The duck-billed platypus delivers its venom through what?

Answer:

a sciatic notch is a part of the pelvis.

Men have a more arched sciatic notch while women have a broader sciatic notch

Explanation:

Various measurements of the greater sciatic notch such as width, depth, and length of the posterior angles.

The demarking points identify sex with 100% accuracy.

Hope this helps :)

The sciatic notch is a part of the ileum. The ileum is a part of the pelvic bones. The sciatic notch can determine the gender, as the sciatic notch of males is narrower than that of females.

The sciatic notch is a shape that is present in the pelvic bone of animals. The pelvic bone is present in the middle of the body. It saves the organs like the bladder and other organs.

The sciatic notch is used to determine the sex of the human because in males and females the shape of the sciatic notch is different. The females have broader sciatic notch than males.

Thus, the ileum includes the sciatic notch. The pelvic bones include the ileum. The gender can be determined by the sciatic notch, since the male sciatic notch is smaller than the female sciatic notch.

To learn more about the sciatic notch, refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/9204307

#SPJ6

Answer:

a. bottleneck; founder

Explanation:

Bottleneck effect is a loss of a large portion of population. The loss in population results in loss of alleles and a corresponding loss in the population's genetic variability. As a result, the population often become more susceptible to diseases and other limiting factors of the environment.

Founder effects on the other hand is a phenomenon whereby a small portion of a population migrates away from the original population and ends up establishing a new population in another area. The new population most often experience low genetic variability as well as a skewed sample of the alleles in the original population. This also makes the new population to be more susceptible to environment's limiting factors.

Hence, the surviving oaks in the original population will likely experience a bottleneck effect, while the oaks in the new population will likely experience a founder effect.

Final answer:

The original oak population will likely face a bottleneck effect due to the drastic reduction in population size from the wildfire, while the new population from the blown away acorns will likely experience a founder effect, establishing different genetic characteristics.

Explanation:

The surviving oaks in the original population will likely experience a bottleneck effect, while the oaks in the new population will likely experience a founder effect. The bottleneck effect occurs after the wildfire dramatically reduces the population size, resulting in the potential loss of genetic variability and altering allele frequencies. In contrast, the founder effect happens when acorns, carried by the wind, germinate and establish a new population at a significant distance. This small group can lead to a different genetic composition in the new population, distinct from that of the original population due to random sampling of alleles.

Answer:

all of these

Explanation:

All of these are steps in the general process of protein synthesis:

First, when the mRNA attaches to the ribosome, the ribosome starts decoding. Then, the ribosome moves down the mRNA strand from one codon to the next as the tRNA brings each corresponding amino acid. Finally, when the ribosome reads the last mRNA codon, it signals the end of translation.

This mechanism is virtually the same in all life forms.

Ribosomes create, or synthesize, proteins through the use of DNA and RNA.  All of these are the steps in protein synthesis.

The process of making proteins in a cell takes place at an intercellular structure called a ribosome, which is formed of both RNA and protein.

The messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence is read by the ribosome, which then converts the genetic code into a specific string of amino acids that develop into lengthy chains and fold to create proteins.

The biological machinery that produces proteins is known as a ribosome. Each cell contains several ribosomes, which are each composed of two subunits. These two subunits form a tight seal around the messenger RNA molecule before moving down its length and reading each three-letter codon.

Therefore, Ribosomes create, or synthesize, proteins through the use of DNA and RNA.  All of these are the steps in protein synthesis.

To learn more about ribosomes, refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/241631

#SPJ5

Answer:

False

Explanation:

In eukaryotes apart from RNA polymerase, the transcription of genes requires many different proteins called transcription factors. These transcription factors are important to initiate and regulate transcription.

There are two types of transcription factors regulatory and basal transcription factors. Basal transcription factors regulate transcription by binding to a gene promoter and regulatory transcription factor regulates transcription by binding to some regulatory sequences for example enhancers and silencers.  

Therefore only basal transcription factor binds to the promoter for regulating transcription. Therefore the statement is false.

Answer:

it's answer C

That is Carbohydrates

Explanation:

"The brain's primary source of fuel is carbohydrates,". "Those carbohydrates are broken down into sugar in a form called glucose. Your brain uses glucose as its main source of energy."

The brain's primary source of fuel is carbohydrates, specifically glucose. Although the brain can use fats and proteins under certain circumstances, carbohydrates are its preferred energy source. This underlines the importance of balanced nutrition for good brain health.

The primary source of fuel for the brain is carbohydrates. More specifically, the brain uses glucose, a simple form of carbohydrate, as its main energy source. When you eat carbohydrates, your body breaks them down into glucose, which is then transported via the bloodstream to the brain and used as fuel. While the brain can use other nutrients like fats and proteins under certain conditions, they are not its preferred or primary source of energy. The brain's reliance on glucose is one of the reasons why balanced nutrition, including sufficient intake of carbohydrates, is vital for brain health and function.

https://brainly.com/question/26049857

#SPJ6

Answer:

Independent

Explanation:

The answer would be Independent because in massive die offs the category usually specifies as independent

Rate me and thank me

Answer:

Option C

Explanation:

When proteins are taken in extra quantity, they are used, recycled and excreted regularly. Unlike fat, these are not stored in body when in excess.  

Therefore, high protein diet produces lots of metabolic waste which is excreted through urine and lot of water is removed out of body regularly. Thus, in order to prevent excessive loss of water or dehydration, it is advised to drink lot of water.

Hence, option C is correct

Answer:

Another property of metal ions that assists in catalysis is stabilization of negative charge transition states.

A few properties of metal ions that assists in catalysis are is its ability to orient a substrate and perform reversible oxidation-reduction reaction as seen in redox catalysis.

Answer:

Explanation: The combination formed by an enzyme and its substrates is called the enzyme–substrate complex.

In catalysis as acid, base and salt reaction .Although metal-assisted hydrolysis of lipids remains relatively unexplored, it is undoubtedly of equal importance.

Answer:

Thermoproteus and Pyrodicticum are more related to each other than Methanosarcina is to Thermoproteus.

Explanation:

Those two branch off closer to one another than Methanosarcina and Thermoproteus. This indicates a closer common ancestor.

Final answer:

Without the actual phylogenetic tree image, it is impossible to provide a confident answer regarding the relationship between the groups mentioned. Phylogenetic trees illustrate the evolutionary relationships based on shared characteristics, which are determined through various types of data.

Explanation:

The question asks which statement can be inferred from a given phylogenetic tree. Without the image of the actual phylogenetic tree, it is not possible to confidently provide which of the statements (A, B, C, or D) is correct. Phylogenetic trees are diagrams that represent the evolutionary relationships among various biological species, based on similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics.

A phylogenetic tree is built using data from various sources, such as morphological features, DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, and it is essential to differentiate between homologous (traits inherited from a common ancestor) and analogous (traits that developed independently due to similar evolutionary pressures) structures before creating the tree. This helps in accurately depicting the evolutionary pathways.

An accurate diagram would show the branching patterns and divergence points, which indicate the relative relatedness of different groups. For example, if flagellates and animals share a more recent common ancestor than fungi and animals do, it would mean that flagellates and animals are more closely related, and the diagram would depict them branching closer together.

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Acetylation of Histone Tail is defined as the process of introduction of an Acetyl functional group to the Amino Acid of the histone tail through the action of specialized enzymes called Histone Acetyl Transferase(HAT) or Histone Deacetylase (HDAC).

Now according to the question that states that the scientist have devised a method to increase acetylation of histone tails we need to find out the effect it has on the chromatin condensation state.To understand the effect we first need to understand what effect does acetylation have on chromatin structure  that is  

It removes the positive charge on the histone tail thereby reducing its affinity for the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA.

It also reduces the affinity for adjacent nucleosomes thereby leading to a considerable reduction in the ability of nucelosomes arrays to form highly ordered chromatin structures.

Finally the most important aspect of acetylation lies in creating a transcription enabling environment to allow the increased interaction of histone with regulatory proteins.In other words this leads to structural changes in the nucleosomes.

Hence it is perfectly justified to claim that that increase in acetylation of Histone Tails will eventually lead to decreased Chromatin Condenstaion.

Answer:

option D

Explanation:

beta blockers usually decreases the blood pressure by inhibiting the release of  adrenaline also known as epinephrine hormone which have sympathetic effects on heart. Beta blockers works by slowing down the heart rate, so less oxygen is needed by heart to pump the blood and takes longer time in filling.

but beta blockers are not recommended in hypertension. and they are also not used in asthmatic patient as it can worsen the asthma.

The Safe Drinking Water Act (A) is the best choice for the statement as it is focused on setting the minimum safety standards for community water supplies in the United States.

The statement 'Requires minimum safety standards for community water supplies can be best paired with the Safe Drinking Water Act (A). This is because the Safe Drinking Water Act passed in 1974 in the United States, is a federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. The law requires many actions to protect drinking water and its sources including rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and groundwater wells. The other choices pertain to different aspects of environmental and water protection, with varying levels of specificity and areas of focus.

https://brainly.com/question/32940199

#SPJ11

Final answer:

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the legislation that sets minimum safety standards for community water supplies by establishing Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for contaminants in drinking water. Thus, option A is correct.

Explanation:

The legislation that requires minimum safety standards for community water supplies is the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). This act, established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1974, was created to standardize drinking water quality across the United States. The SDWA authorizes the EPA to set national health-based standards for drinking water to protect against both naturally occurring and man-made contaminants that may be found in drinking water. The EPA achieves this by conducting risk assessments and setting Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs), which are the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. If the MCL is exceeded, immediate water treatment is mandated to reduce the contaminant level to an acceptable standard.

Answer:

The correct answer will be -

1. Genetic material of virus is- dsRNA

2. ssDNA does not have equal amount

Explanation:

According to Chargaff's rule the amount of Adenine=Thymine/Uracil and Guanine=Cytosine in the double-stranded DNA or RNA.

If the content of A and U are equal that is 14.1% and G and C are almost equal therefore it follows the Chargaff rule and thus the genetic material is the ds RNA molecule.

The Chargaff rule is not applicable where the genetic material is single-stranded so if the material is single-stranded therefore the A is not equal to T and G is not equal to C.

Thus, dsRNA and ssDNA does not have equal amount is the correct answer.

The genetic material of the organism can be DNA or RNA. The genetic material of the virus is dsRNA and the ssDNA will not have an equal amount of the bases.

The genetic material of the organisms follows the base-pairing rule of the Chargaff and is applicable to the double-stranded DNA.

According to the rule, the amount of the adenine is equivalent to the thymine or uracil and cytosine to the guanine. The molecule follows Chargaff's rule of base pairing and hence can be a double-stranded RNA molecule.

In the case of the single-stranded DNA, the amount of the adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine does not follow the Chargaff's base and hence will not have an equal amount of the bases.

Therefore, the virus will have ds RNA and the ssDNA will not have the same composition of the bases.

Learn more about bases here:

https://brainly.com/question/14915530

Answer:

Littoral zone

Explanation:

The littoral zone act as a connection between pelagic zone and terrestrial ecosystem. The large amount of species diversity is observed in littoral zone. The emergent plants are rooted plants that generally float over the surface but few plants are submerged in water.

The emergent plants are the marcrophytes. These plants are dominant in the littoral zone of lake. The fresh water marshes are commonly inhabited by emergent plants (Typha). The emergent plants have high primary production rate thus increasing the productivity of fresh water marshes.

Answer:

The answer is Africa.

Explanation:

If you had the ability to travel back in time and you wanted to experience the evolution of humans as a species, you would have to travel back about 200 thousand years back to Africa, to Omo Kibish to be exact, to see the earliest members of Homo Sapiens, which are descendants of older species that lived on the Africa continent.

I hope this answer helps.

Answer:

2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH

Explanation:

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration (break down of glucose to extract energy) which occurs in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis is a pathway common to all living organisms- prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as it does not require oxygen to occur.

Glycolysis occurs in two major phases (ten steps) requiring 10 enzymes catalyzing each step; the energy-requiring phase and the energy-requiring phase.

In the energy-requiring phase, the starting molecule (glucose) gets rearranged in a series of chemical reactions, and two phosphate groups gets attached to it producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate which is unstable, This modified sugar then splits in half due to its instability to form two different but inter-convertible phosphate-bearing three-carbon sugars (Dihydroxyacetonephosphate, DHAP and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, G3P). Because the phosphates used in these steps come from 2 ATP molecules, 2 ATP molecules get used up in this phase

All the DHAP molecules get converted to G-3-P in order to enter the next phase.

In the energy-recovering phase, the 3-carbon sugar (G3P) is converted into another three-carbon molecule called pyruvate, through a series of reactions. In these reactions, two ATP and 1 NADH molecules are made. This recovery phase occurs twice (one for each of the two isomeric three-carbon sugars, DHAP and G3P). Hence, a total of 4 ATP and 2 NADH molecules are produced in this phase.

Overall, Glycolysis converts one glucose (six-carbon) molecule to two pyruvate (three-carbon) molecules and a net release of 2 ATP molecules (4 overall - 2 used) and 2 NADH molecules.

Answer:

It will cause an increase in the heart rate, like a minute after administration.

Explanation:

The release of epinephrine which is also known as adrenalin, from the medulla of the adrenal gland is caused by anger or fear. And it release cause an increase in the heart rate, and blood pressure through the rushing of the blood to the brain and muscle.

The release of epinephrine can be controlled through meditation and deep breathing exercise.

Answer:

The correct matches are given below.

Explanation:

The answer for the correct matches of the given options for a cell are;

Ingestion - Food Vacuoles And Lysosome

Cytoplasm - All Cellular Material Outside The Nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum - Transportation Routes In Cell

Cell Wall - Phagocytosis

Nucleolus - Ribosome Production

Ribosome - Production Of Protein

Digestion - Passive Diffusion

Golgi Bodies - Produce And Package Secretions

Cellular Respiration - Plant Cell

Centrioles - Spindle Production For Cell Division

I hope this answer helps.

Answer:

Ingestion Food Vacuoles And Lysosome

Cytoplasm All Cellular Material Outside The Nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum Transportation Routes In Cell

Cell Wall Phagocytosis

Nucleolus Ribosome Production

Ribosome Production Of Protein

Digestion  Passive Diffusion

Golgi Bodies Produce And Package Secretions

Cellular Respiration Plant Cell

Centrioles Spindle Production For Cell Division

Explanation:

Answer:

During El Nino and LA Nina, opposing weather conditions are observed

Explanation:

Both El Niño and La Niña are weather patterns that occurs in the Pacific Ocean. It causes changes in global temperature and rainfall levels.

El Niño is associated with warmer sea surface temperatures and increased rainfall, while La Niña is associated with cooler sea surface temperatures and drought conditions.

During El Niño, the climate in a specific region is characterized by warmer sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. This leads to changes in atmospheric circulation patterns which can result in increased rainfall in some areas, such as an extended wet season in South America.

On the other hand, during La Niña, the climate in a specific region is characterized by cooler sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. This can lead to drought conditions in some regions, such as decreased precipitation in the western United States.

https://brainly.com/question/40852399

#SPJ11

Answer:

The correct answer is thymus gland.

Explanation:

In the immune system, the thymus is considered as a primary lymphoid organ. Thymus is present behind the sternum, above the heart and between the two of our lungs. It is made up of two-lobed and is involved in releasing hormones and providing immunity.

Thymus is the primary site where T- cells become mature. T- cells are formed in bone marrow but reaches to thymus for maturation. These mature T- cells play a very important role in providing adaptive immunity against foreign molecules.  

Thymus is larger till puberty and it slowly shrinks as the age increases. So the correct answer is thymus.

Answer:

b. an electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron.

Explanation:

An action potential is a nerve impulse or an electrical signal that travels down an axon which cause a change in polarity across the membrane of the axon.

In response to an electrical signal from another neuron, sodium ion  (Na+) and potassium ion (K+) (i.e gated ion channels) open and close as the membrane reaches its threshold potential. Na+ channels open at the beginning of the action potential, and Na+ moves into the axon, causing depolarization.

Repolarization occurs when the K+ channels open and K+ moves out of the axon, causing a diferent change in polarity between the exterior of the cell and the interior of the cell. The impulse then travels down the axon in one direction only, to the axon terminal where it signals to other neurons.

An action potential is b. an electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron

An action potential is an electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron. It's a rapid change in voltage across the neuron's membrane that propagates a nerve impulse, essential for neuronal communication. This process is a fundamental component of neuronal communication. When a neuron receives a chemical signal or some form of stimulus, this leads to a sudden reversal in the electrical gradient across the neuron's membrane, initiating the action potential. This electrical signal travels rapidly down the neuron's axon as it conducts the nerve impulse. The phenomenon is marked by a swift change in voltage across the neuron's membrane, where sodium ions rush into the cell, causing the inside to become positively charged compared to the outside. This reversal triggers the signal to ripple down the axon, facilitating communication within the nervous system.

Answer:

Depression

Explanation:

Answer: depression

Explanation: they prescribe anti depressant for depression

Answer:

16 cells

Explanation:

According to the given information, the generation time of the bacterial cell is 15 minutes. This means that the bacterial cell would have a total of 60/15= four divisions (1 hour= 60 minutes) in one hour. A division in a single bacterial cell produces two new bacterial cells. If both the newly formed bacterial cells enter the cell division, a total of four cells will be formed. Likewise, if all the newly formed bacterial cells enter the process of cell division, a total of 2^4= 16 cells will be formed by the end of four consecutive cell divisions.

Final answer:

Starting with a single bacterial cell, with a doubling time of 15 minutes, you would have 16 bacterial cells at the end of one hour after four doubling events.

Explanation:

If a single bacterial cell has a doubling time of 15 minutes, then it would double four times in one hour (since 60 minutes divided by 15 minutes equals four doublings). To calculate the number of bacterial cells after one hour, we apply the formula for exponential growth:

Final Population = Initial Population × 2(Number of Doublings)

Starting with one cell, we calculate the population after one hour as follows:

Final Population = 1 × 2⁴ = 1 × 16 = 16

Therefore, you would end up with 16 bacterial cells at the end of one hour, assuming the doubling time is exactly 15 minutes and there are no limiting factors affecting the growth.

The fluidity of the plasma membrane is primarily due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid bilayer. These fatty acids have kinks in their tails due to double bonds that prevent them from packing together tightly, thereby increasing the membrane's fluidity. Cholesterol molecules also contribute to membrane fluidity.

The part of the plasma membrane that contributes the most to its fluidity is the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid bilayer. These unsaturated fatty acids have kinks in their tails due to the presence of double bonds which prevent the fatty acids from packing together tightly, thus increasing the fluidity of the membrane. A more fluid membrane allows for greater flexibility and movement of components within the membrane, such as proteins.

Another important contributor to the fluidity of the cell membrane is cholesterol. Cholesterol molecules, embedded inside the fatty acid chains of the membrane, further hinder the tight packing of fatty acids, therefore enhancing membrane fluidity.

https://brainly.com/question/33587586

#SPJ3

The cholesterol in the plasma membrane is crucial in contributing to its fluidity. This fluidity, essential for various cellular functions, can adapt according to conditions, like temperature changes. This ensures the proper functioning and maintenance of the cell's homeostasis.

The primary contributor to the fluidity of the plasma membrane is the presence of cholesterol molecules. The fluid mosaic model explains that the plasma membrane structure is a mosaic of components - such as phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates - which can flow and shift positions, while still maintaining the overall integrity of the membrane. Cholesterol, in particular, provides a significant contribution to this fluidity.

In the plasma membrane, cholesterol restricts the movement of phospholipids, thus managing membrane fluidity and keeping the plasma membrane from becoming too firm or too fluid. The varied fluidity across the membrane allows the membrane to segregate proteins in specific domains performing unique functions and thus plays a crucial role in maintaining the cell's homeostasis. Therefore, the plasma membrane's flexibility and adaptability, key for various cellular processes, are primarily attributed to the presence of cholesterol.

Beyond the molecular structure, it's relevant to mention that membrane fluidity is also influenced by factors such as temperature. For instance, in cold conditions, more cholesterol is contained in the plasma membranes of animals, acting as a biological 'antifreeze' and preventing the membrane from solidifying.

https://brainly.com/question/30609394

#SPJ6

Answer:

24%

Explanation:

The given genetic trait is homozygous recessive and the frequency of homozygous recessive genotypes in the population is 2%.

Therefore, frequency of homozygous recessive genotypes (q2) = 2% = 0.02

Frequency of homozygous recessive allele (q) = square root of 0.02 = 0.141

Since p+q =1 (here, p = frequency of dominant allele).

So, p= 1-q = 1-0.141 = 0.859

The frequency of heterozygous carrier genotypes in the population = 2pq = 2 x 0.141 x 0.859 = 0.24 or 24%

The question is incomplete as it lacks the options which are:

A) primary succession; facilitation

B) primary succession; inhibition

C) primary succession; toleration

D) secondary succession; facilitation

E) secondary succession; inhibition

Answer:

The correct answer will be- secondary succession; facilitation

Explanation:

Secondary succession is the series of changes in the community which takes place on the disturbed or damaged land but previously colonized.

The succession takes place in one of the three ways: Facilitation, inhibition and tolerance model.

Facilitation model of succession occurs when the pioneer species growing in an area modifies the area and make it suitable for survival for themselves and other invading species.

The primary species are replaced by the competitive species which are replaced by another competitive species. Thus, the growing species facilitates the growth of the other species.

In the given question, since the herbs are replaced by the shrubs and then the forests on the disturbed land, therefore,  secondary succession; facilitation  is the correct answer.

Answer:

Non parental genes will become higher than that of parental genes

Explanation:

Genes recombine when the chromosomes pieces swap physically along the chromosomes. Recombination frequency determines the percentage of offspring that recombined during the meiosis cell division.In case where recombination frequency becomes greater than fifty percent then the amount of non-parental genes would be greater than half of the total number of genes . This scenario is not feasible as in random assortment  ratio of parental to non-parental genes is 1:1.of genes the Therefore, in any case the recombination frequency will not increase more than 50 percent

Correct option is C. The different species of warblers can live in the same conifer trees by utilizing resource partitioning to reduce competition. They do this by specializing in different niches within the same habitat, foraging in different parts of the tree and utilizing different resources or behaviors such as caching seeds.

The question asks why different species of warblers can live in the same conifer trees without competing with each other. The best explanation is option c: Resource partitioning of the seeds reduces competition, allowing the five different species to coexist in the same habitat. Resource partitioning is a process where species divide the resources they use in an ecosystem, in such a way that different species utilize different times, areas, or resources, thereby reducing direct competition between them.

For example, with seed predators like birds that feed on conifer seeds, different species may have evolved unique adaptations such as beak structures that are specialized for extracting seeds in specific ways. These morphological features may allow them to access seeds from different parts of the cones, or utilize different species of conifers that coexist in the same forest. Additionally, behaviors such as caching seeds for later consumption can influence how resources are used over time and space, further reducing competition.

One species of warbler might forage at the treetops, another may stick to the middle branches, and yet another might forage closer to the ground, each thereby specializing in different areas of the same habitat. This is an example of niche differentiation, where similar species coexist in the same habitat by specializing in different ecological niches. Such specialization allows for the maintenance of biodiversity in ecosystems like coniferous forests.

Answer:

They have no vascular system.

Explanation:

Vascular system contains an important feature they have series of tubes which helps to transport nutrients, and water over a distance in plants. The vascular system of phloem, and xylem allows trees (such as redwood) to grow a hundred feet tall.

Mosses do not have vascular system. Without the vascular system liverworts, and mosses are not able to grow large. Mosses are rarely one inch in height. Mosses are small flowerless waxy plants with no stem, and leaves.

Final answer:

Mosses do not grow tall because they are nonvascular plants without a complex system to transport water and nutrients, which limits them to surviving in moist conditions and growing only a few centimeters tall.

Explanation:

Mosses are fascinating plants that do not grow tall because they lack a vascular system. Unlike trees, which have a complex system to transport water, nutrients, and sugars, mosses must absorb these necessities directly through their leaves. Mosses have simple structures called rhizoids that help them attach to surfaces, but these are not true roots and cannot draw in water from deep within the soil. As nonvascular plants, mosses grow close together in clumps or mats, relying on moist conditions to survive. Furthermore, natural forces like wind and light create a demand for plants to grow taller, while water accessibility encourages a shorter stature. Mosses have not evolved to tackle this conflict, resulting in their characteristic low growth. They are prevalent in environments ranging from tundra to tropical forests, where they play a critical role in moisture retention, soil nutrition, and providing shelter and food for animals. However, their sensitivity to air pollution and certain substances like copper salts impacts where and how they can survive.