Valentine's Day is a time to celebrate romance and love and kissy-face fealty. But the origins of this festival of candy and cupids are actually dark, bloody — and a bit muddled.
Enlarge this imageA drawing depicts the death of St. Valentine — one of them, anyway. The Romans executed two men by that name on Feb. 14 of different years in the 3rd century A.D.
Hulton Archive/Getty ImagesThough no one has pinpointed the exact origin of the holiday, one good place to start is ancient Rome, where men hit on women by, well, hitting them.
Those Wild And Crazy Romans
From Feb. 13 to 15, the Romans celebrated the feast of Lupercalia. The men sacrificed a goat and a dog, then whipped women with the hides of the animals they had just slain.
The Roman romantics "were drunk. They were naked," says Noel Lenski, a historian at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Young women would actually line up for the men to hit them, Lenski says. They believed this would make them fertile.
The brutal fete included a matchmaking lottery, in which young men drew the names of women from a jar. The couple would then be, um, coupled up for the duration of the festival — or longer, if the match was right.
The ancient Romans may also be responsible for the name of our modern day of love. Emperor Claudius II executed two men — both named Valentine — on Feb. 14 of different years in the 3rd century A.D. Their martyrdom was honored by the Catholic Church with the celebration of St. Valentine's Day.
Later, Pope Gelasius I muddled things in the 5th century by combining St. Valentine's Day with Lupercalia to expel the pagan rituals. But the festival was more of a theatrical interpretation of what it had once been. Lenski adds, "It was a little more of a drunken revel, but the Christians put clothes back on it. That didn't stop it from being a day of fertility and love."
Around the same time, the Normans celebrated Galatin's Day. Galatin meant "lover of women." That was likely confused with St. Valentine's Day at some point, in part because they sound alike.
Enlarge this imageWilliam Shakespeare helped romanticize Valentine's Day in his work, and it gained popularity throughout Britain and the rest of Europe.
Perry-Castañeda Library, University of TexasShakespeare In Love
As the years went on, the holiday grew sweeter. Chaucer and Shakespeare romanticized it in their work, and it gained popularity throughout Britain and the rest of Europe. Handmade paper cards became the tokens-du-jour in the Middle Ages.
Eventually, the tradition made its way to the New World. The industrial revolution ushered in factory-made cards in the 19th century. And in 1913, Hallmark Cards of Kansas City, Mo., began mass producing valentines. February has not been the same since.
Today, the holiday is big business: According to market research firm IBIS World, Valentine's Day sales reached $17.6 billion last year; this year's sales are expected to total $18.6 billion.
But that commercialization has spoiled the day for many. Helen Fisher, a sociologist at Rutgers University, says we have only ourselves to blame.
"This isn't a command performance," she says. "If people didn't want to buy Hallmark cards, they would not be bought, and Hallmark would go out of business."
And so the celebration of Valentine's Day goes on, in varied ways. Many will break the bank buying jewelry and flowers for their beloveds. Others will celebrate in a SAD (that's Single Awareness Day) way, dining alone and binging on self-gifted chocolates. A few may even be spending this day the same way the early Romans did. But let's not go there.
Answer:
Valentine's Day is a time to celebrate romance and love and kissy-face fealty. But the origins of this festival of candy and cupids are actually dark, bloody — and a bit muddled.
Enlarge this image
A drawing depicts the death of St. Valentine — one of them, anyway. The Romans executed two men by that name on Feb. 14 of different years in the 3rd century A.D.
Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Though no one has pinpointed the exact origin of the holiday, one good place to start is ancient Rome, where men hit on women by, well, hitting them.
Those Wild And Crazy Romans
From Feb. 13 to 15, the Romans celebrated the feast of Lupercalia. The men sacrificed a goat and a dog, then whipped women with the hides of the animals they had just slain.
The Roman romantics "were drunk. They were naked," says Noel Lenski, a historian at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Young women would actually line up for the men to hit them, Lenski says. They believed this would make them fertile.
The brutal fete included a matchmaking lottery, in which young men drew the names of women from a jar. The couple would then be, um, coupled up for the duration of the festival — or longer, if the match was right.
The ancient Romans may also be responsible for the name of our modern day of love. Emperor Claudius II executed two men — both named Valentine — on Feb. 14 of different years in the 3rd century A.D. Their martyrdom was honored by the Catholic Church with the celebration of St. Valentine's Day.
Later, Pope Gelasius I muddled things in the 5th century by combining St. Valentine's Day with Lupercalia to expel the pagan rituals. But the festival was more of a theatrical interpretation of what it had once been. Lenski adds, "It was a little more of a drunken revel, but the Christians put clothes back on it. That didn't stop it from being a day of fertility and love."
Around the same time, the Normans celebrated Galatin's Day. Galatin meant "lover of women." That was likely confused with St. Valentine's Day at some point, in part because they sound alike.
Enlarge this image
William Shakespeare helped romanticize Valentine's Day in his work, and it gained popularity throughout Britain and the rest of Europe.
Perry-Castañeda Library, University of Texas
Shakespeare In Love
As the years went on, the holiday grew sweeter. Chaucer and Shakespeare romanticized it in their work, and it gained popularity throughout Britain and the rest of Europe. Handmade paper cards became the tokens-du-jour in the Middle Ages.
Eventually, the tradition made its way to the New World. The industrial revolution ushered in factory-made cards in the 19th century. And in 1913, Hallmark Cards of Kansas City, Mo., began mass producing valentines. February has not been the same since.
Today, the holiday is big business: According to market research firm IBIS World, Valentine's Day sales reached $17.6 billion last year; this year's sales are expected to total $18.6 billion.
But that commercialization has spoiled the day for many. Helen Fisher, a sociologist at Rutgers University, says we have only ourselves to blame.
"This isn't a command performance," she says. "If people didn't want to buy Hallmark cards, they would not be bought, and Hallmark would go out of business."
And so the celebration of Valentine's Day goes on, in varied ways. Many will break the bank buying jewelry and flowers for their beloveds. Others will celebrate in a SAD (that's Single Awareness Day) way, dining alone and binging on self-gifted chocolates. A few may even be spending this day the same way the early Romans did. But let's not go there.
In two or three sentences, describe one of the principles of the Constitution and identify its importance.
Name the intolerant act
Which of the following IS a rule for the Jews since Hitler's rise to power
*They can associate with anyone they like
*they can stay out later on the weekends
* they can not go to places of entertainment
*they can not meet with other Jews
how were the american revolution and the french revolution different?
The Georgia Trustees originally had planned to prohibit which group from settling in Georgia prior to 1734?
A) the Dutch
B) the French
C) Jewish immigrants
D) Russian immigrants
its C. Georgia was originally governed by a group known as the Trustees during the period from 1732 - 1752, and this group had decided to prohibit Jewish immigrants from living in Georgia .
The Georgia Trustees originally had planned to prohibit Jewish immigrants from settling in Georgia prior to 1734 Option(C) is correct. A gathering of Jews arrived in Georgia without express consent in 1733 yet were permitted to remain.
What does Georgia Trustee means?Trustee Georgia is the name of the period covering the initial twenty years of Georgia history, from 1732-1752, in light of the fact that during that time the English Region of Georgia was represented by a leading group of trustees.
The contract contained inconsistencies. The pilgrims were qualified for every one of the privileges of British blokes, yet there was no arrangement for the fundamental right of neighborhood government. Strict freedom was ensured, with the exception of Roman Catholicism and Judaism.
The sanction made a corporate body called a Trust and accommodated a vague number of Trustees who might oversee the province from Britain. 71 men filled in as Trustees during the existence of the Trust.
Oglethorpe imagined the territory as an area for the resettlement of English borrowers and " commendable poor", albeit barely any indebted individuals were essential for the coordinated repayment of Georgia. One more inspiration for the establishing of the settlement was to make a, or "post region" that would protect the southern piece of the English provinces.
Therefore Option(c) is correct.
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Before the French and Indian War, Spain had controlled Florida for
The history of Florida can be traced back to when the first Native Americans began to inhabit the peninsula as early as 14,000 years ago. They left behind artifacts and archeological evidence. Written history begins with the arrival of Europeans to Florida; the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León in 1513 made the first textual records. The state was the first mainland realm of the United States to be settled by Europeans. Thus, 1513 marked the beginning of the American Frontier.
From that time of contact, Florida has had many waves of immigration, including French and Spanish settlement during the 16th century, as well as entry of new Native American groups migrating from elsewhere in the South, and free blacks and fugitive slaves, who became known as Black Seminoles. Florida was under colonial rule by Spain, France, and Great Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries before becoming a territory of the United States in 1821. Two decades later, in 1845, Florida was admitted to the union as the 27th US state. Since the 19th century, immigrants have arrived from Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia.
Florida is nicknamed the "Sunshine State" due to its warm climate and days of sunshine, which have attracted northern migrants and vacationers since the 1920s. A diverse population and urbanized economy have developed. In 2011 Florida, with over 19 million people, surpassed New York and became the third largest state in population.
hope this helps :)
Answer:
over 200 hundo years
Explanation:
I just did it
how was the reign of mansa musa in mali similiar to that of askia muhammad in songhai
Both Mansa Musa and Askia Muhammad used Islam to consolidate their reigns and boost their kingdoms' reputations. They embarked on pilgrimages to Mecca, invest in education and cultural development, and made their respective capitals, Timbuktu and Gao, significant centers for Islamic learning.
Explanation:The reigns of Mansa Musa in Mali and Askia Muhammad in Songhai had several similarities. Both Mansa Musa and Askia Muhammad bolstered their reigns and influenced local populations by adopting Islam. Mansa Musa, known for his wealth and pilgrimage to Mecca, used Islam to reinforce his rule and increase Mali's reputation. He did this through the investment in Islamic education, architecture, and culture.
Similarly, Askia Muhammad fostered the growth of Islam during his rule, using the faith as a means of legitimizing and consolidating his power. Like Mansa Musa, Askia Muhammad also embarked on a pilgrimage to Mecca, highlighting his devotion to Islam and helping to enhance his position. Askia Muhammad also took steps to regulate trade, standardize weights and measures and improve the administrative structure of the Songhai Empire.
Both rulers caused their empires to become significant centers for Islamic learning and cultural development. Timbuktu under Mansa Musa and the city of Gao under Askia Muhammad became important cultural and educational centers. Both rulers also managed to enhance the strength and prosperity of their respective kingdoms, although the means by which they achieved this differed.
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how did WW2 officially begin?
1. What events led to the creation of Japanese internment camps in America during the Second World War? 2. Who authorized the creation of these camps and the forced removal of Japanese Americans? 3. How are the camps an example of legally sanctioned discrimination and persecution? 4. What were the conditions of the internment camps? 5. How did life for Japanese Americans in the camps differ from their lives before the camps? 6. What reactions did Japanese Americans have to their forced internment? 7. What reparations or compensations were made to Japanese Americans for this discriminatory treatment?
1. We believed that the Japs had spies here in America so the greatest way to overcome that was hide them and out them away.
2. President Franklin D. Roosevelt
3. It wasn't discrimination... It was war. Just like what's going on now with the travel ban. We are keeping our enemy's away from the public.
4. They were quite disgusting run down areas. They usually didn't have much food but to not starve to death. They weren't treated bad by the camp guards but they weren't treated good by them either.
5. Well it was a prison camp. They were under constant supervision. They were never "alone". Its like being in prison without the cell doors.
6. They were very unhappy for very good reason. They obviously didn't want to be out there. Some who were well know were permitted to go to other country's but other than that they hated it.
7. $20,000 to the surviving people.
Japanese internment camps in America were created following the attack on Pearl Harbor and were authorized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. They represent an instance of legally sanctioned discrimination and persecution. Several reparations were made towards Japanese Americans in 1988.
Explanation:The creation of Japanese internment camps in America during the Second World War was largely precipitated by the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan in December 1941. Fear and suspicion towards Japanese Americans peaked following this event, leading the public and government officials to view them as potential threats to national security.
It was President Franklin D. Roosevelt who authorized the creation of these camps with Executive Order 9066 in February 1942. This order and subsequent legislation effectively forced the removal of Japanese Americans, most of whom resided on the West Coast, to designated internment camps.
These camps represent an example of legally sanctioned discrimination and persecution because they were created based on racial and ethnic prejudice rather than any proven disloyalty or wrongdoing on the part of the Japanese American community. The fact that the U.S. government has since apologized for this policy and provided reparations underscores its discriminatory nature.
The conditions in the internment camps were harsh, with inadequate living quarters, limited privacy, and insufficient basic necessities such as food and medical care. Life for Japanese Americans after their internment was drastically different, as they lost their homes, jobs, and the freedom they had enjoyed before the war.
The reactions of Japanese Americans varied, with some protesting their internment through legal means, while others felt helpless against the discriminatory treatment. In 1988, the Civil Liberties Act was passed, which authorized a payment of $20,000 to each surviving internee as a form of reparation for their suffering.
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What did irrigation allow people to accomplish? A. The invention of the wheel B. Passing knowledge from one generation to another C. Protection from violent nomads D. Delivering water to dry areas for growing crops
The capitalist system in the U.S. assumes that businesses exist with what motive? A. To help others B. To create a monopoly C. To reduce competition D. To make a profit
The capitalist system in the U.S. assumes that businesses exist with D. To make a profit.
In the capitalist system of the United States, the primary motive assumed for businesses is to make a profit.
This is the driving force behind entrepreneurship and investment, as individuals and entities seek financial gain through the production and sale of goods and services.
While businesses can also contribute to society by helping others, creating jobs, and fostering innovation, these are often considered secondary outcomes of the pursuit of profit.
Monopolies and the reduction of competition may occur in certain markets, but these are not the assumed motives for businesses in a capitalist system; in fact, antitrust laws are in place to prevent such occurrences to maintain a competitive market environment.
What was one of Churchill's purposes for writing "The Sinews of Peace"?
to reject and dismiss calls for the British government to forge a "special relationship" with the American government
to call for the United States to establish formal diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in order to prevent further war
to warn America and the world about the threat that the Soviet Union and the rise of communism posed to freedom and peace
to advocate for the United Nations to develop its own armed forces so that member states need not participate in future wars
It was to warn america. *C*
Shays' Rebellion highlighted the weaknesses inherent to the Articles of Confederation, primarily the issue of
A) expansion.
B) industrialization.
C) slavery.
D) taxation.
The answer is d i did the test
Shays' Rebellion highlighted the weaknesses inherent to the Articles of Confederation, primarily because of the issue of taxation. The correct option is d.
What is Shays' Rebellion?Shays' Rebellion refers to an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts and Worcester in response to a debt crisis among the citizenry and in opposition to the state government's increased efforts to collect taxes both on individuals and their trades.
The fight took place mostly in and around Springfield during 1786 and 1787. American Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four thousand rebels who are called Shaysites in a protest against economic and civil rights injustices. In 1787, Shays' rebels marched on the federal Springfield Armory in an unsuccessful attempt to seize its weaponry and overthrow the government. The confederal government found itself unable to finance troops to put down the rebellion.
And it was consequently put down by the Massachusetts State militia and a privately funded local militia.
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Does an honorable warrior ever kill civilians
Final answer:
The concept of an honorable warrior traditionally means adherence to a code of conduct that often includes the protection of civilians. However, complex battlefield situations can challenge this code, especially when the enemy blends with the civilian population or in cases of advanced distant warfare technology. Honor remains a relevant yet subjective consideration in modern military ethics.
Explanation:
The question of whether an honorable warrior ever kills civilians is a complex one. The concept of honor in warfare is historically and culturally contingent, but generally, it involves adherence to a code that respects certain rules and norms. In many traditions, honor precludes targeting non-combatants. However, warfare also involves chaotic and unpredictable situations where civilians may inadvertently become casualties, such as when enemy forces violate the laws of warfare by hiding among civilians or using civilian clothing, thereby putting their own people at risk. These circumstances challenge the ability of even the most honorable warriors to avoid harm to civilians, as seen in the excerpt discussing the Third Battalion, Fourth Marines incident.
Historical concepts of honor on the battlefield often encouraged direct confrontation with the enemy and acts that demonstrated bravery, such as the recounted horse raids of rival tribes. Advanced weapons technology that allows for killing from a distance has transformed the nature of warfare and raises ethical questions about the relationship between honor and combat when the enemy is not directly encountered. However, the core values of honor, including the protection of non-combatants, remain relevant in the assessment of warrior conduct. Additionally, the militaristic ideology and practice of never leaving wounded or deceased comrades on the battlefield, as observed among US soldiers, is another dimension of military honor that does not directly relate to the treatment of civilians but illustrates a commitment to certain ethical standards within a combat unit.
why were Federalist leaders not satisfied with having gotten only nine States to ratify Constitution
What could have caused U.S. imperialism?
A) The success of the Russian-Japan War and the colonies the United States saved.
B) The success of the Spanish American War and the colonlies received from that victory.
C) The dangerous armament race in Europe.
D) The U.S acquistion of Alaska and Hawaii.
The map above shows the per capita GDP produced by each country. Which countries are most likely to be considered highly developed?
A.
countries shown in dark blue
B.
countries shown in green
C.
countries shown in light orange
D.
countries shown in red
The correct answer is A) countries in dark blue.
According to the map, the countries considered highly developed are the countries in dark blue.
The countries colored in dark blue have the highest Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which mean it is the sum of the market values, prices, and products and services produced in a specific country in one year.
As we see on the map, the most high-developed countries of the world are the United States, Australia, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, Sweeden, the Arab Emirates, Japan, and New Zeland.
Match the following terms to their correct definition.
Question 1 options:
A: An area in which an outside power claims exclusive trading rights with an area. These privleges were expected to be honored under the threat of military force.
B: This type of colonial rule was favored by the British. In this type of colonial rule, local rules such as kings or sultans were left in place to govern the colonies. The British felt that this would lessen the possibility of a revolt.
C. The domination by one country of the political, economic, and/or cultural life of another country or region.
D: The type of colonial rule favored by the French. In this type of colonial rule, officials and soldiers from the imperial county were sent to control the colony.
E: A form of imperial rule in which local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of imperial advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity. These countries are still independent countries but they are under the protection of the more powerful imperial country.
answers match the answers to the letters
1. Imperialism
2.direct control colony
3.indirect control colony
4.protectorate
5.spheres of influence
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I have tried looking up the definistions, and I've gone back through the text, but I can't figure it out. I need help.
Answer: The right answers are these:
A goes with 5 (Spheres of influence)
B goes with 4 (Protectorate)
C goes with 1 (Imperialism)
D goes with 2 (Direct control colony).
E goes with 3 (Indirect control colony).
Explanation: Just to elaborate on some of the answers, it can be added that while a direct control colony, or direct colonial rule, is a more extreme, and arguably more illustrative, example of the policy of imperialism, since it virtually excludes the local population from the government of their territory, an indirect control colony, such as a protectorate, is somehow a more "benevolent" example of imperialistic control, since it grants the territory some autonomy and independence.
A country’s per capita GDP measures the amount of goods and services created __________.
A. by the entire country
B. per person
C. each month
D. in some parts of the country
Answer:
no its not a. it is B. per person
Explanation:
Answer:
b
Explanation:
Which groups were the major settlers of early Russia?
Answer:
Slavs
Explanation:
Eastern Slavs or Eastern Slavs constitute the majority ethnic group in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Each of the nationalities of Russia has its own history and particularities; However, it can be said, without any doubt, that the remote origin of the modern Russian state is shared by the Slavic and Ugro-Finnish peoples of northeastern Europe.
Which of the following countrys does the nile flow threw
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How does James Madison relate to a republic government to the dynamic of the Union and the States composing it in the federalist paper #10?
Final answer:
James Madison advocates for a republican government in Federalist No. 10, suggesting it provides the best safeguard against the dangers of factions and establishes a balance of power between national and state governments.
Explanation:
In Federalist No. 10, James Madison discusses the issues related to factions and the benefits of a republican government over a direct democracy. Madison posits that a large republic is better equipped to handle the dangers posed by factions because in a large republic, a greater number of representatives can make compromises that represent the diverse interests of their constituents, preventing any single group from gaining too much power. He makes the case that the structure of a republic can defend against both the potential for domestic faction and insurrection as well as the threats posed by international forces.
Furthermore, Madison reflects on the unique character of the American system in Federalist No. 39, which he considers to be a new form of government, neither centralized nor a confederation of sovereign states, but a blend of both. This new American system, according to Madison, is ideally suited to uphold the principles of the Revolution while proving that self-governance is possible and practical. He highlights that the Constitution's framework promotes a balance between a strong national government and state autonomy, which contrasts with fears of an overly powerful federal government.
according to the torah, where did the israelites go once they left Egypt?
describe the amendment process
how did spanish officials respond to filibusters making claims to land in east texas??
All of the following images appear on the Oklahoma state flag except __________.
why did Pizarro and his forces attack the Inca and capture their Emperor, Atahualpa?
A. Atahualpa refused to join forces with Spain
B. Atahualpa would not accept Christianity
C. The Inca Empire was weak because of a civil war
D. The Inca empire had little territory
Answer:
The correct answer is C. Pizarro and his forces attacked the Inca and captured their Emperor, Atahualpa, because the Inca Empire was weak because of a civil war.
Explanation:
The conquest of the Inca Empire began on November 16, 1532 when an Inca army met in Cajamarca with the Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro, shortly after the end of the civil war between the two heirs to the Inca throne, Huascar and Atahualpa. In this meeting, Atahualpa, who was still celebrating his triumph over Huascar, was taken prisoner by the Spaniards and months later executed on July 26, 1533. Later the Spaniards, allied with the Canaris, Chachapoyas and other ethnic groups until then vassals of the Incas, marched to Cuzco, the capital of the empire, where they entered on November 14, 1533 and proclaimed Manco Inca as the new Inca, with the intention of turning him into a puppet king. But soon Manco led a war of reconquest, besieging Cuzco and the newly founded city of Lima (1535). Although they caused great casualties to the Spaniards, Manco finally had to retire to the wild mountains of Vilcabamba, where he installed the seat of the Inca monarchy (1538), while the rest of the territory was occupied by the Spaniards, who carried forward the process of settlement and colonization. The reign of these Incas of Vilcabamba would last until 1572, when the Viceroy Francisco de Toledo would execute the last of them: Tupac Amaru I.
which section of the country saw the growth of industries and businesses in the early 1900
Answer:New England and the surrounding area
Explanation:
When did powerful nation-states (Spain, Portugal, France, England) emerge in
Europe that would shift important trade routes to the Atlantic?
during the time of the Crusades
during the late Middle Ages
during the Reformation
immediately after the fall of the Roman Empire
Answer:
During the late Middle Ages
Explanation:
The Late Middle Ages is the last period of the Middle Ages and includes the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries - although some historians place its beginning in the eleventh century denying the existence of the period of the Middle Ages (11th to 13th centuries). It was marked by the crisis unleashed by the impact of the Black Death that began in 1348 and reduced the European population to less than half.
What are some differences and similarities between the Jamestown colony and Plymouth colony??PLEASE HELP!!!