Valence electrons are defined as the electrons are present in the last shell of the atom and are available for bonding.
The valence electrons of carbon are present in the outermost shell of carbon.
The valence electrons of carbon can be explained as:
The carbon has four valence electrons in its outermost shell. the carbon is a tetravalent atom, which can make four bonds to complete its octet. The atomic number of carbon is 6, which means in shell 'K', it has 2 electrons, and L shell has 4 electrons. Thus, a carbon atom will require four electrons to complete its octet.
Thus, carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell or energy level.
To know more about valence electrons, refer to the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/4954103
use diffusion to explain what happens when you drop a sugar cube into a mug of hot tea
The molecules in the sugar move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in the water. Describe how water molecules move through the cell membrane during osmosis.
True or false Smoking cigarettes can lead to lung disease
How does an adult sponge asexually reproduce
In sponges, asexual reproduction can be done in two ways:
1. By budding (birth of buds, asexual reproduction of some invertebrates)
2. By the internal production of gemmules, which after the death of the sponge can also play the role of propagules. This stage of life allows the species to survive difficult conditions (dehydration, cold, lack of food) and sometimes to move better in space.
There are two methods for asexual reproduction in sponges: By budding and by gemmule formation.
Thus, By budding: (the development of buds, an asexual process used by some invertebrates).
Through the internal creation of gemmules, which can also function as propagules after the sponge has died.
This stage of development enables the species to endure challenging circumstances (cold, thirst, lack of food), and occasionally to move more effectively in space.
Thus, There are two methods for asexual reproduction in sponges: By budding and by gemmule formation.
Learn more about Sponge, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/11498152
#SPJ6
1. What is the difference between a specific and a nonspecific defense?
A specific defense mechanism is just that it is specific against a particular antigen. An antibody is an example of a specific defense.
What is nonspecific defense mechanism?A nonspecific defense mechanism works against any foreign "invader." Skin is considered a non-specific defense. The lysozyme in tears will destroy any bacteria.
Prenatal development takes place in three primary stages. The first two weeks following conception are known as the germinal stage, followed by the embryonic period from the third to the eighth week, and the fetal period, which lasts from the ninth week until delivery.
Embryo, the stage of an animal's early development while it is inside an egg or a mother's uterus. When referring to an unborn human, the phrase is used up to the end of the seventh week after conception; starting with the eighth week, the term "fetus" is used.
Therefore, A specific defense mechanism is just that it is specific against a particular antigen. An antibody is an example of a specific defense.
Learn more about mechanism on:
https://brainly.com/question/20885658
#SPJ2
3 things that the cell is doing during interphase.
how has the Earth's climate changed over the last 150 years?
i am meaning by global warming
Over the last 150 years, the Earth's climate has changed significantly due to global warming caused by human activities. This has resulted in rising temperatures, melting ice caps, sea-level rise, and more extreme weather events.
Explanation:How has the Earth's climate changed over the last 150 years?
Over the last 150 years, the Earth's climate has undergone significant changes due to global warming, which is primarily caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This has led to various consequences, including rising temperatures, melting glaciers and ice caps, sea-level rise, and more frequent and intense extreme weather events.
For example, global average surface temperatures have increased by about 1.1 degrees Celsius since the late 19th century. This may seem like a small change, but it has far-reaching effects on the planet. The melting of polar ice caps and glaciers contributes to rising sea levels, which threatens coastal communities and habitats.
In addition, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions has led to more frequent and intense heatwaves, droughts, hurricanes, and wildfires. These extreme weather events have severe impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, and human lives.
Learn more about Earth's climate change here:https://brainly.com/question/32274708
#SPJ12
what inventions have reduced the need of migration for animals
________ is a double helix with paired bases, Adenine and Thymine, and Guanine and Cytosine.
a.
tRNA
c.
rRNA
b.
mRNA
d.
DNA
what two factors determine the shape of a protein
Identify the independent and dependent variable of the experiment growing corn
Where do most meteorites come from
(a) the sun
(b) the asteroid belt
(c) Jupiter
(d) stars
B! The Asteroid belt
Most meteorites come from the asteroid belt. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
The asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter produces most meteorites. Asteroids circle the Sun in the asteroid belt. Some asteroids are expelled from the belt and intersect Earth owing to impacts or gravitational interactions.
Asteroids become meteoroids after surviving Earth's extreme heat and pressure. Meteorites land on Earth. Most meteorites reach Earth from the asteroid belt.
Learn more about meteorites, here:
https://brainly.com/question/1207919
#SPJ6
When using scientific methods to solve a problem, which of the following is a scientist most likely to do after forming a hypothesis?
A) analyze date
B) draw conclusions
C) state a problem
D) perform an experiment
what is the division of the peripheral nervous system of vertebrates that connects to the internal organs?
Water flows through the body of the sponge in the direction the arrow points in this illustration. how does water move through a sponge?
The correct answer is in through the pores and out through the osculum
True or false the cardiovascular system does not interact with any other body system
Healthy bones, teeth, and muscles require the mineral?
Carbon
Sodium
Calcium
Cadmium
Iron
why doesn't a person's body temperature change significantly if they spend a long time in temperatures below freezing?
Thermoregulation is the process of maintaining body heat and temperature. At temperatures below freezing, the body uses the heat produced to maintain the internal environment.
What is thermoregulation?Thermoregulation has been the mammalian mechanism to maintain the internal body environment without any dependence on the external environment. It has been the type of homeostasis that aids in survival.
The body heat can be maintained by convection, evaporation, conduction, and radiation. The various methods are used at various temperatures and conditions. There is no significant body temperature change below freezing points as the heat is used by the body to maintain its internal temperature.
Therefore, below the freezing point, the body temperature does not change significantly.
Learn more about thermoregulation, here:
https://brainly.com/question/7450241
#SPJ2
How has Linnaeus's taxonomy system changed over the centuries?
A river flowing downhill transports matter toward its base. Matter can be dissolved in the water or can be in the form of sediment. Which form of matter would be dissolved in the water?
sand
pebbles
leaves
minerals
f2 offspring are _____ and _____
Name the three energy roles that organisms fill in an ecosystem.
An equinox occurs when earth's rotation axis is the most toward or away from the sun true or false
Please help me!!!!!! Which statement is true according to Hooke's law? I think the answer is A! Please tell me if I'm right Thanks
A. If the force on a spring doubles, the distance it stretches doubles.B. If the force on a spring doubles, the springs length increases by some unknown amount.C. If the force on a spring doubled, the distance it stretches is halved.
D. If the force on a spring doubles, the springs length decreases by the same unknown amount.
Answer: Option (A) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
According to Hook's law, the force (F) required to stretch or compress a spring is directly proportional to the stress caused within the elastic limit.
Therefore, it means that when force on a spring doubles then the spring will also stretch at a double distance.
Thus, we can conclude that out of the given options, the statement if the force on a spring doubles, the distance it stretches doubles is true according to Hooke's law.
when an anabolic process is paired with a catabolic process, what must be true?
1.the catabolic process consumes the atp that is generated by the anabolic process
2. the catabolic and anabolic processes continue indefinitely to power each other
3.the catabolic process is nonspontaneous, and the anabolic process is spontaneous
4.the catabolic process must release at leats as much energy as is required to drive the anabolic process
4 because of the energy
3 characteristics used to classify trees?
hen you approach a tree with the intention of accurately identifying it, it is best to focus on the following set of characteristics:
RangeHabitatBarkLeavesTwigsFlowersFruits and SeedsHow is cellular respiration, both anaerobic and aerobic, instrumental in muscle contractions?
Answer and explanation;
-ATP plays an important role in muscle contraction without which the muscles would become rigid and are unable to move.
-Cellular respiration is the process by which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds from food such as glucose. Cellular respiration is divided into; anaerobic respiration which does not involve use of oxygen and aerobic respiration occurs in presence of oxygen.
-Muscle cells are able to produce ATP with oxygen ( aerobic respiration), or without oxygen (anaerobic process called anaerobic glycolysis or fermentation). The two process are instrumental to enhance muscle contractions by ensuring continuous generation of ATP.
which of these is a specific defense of the body?
(a) mucus
(b) stomach acid
(c) skin
(d) b cells
when different parts of an organism work together in unison, things can be accomplished that could not happen otherwise. explain this statement, using the interactions between different parts of the cell, tissues, and organs to support your answer.
explain what would happen within lac operon in each of the following scenarios "low lactose" and "high lactose
Answer:
When the lactose in absent then under such a situation the Lac repressor protein bind to lac operator and prevents the transcription of lac Z, lacY and lac A gene by the RNA polymerase. When the lactose is present then the allolactose binds to lac repressor and prevent repressor binding and the lac operon is called inducible.
When the concentration of lactose is high then at that time the lac operon is turned on and CAP is bind and bacteria is able to use lactose. When the concentration of lactose is low inside the cell under such a situation the lac operon is shut off and bacteria are not able to use lactose
checkpoints occur between the stages of the cell cycle. If a cell does not meet certain criteria at the end of a stage, it will not move to the next stage. Which of these occurs just before the cell enters the G2 stage of the cell cycle. F / The nuclear membrane disintegrates. G / DNA replicates. H / Centrioles form. J / The nucleolus divides.
The formation of a new cell from the old cell is called cell division. In the Cell cycle, there are two types of phase, which are interphase and M phase.
These are the following phases in the interphase and M-phase.
In interphase:-
G1 phaseS phaseG2 phaseIn M phase
ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseIf a cell does not meet certain criteria at the end of a stage, it will not move to the next stage. Therefore the next phase after the G2 stage is the S phase in which DNA replicates.
For more information, refer to the link:-
https://brainly.com/question/11009129