene pair hides or masks the expression of a nonallelic gene pair is called Epistasis. This is an important concept in genetics, and is often contrasted with dominance, another gene interaction. While dominance is a relationship between two versions (alleles) of the same gene, epistasis occurs when the effects of one gene's alleles hide the effects of a different gene's alleles. For example, a gene for albinism could be epistatic to the gene that codes for the black and brown color in mammals. Even if the gene for color codes for brown, if the first gene codes for albinism, the mammal will be albino.
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Three chronic marijuana users—a "light" user, a "moderate" user, and a "heavy" user—stop using marijuana. before quitting, all three experienced abnormal blood flow in their brains. several weeks later, blood flow in their brains had most likely:
After stopping marijuana use, chronic users are likely to experience a normalization of brain blood flow over time, which could correspond to an improvement in cognitive functions. However, recovery may vary and research findings on the extent of the impact and reversal are not entirely conclusive.
Effects of Marijuana on Brain Function and Blood Flow
When considering the implications of chronic marijuana use on brain function, it's important to acknowledge the complexity and inconsistency existing within research findings. Chronic marijuana use has been associated with alterations in brain blood flow, but the direct connection to cognitive impairment remains unclear, partly due to potential confounding factors like other drug use or withdrawal symptoms. The difficulty in detecting the subtle effects that marijuana may have on the brain with current techniques complicates the establishment of a clear relationship between marijuana use and changes in blood flow and function.
However, once chronic users such as a "light", "moderate", or "heavy" user cease consumption, the brain begins to undergo changes. Studies indicate that the abnormalities in blood flow observed in chronic users are likely to improve over time after cessation, which could signify a partial or full reversal of any chronic marijuana-induced alterations. This improvement aligns with the understanding that marijuana is generally less harmful to health compared to substances like tobacco and alcohol. Nonetheless, the exact rate and extent of normalization in brain blood flow can vary based on the level of prior usage and individual differences in physiology.
Ultimately, while marijuana has been reported to be non-physiologically addictive and is considered benign compared to other substances, the effects on chronic users' brains post-cessation are expected to trend towards a normalization of blood flow and potentially an improvement in cognitive functions. However, these expectations must be viewed cautiously, given the complex nature of neuroimaging and its interpretation in the context of marijuana use.
What is suggested by the similarity of early embryos of different species of vertebrates?
Answer:
It shows their evolutionary history and their possible common ancestor.
Explanation:
Similarity of early embryos of different species is a phenomenon observed by many scientist such as Karl von Baer, Charles Darwin and Ernst Haeckel.
Karl von Baer even formulated the law of embryonic development. He explained that there is a certain embryonic form, basic form, which is similar in different species. After this stage (basic form) each species develops independent-there is a branching pattern of further development.
So, according to von Baer development goes " from the most general forms the less general".
Which of the following is an example of alternation of generations? Which of the following is an example of alternation of generations? A diploid cell divides by mitosis to produce two diploid daughter cells, which then fuse to produce a tetraploid cell. A haploid mushroom produces gametes by mitosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization, which is immediately followed by meiosis. A diploid animal produces gametes by meiosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization to produce a diploid zygote. A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces, by meiosis, a spore that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte).
Answer:
A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces, by meiosis, a spore that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte).
Explanation:
Alternation of generation is a process that occurs in plants and refers to change from sexual haploid to asexual diploid stages and vice versa.
Gametophyte is haploid stage ( n chromosomes), alternates with a sporophyte, which is diploid ( 2n chromosomes). A mature sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, (reduction cell division) which reduces the number of chromosomes to half, from 2n to n (diploid to haploid).
The alternation of generations refers to the cycle in which a plant alternates between a diploid phase (sporophyte) and a haploid phase (gametophyte). The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis, that grow into gametophytes, which produce gametes by mitosis. These gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote that grows into a new sporophyte.
Explanation:An example of an alternation of generations would be a diploid plant (sporophyte) that produces, by meiosis, a spore that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte). In this process, the plant alternates between two forms: a diploid form known as a sporophyte that produces haploid spores by meiosis, and a haploid form known as a gametophyte that produces gametes by mitosis. When these gametes fuse during fertilization, they form a diploid zygote that grows into a new sporophyte. This cycle of alternating generations is observed in all plants and some algae, representing a blend of the haploid-dominant and diploid-dominant extremes.
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Does natural selection affect populations or individuals?
Answer:
Humans can't negatively impact ecosystems, because species will just evolve what they need to survive. Natural selection acts for the good of the species. ... Natural selection is about survival of the very fittest individuals in a population. Natural selection produces organisms perfectly suited to their environments.
Explanation:
Which of the following best compares the roles of the fallopian tubes and the uterus?
Eggs develop into embryos in the fallopian tubes and mature in the uterus.
Eggs are fertilized in the fallopian tubes and become implanted in the uterus.
Eggs become implanted in the fallopian tubes and travel through the uterus during birth.
Eggs are produced in the fallopian tubes and are fertilized in the uterus.
Answer:
Eggs are fertilised in the fallopian tubes and become implanted in the uterus.
Explanation:
The eggs are produced in the ovaries and from the ovaries, the eggs then travel down the tube-like structures known as fallopian tubes, that are connected to the uterus.
It is in these fallopian tubes where the sperms meet the eggs and fertilization occurs, the zygote thus formed then further travels down the fallopian tube and reaches the uterus where the implantation occurs.
Please see the attached image.
Answer:
Eggs are fertilised in the fallopian tubes and become implanted in the uterus.
Explanation:
At the doctor’s office, the doctor drains the abscess and takes a sample for culturing. She also prescribes some broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat the obvious infection. A couple days later, the doctor tells Sam that his wound contained a number of bacteria including Pasteurella multocida. When the dog bit Sam’s arm P. multocida entered the wound and started to establish an infection. In order to do so, the bacteria have to grow, which requires energy. One of the most common energy sources used by bacteria is glucose. Why is glucose such a good source of energy for bacteria?
Because it contains sugars
Final answer:
Glucose is an ideal energy source for bacteria because it is a monosaccharide that can be easily and efficiently metabolized through glycolysis to release energy needed for bacterial growth and function.
Explanation:
Glucose is such a good source of energy for bacteria like Pasteurella multocida because it is a simple sugar that can be easily metabolized during the process of glycolysis to release energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Bacteria use this energy to perform essential functions like reproduction, movement, and to synthesize necessary compounds. Glycolysis is an efficient pathway for energy extraction, and because glucose is a monosaccharide, it requires relatively little energy to break down compared to more complex carbohydrates. This makes it an ideal energy source for bacteria to grow and establish infections like the one experienced by Sam.
What are two main sources of genetic variation?
Answer:
Mutations and gene recombination
Explanation:
Mutations are changes in DNA sequence that can create genetic variation within the population and thus are the ultimate source of new alleles . Mutations are important for evolution because of their ability to form a new genetic variant (allele) that can be spread to the offspring. If a new variant of a trait formed by a mutation is advantageous and helps the organism to survive and reproduce, it is going to be favourable by natural selection. That variation will more likely be passed to the next generation and remain over time.
Genetic recombination is a process that occurs during meiosis between homologous chromosomes and it involves exchange of genetic material between them. As a result, offspring inherits reshuffled alleles different than their parents.
Another sources of genetic variation are random mating and random fertilization.
The main sources of genetic variation are mutations and sexual reproduction. Mutations are changes in DNA that can have various effects on an organism's phenotype and fitness. Sexual reproduction results in the creation of unique genotypes and phenotypes through the combination of alleles from two parents.
Explanation:Genetic diversity in a population comes from two main mechanisms: mutation and sexual reproduction. Mutation, a change in DNA, is the ultimate source of new alleles, or new genetic variation in any population. The genetic changes caused by mutation can have one of three outcomes on the phenotype. A mutation can affect the phenotype of the organism in a way that gives it reduced fitness—lower likelihood of survival or fewer offspring. Alternatively, a mutation may produce a phenotype with a beneficial effect on fitness. And, many mutations will also have no effect on the fitness of the phenotype; these are called neutral mutations. Mutations may also have a whole range of effect sizes on the fitness of the organism that expresses them in their phenotype, from a small effect to a great effect.
Sexual reproduction also leads to genetic diversity: when two parents reproduce, unique combinations of alleles assemble to produce the unique genotypes and thus phenotypes in each of the offspring.
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When there is not enough oxygen, what is glucose converted to in animal cells?
Answer:
In anaerobic respiration, which occurs during fermentation, less energy is extracted — only two ATP molecules per glucose molecule — because the products of the process, such as ethanol or lactic acid, contain more energy than does carbon dioxide, the product of aerobic respiration
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Final answer:
In the absence of adequate oxygen, glucose is converted to lactate in animal cells through lactic acid fermentation to continue ATP production.
Explanation:
When there is not enough oxygen, glucose is converted to lactate in animal cells through a process known as lactic acid fermentation. This process occurs during anaerobic conditions, where the pyruvate produced by glycolysis is reduced to lactate rather than being transported into the mitochondria for further oxidation. The conversion of pyruvate to lactate also regenerates NAD+, which is necessary for glycolysis to continue producing ATP when oxygen is scarce. This is particularly important in cells like red blood cells that lack mitochondria or under strenuous conditions where the oxygen supply is limited.
A group of students form a Healthy Earth club at their school. Their goal is to limit their school’s impact on human-led climate change. They brainstormed a list of actions they can take to meet this goal.
Answer:
Meet goals: Buy disposable plates, Recycle used paper, Post reminders to teachers, Encourage parents to walk, Start a compose bin
Doesn't meet goals: Propose that the school cuts down trees
This question is about a group of students forming a Healthy Earth club to limit their school's impact on climate change, and the actions they can take to meet this goal.
Explanation:This question is related to the subject of Science and is appropriate for Middle School students. The student is asking about a group of students who formed a Healthy Earth club at their school to limit their school's impact on human-led climate change. The students brainstormed a list of actions they can take to meet this goal. This topic relates to environmental science and the study of climate change and its effects on Earth.
What happens when eggs get older during storage?
a.the color of egg yolk changes
b.the size of aircell increases
c.egg white becomes thinner
d.both b and c are correct?
It’s D: it becomes thinner and increases the size of aircells
Pick the correct match.
cellulose:
phospholipids and protein:
gives strength to cell:
selective membrane:
Answer:
Answer:
Cellulose : cell wall
Phospholipids and protein : cell wall
Gives strength to cell : cell wall
Selective membrane : Plasma membrane
Explanation:
The correct matches are Cellulose: cell wall, Phospholipids and protein: plasma membrane, Gives strength to cell: cell wall, Selective membrane: plasma membrane. Cellulose contributes to the cell wall's strength, while phospholipids and proteins are crucial for the plasma membrane's function.
To answer the student's question:
Cellulose is associated with the cell wall.Phospholipids and proteins are key components of the plasma membrane.The cell wall gives strength to the cell.The plasma membrane acts as a selective membrane.Therefore, the correct matches are:
Cellulose: cell wall or plasma membrane — answer a or dPhospholipids and protein: plasma membrane or cell wall — answer b or cGives strength to cell: cell wall or plasma membrane — answer a or dSelective membrane: plasma membrane or cell wall — answer b or cFor clarification, cellulose is a major component of the cell wall in plants, providing rigidity and support. Phospholipids form the bilayer of the plasma membrane and, together with proteins, are essential for its function and selective permeability.
The correct question is:
Pick the correct match.
1. Cellulose:
2. Phospholipids and protein:
3. Gives strength to cell:
4. Selective membrane:
a. cell wall or plasma membrane
b. plasma membrane or cell wall
c. plasma membrane or cell wall
d. cell wall or plasma membrane