The correct answer would be option D, reinforcing only successive approximations of the final behavior desired.
The shaping of behavior is accomplished by reinforcing only successive approximations of the final behavior desired.
Explanation:
Shaping of behavior is a concept in operant conditioning in Psychology. In this concept, reinforcement or punishment is used to shape behaviors.
In shaping the behaviors, the target behaviors are set and then reinforcement or punishment is given to shape the behaviors according to the target behavior.
Reinforcement is given only to the successive approximation of the target or desired behavior in order to shape the behaviors.
For example, if a mother wants his son to study, she can shape his behavior of not concentrating on the studies, to a behavior in which he concentrates on his studies, by giving him good rewards like prizes, appreciation, gifts etc, to reinforce his behavior of studying.
Learn more about shaping of behaviors at:
https://brainly.com/question/2543693
#LearnWithBrainly
Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen
A. source memory
B. episodic memory
C. schema
D. scan technique
Answer:
c. Schema
Explanation:
Schema -
It determines the pattern of behavior or thoughts which helps to characterize some information about the particular object or work , is referred to as schema.
It basically refers to some general information or general method by which the task is done .
Hence, from the question,
The correct term for the given scenario is Schema .
What is an annual budget that includes income and expenses for ongoing operations?
Answer:
An annual budget that includes income and expenses for ongoing operations is the Operating Budget of the government.
Explanation:
In order to carry out its own expenses, the government needs to devise well in advance the provisions that are needed to be done for the said expenses.In order to determine the means through which the revenue for these expenses is to be fetched, the government prepares an operating budget and presents it in front of the houses.This budget is different than the national budget of the country.Amy Chua’s seminal piece World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability argues that small ethnic minority groups often have more power than larger, poorer ethnic groups and that many times ethnic tension is a result of:
Answer:
The economics enjoyed by these groups
Explanation:
In her book, Chua discusses different reasons for the market dominance of different groups. Some groups inherited market dominance because of colonial legacies and apartheid . In other cases, it may be due to the culture and family networks of these groups. For many groups there is no clear single explanation
Five islands, A, B, C, D, and E, differ only in distance from the mainland, area, and species diversity. Which island would be predicted to have the highest species diversity?
Answer:
B 50 1 x 106
Explanation:
The largest Island and the one that is closest to the mainland would mean that such Island would have more biodiversity. 50 km from the mainland is a considerably close distance and the largest with 1*10^6 hectares represents a huge area that would allow for more biodiversity.
Any successful trivia game must be aware of both its audiences’ and players’ range of knowledge – as soon as any topic becomes too _______ most quickly lose interest.
eclectic
obscure
recondite
ephemeral
prosaic
topical
Any successful trivia game must be aware of both its audiences’ and players’ range of knowledge – as soon as any topic becomes too obscure, recondite most quickly lose interest.
Explanation:
It's ambiguous and difficult to see if something is dark. Be careful when driving in heavy rain — the coloured lines may be black. Obscure derives from the dark Latin which might mean ' dark, low, ' ' unclear, difficult to comprehend, ' or ' insignificant, modest.
An example of recondite is , His Compilation for Sphere Astronomy (1906) is a further revisited work. Like all casuists, he assumed that morality was a new science, further than the reach of everyone except the learned.
A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment.A) Isolate B) Skinner box C) Gestaltlaten D) Watson manipulator
Answer:
Skinner box
Explanation:
It has a performance pointer such as a lever or a button.
A Skinner box is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment. It is commonly used in experiments to study animal behavior.
Explanation:A(n) Skinner box is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment. It is commonly used in experiments to study the behavior of animals, particularly rats or pigeons. The chamber typically contains a lever or a food dispenser that the subject can interact with, and the experimenter can control the delivery of rewards or punishments. The isolation of the subject allows researchers to investigate the effects of various stimuli on behavior without interference from external factors.
Learn more about Skinner box here:https://brainly.com/question/33602312
#SPJ3
James is the head of marketing at a major convention center and has decided to make some changes to the current marketing plan. Using the critical thinking method, what is the first thing James needs to identify before making any decisions?
The first step in critical thinking for decision making is to distinctly identify the problem. This involves articulating a clear thesis or objective about the changes desired, as well as anticipating potential objections or counterclaims.
Explanation:The first step James should take in the critical thinking process before making any decisions about marketing plans is to identify the problem he wants to solve. It is important to articulate a clear and specific claim or objective about the issue at hand. This claim is essentially his thesis or objective for the change he wants to bring about in the marketing strategy.
Understanding potential objections to his action is also part of this first step. This requires him to anticipate potential dissenting opinions or counterclaims that might arise regarding his strategies. Identification of these aspects will help James gather the required information, analyze, and evaluate evidence leading to a reliable and effective judgment about the changes required in the marketing plans.
Learn more about Critical Thinking for Decision Making here:https://brainly.com/question/32519972
#SPJ11
Clarice wakes up in a daze and remembers that she has to do laundry, and once again, her depression sets in for the day. On her way to the laundry room, she encounters an enormous black spider, which causes her heart to race. Despite this, she continues to the laundry room and stays until all of her clothes are washed and dried to her satisfaction.
At what point does Clarice experience an emotion?
a.When she remembers that she has to do laundry
b.When she wakes up in a daze
c.When she encounters the spider
d.When she starts her laundry
Answer:
Clarice experiences an emotion C. when she encounters the spider.
Explanation:
An emotion is understood as a very intense feeling which follows a specific event, such as receiving good news, encountering a certain animal or facing a fearful object, for example.
In this case, Clarice experiences an emotion when she encounters the spider and her heart races, it can be fear for example.
Depression is not an emotion, neither is waking up in a daze so those are not the correct answers.
Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted ""junk"" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the _____ bias.
Answer:
This is an example of the status quo bias.
Explanation:
Status quo is understood as the existing way of something, mostly social, for example. The status quo bias is understood, then, as the preference an individual has of having things remain the same as they have been, without making much change.
In this case, people already have their services such as cable, internet or cell phone providers. They do not consider the telemarketer's offers because they do not want to make the decision to change, thus succumbing to the status quo bias of wanting things to remain the same.
Ricky agrees to sell his Sunrise Breakfast Café to Tia. As part of the deal, Ricky signs a covenant not to open a competing business within a hundred-mile radius for ten years. If this covenant is later determined to be unreasonable, the appropriate remedy is most likely:________
Answer: Reformation
Explanation:
Reformation is defined as the process in which something is changed and altered so that it can be turned towards the correct path. In terms of any pact or agreement,reformation is done as the corrective measure for discrepancy. In this way an individual can rewrite the pact's terms to define the intentions clearly as a fair remedy.
According to the mentioned situation in question ,cure for the covenant being regarded as unreasonable can be reformation to clarify the term and the intentions.This can correct the variation that is occurring to prove the covenant as beyond the acceptance limit.
The units manned by Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen whooperate and maintain a variety of combatant and other craft for maritimespecial operations are known as _____. [Remediation Accessed :N] a. SEAL Platoonsb. Special Tactics Groupsc. SEAL Delivery Teamsd. Special Boat Teams
Answer: Special Boat Teams
Explanation:
Special Boat Teams are members of the special warfare combatant craft, they are in charge of operations and maintenance of the state of art surface craft in order to control costal patrol and they also engage in special operation missions.
The special boat teams are made up of different areas of specialization such as adminstration, intelligence, engineering, communications, training, medicals, supply element, ordnance, etc.
Achak is upset. He tells his roommate that if his psychology teacher knew how to teach, he would not have flunked his midterm. In fact, "it's all their fault" is a commonly heard phrase from Achak. What locus of control is Achak demonstrating?
A) latentB) reciprocalC) internalD) external
Answer:
external
Explanation:
According to psychology, when a person has an external locus of control they tend to believe that their successes or failures come from external factors that they cannot control. In other words, events are caused by external factors out of their control.
In this example, Achak flunked his midterm, he things that this is his teacher's fault and "it's all their fault" is a commonly heard phrase from Achak. We can see that Achak believes that his failure is caused by external factors out of his control, like his teacher or other people. Therefore, this is an example of external locus of control.
Explain the essential difference between the 1960s humanistic view on personality and the earlier emphasis on psychoanalytic and behaviorist views.
Answer:
The humanistic view on personality explores people's own impressions and thought processes rather than seeking objective truths about behavior or unconscious drives like the other perspectives.
Explanation:
The humanistic view of personality focuses on how people seek out self-determination and self-realization . In contrast, behaviorists seek scientific objectivity. Humanistic psychologists studied people through their own ideas and self-reported experiences and feelings . Psychoanalysts took a different approach because of their focus on the unconscious drives of the human psyche. An example of a humanistic theorist is Abraham Maslow who focused on the study of self-actualizing people.
The 1960s humanistic view on personality differed from earlier psychoanalytic and behaviorist views by emphasizing free will, self-actualization, and the potential for personal growth, focusing on self-concept and self-esteem. Humanistic psychologists like Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow prioritized the individual's conscious experiences and inherent capacity for self-improvement.
Explanation:Humanistic Psychology vs. Psychoanalytic and Behaviorist Perspectives.The essential difference between the 1960s humanistic view on personality and the earlier emphasis on psychoanalytic and behaviorist views is the focus on free will, self-actualization, and the conscious mind. Where psychoanalytic theory emphasized unconscious drives and early childhood experiences, and behaviorism focused on observable behaviors and external environmental influences, humanistic psychologists like Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow emphasized the potential for personal growth and the role of individual choice and conscious thought. Humanists believed that each person has an inherent capacity for self-improvement and personal fulfillment, often conceptualized as the journey towards self-actualization. They focused on the importance of self-concept and self-esteem, seeing individuals as capable of introspection and improving their own lives through personal effort and the development of personal competence and self-respect.
The humanistic approach to psychology came as a response to what was seen as the limitations of psychoanalysis and behaviorism. It restored importance to the individual's subjective experience and conscious mind. Humanistic therapy, such as Roger's client-centered therapy, facilitated personal and interpersonal skills aimed at enhancing the quality of life, while Maslow's hierarchy of needs culminated in the ideal of self-actualization, epitomizing the humanistic movement's focus on the potential for individual growth.
Serial killers in entertainment media are commonly portrayed, despite the fact that serial killers account for only what percentage of U.S. homicides each year?
Answer:
2-3%
Explanation:
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, only about 2-3% percent of homicides yearly are carried out by serial killers. and no more than 1% of of all murders in US history.
Final answer:
Serial killers account for a very small percentage of U.S. homicides each year, less than 1%, which contrasts with the high visibility and inaccurate public perception of crime influenced by entertainment media and media coverage.
Explanation:
Serial killers, though prominently featured in entertainment media, account for a very small percentage of U.S. homicides each year. In contrast to the high visibility of such characters in TV shows and movies, researchers have found that the actual contribution of serial killers to the annual homicide rate is not as significant as the public perceives it to be, largely due to the inaccurate public perception of crime as shown in crime series like Law & Order and extensive media coverage. This distortion in perception can lead to a higher estimate of crime rates and a greater fear of becoming victims among the public.
It is important to note that although the entertainment value of such depictions is clear, the reality is that serial killers represent a fraction of the total number of homicides. For instance, according to the FBI's Supplementary Homicide Reports, perpetrators who could be classified as serial killers are thought to be responsible for less than 1% of all murders that take place in the U.S.
An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____. An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____. its position in the food chain where it lives the intensity of its competition with other species whether it is early or late in ecological succession the rate at which it uses energy
Answer: Its position in the food chain
Explanation: The trophic level of an organism is a position of an organism in a food chain. It is a step in the ecosystem, that is, in the nutrient series, it should be said that there are several steps, so based on which step this organism is located in ecosystem, is determined the position of that organism in the ecosystem, i.e in the food chain. So you can say that it is the position of an organism in the food chain based on what step is involved. The first trophic level is the level with primary producers and these are plants, then herbivores, and carnivores, while levels four and five are predators, that is, top predators. The point is that the most capable "organisms" are predators at the top of the chain.
In addition to these, there are so-called separate trophic levels and there are so-called decomposers, i.e bacteria and other micro-organisms that decompose dead animals and waste, and from this they create fertile soil for the plant growth as a first step in the chain, but other producers can use it, too.
An organism's trophic level indicates its position on the food chain, starting with producers and moving up to primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers. The ecological pyramid demonstrates the decrease in biomass and energy at higher trophic levels, with only 10 percent of energy typically passed on to the next level.
Explanation:An organism's trophic level refers to its position in the food chain or food web. The various trophic levels start with producers at the first level, followed by primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers. The concept of the ecological pyramid, also known as the Eltonian pyramid, illustrates the cumulative effect of energy transfer through these levels, with diminishing quantities of biomass and energy as one ascends from producers at the base to apex predators at the top.
Only about 10 percent of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, with the rest being used up or lost to the environment as heat. Consequently, there are generally fewer organisms and less biomass at higher trophic levels. This decrease is visually represented by the ecological pyramid shape, where the base is wide with producers and narrows at each subsequent level due to decreased energy availability.
Mrs. Parker visits a neighbor's home for the first time. The house is cluttered and poorly kept. Mrs. Parker does not consider that her neighbor may be juggling two jobs, a lengthy commute, and the demands of child care. Instead, she simply concludes that her neighbor is a slob. Mrs. Parker is illustrating the:
Answer:
Fundamental attribution error
Explanation:
In psychology, the fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to explain someone else's behavior based on internal factors (like personality or traits) and to underestimate the influence that external factors (situational influences) have on their behavior. In other words, we attribute the behavior to internal factors instead of attributing it to external influences.
In this example, Mrs. Parker neighbor's house is cluttered and poorly kept, she doesn't consider that her neighbor may have two jobs, a lengthy commute or demands of child care (situational influences) but she concludes that her neighbor is a slob (internal factor). In other words, she is attributing the cluttering to internal factors instead of external influences. Therefore, Mrs. Parker is illustrating the fundamental attribution error.
-----an organism's blank is its observed characteristic and its outward appearance weggy
Answer:
Phenotype
Explanation:
The phenotype of an organism can be said to be the observable features that that organism possess or its physical appearance.
Hypnotically ""refreshed"" memories may prove inaccurateâespecially if the hypnotist asks leading questionsâbecause of:_____________
Answer:
memory construction
Explanation:
Hypnotically ""refreshed"" memories may prove inaccurate especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions because of memory construction
Memory construction is a process of bringing back old memories. Scientifically, it has be proven that hypnotically refreshed memory are less accurate due to poor memory construction compared to unhypnotized subjects.
Answer:
Memory construction
Explanation:
I just got it correct on a test :)
How did U.S. expansion to California affect most members of the Mexican aristocracy in the region?
Answer:
They lost their land and forced into poverty.
Explanation:
The United States expansion in California began after the Mexican Cession taken by American by paying 15 million dollars to Mexico. The majority of the population in the Southwest were Spaniards. The Mexican aristocracy in the region were landowners who controlled the land and workers. California economy widely based on livestock and ranching. The old Spanish ranching families after the arrival of the Anglo newcomers lost their land and forced to live in poverty.
Ruth was convicted of five separate counts of fraud. She had used her charm to persuade elderly pensioners to sign their life savings over to her. She confessed to the crimes, but she showed no remorse for her actions. She even bragged at the trial that she would do it all again when she had the chance. In this case, Ruth's behavior is consistent with that seen in: a. Bipolar disorder b. Narcissistic personality disorder c. Avoidant personality disorder d. Antisocial personality disorder
Answer:
d. Antisocial personality disorder
Explanation:
Antisocial personality disorder: In abnormal psychology, the term antisocial personality disorder is referred to as a mental condition or mental illness that is explained in terms of an individual consisting of a long-term pattern of exploiting, manipulating, or violating the rights of the other person without showing any remorse or guilt.
An individual experiencing antisocial personality disorder often finds difficulty in maintaining relationships at work and is considered to be criminal as well.
Symptoms: Persistent lying to exploit others, using charm to manipulate another person for personal gain, disregard for right and wrong, etc.
Causes: Environmental factors, genetic factors, etc.
In the question above, Ruth's behavior is consistent with that seen in antisocial personality disorder.
A certification is an official statement that validates a person has satisfied specific requirements.True / False.
Answer: True
Explanation:
Certification is the document or statement that officially confirms about the mentioned guidelines and characteristics of the organization or individual.This certificate is provided by an official authority that has specialization in that certain field .
It states the authenticity and validity of that company or person regarding the achieved education, review,audit etc through completing the steps and requirement for the designation.Thus, the given statement in question is true.
The empirical method of study is based on ________. a. statistics b. guesswork c. practice d. observation
Answer:
D. observation
Explanation:
Empirical studies are based on actual and objective observation or experimentation. Empirical means based on observation or experience
Final answer:
The empirical method of study is grounded in observation, including practices like controlled experiments and observational studies. It forms the basis of the scientific method, where hypotheses are tested through empirical research to gain knowledge.
Explanation:
The empirical method of study is based on observation, including experimentation. This method involves gaining knowledge through direct and indirect observation or experience, as opposed to relying solely on theory without sufficient evidence. For example, scientists begin with an observation, develop a hypothesis, and then conduct empirical studies to test the hypothesis.
Unlike guesswork or practice, which are not systematic methods, empirical research often includes both observational studies and controlled experiments. Observational studies involve watching and analyzing subjects in natural settings, while controlled experiments involve manipulating variables to observe outcomes in a controlled environment.
Using existing records to answer research questions is another form of empirical research known as naturalistic observation. This method can be particularly useful in fields like sociology where researchers look at social phenomena and analyze data to draw conclusions.
John strongly values his girlfriend, Celia, and he encourages her to try new things. When she talks about going skydiving, he doesn't like the idea because he thinks it is too dangerous. John keeps his emotions in check and tries to find a creative way to let Celia try new things. John is probably using a(n) _____ approach to conflict in his relationship with Celia.
a. dynamic
b. direct
c. peacemaking
d. emotionally expressive
Answer:
C - Peacemaking.
Explanation:
Peacemaking is a type of conflict approach that values the balance of different powers (mutual interests, capabilities, wills, etc) in a relationship. What John is doing with this approach, by keeping his emotions in check, is a sort off negociation to avoid a breakdown of what she wants or can or will do. Therefore, he is trying to balance the relationship: given that skydiving is too dangerous, he tries to find new things for her to explore.
The practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards to one's own culture is known_________.
Answer:Ethnocentrism
Explanation:Ethnocentrism defines how someone tends to believe that their culture , race and religion are all better when compared to those of others. Someone believes their ethnic group is more superior and other ethnic group are inferior. This thinking of being better than others is only based on considering one's own culture or heritage as better than the rest. This is what mostly lead to racism and prejudice.
It is in contrast with xenocentrism which is when someone thinks that other cultures are better than his own culture.
Ethnocentrism for example is when someone from a western culture or country critisize a dressing code worn by someone from an Estern culture or country because they may cover their hair and a person from the West may think this is too restraining and people shouldn't be put through that.
Large media conglomerates, such as the Hearst, McClatchy, and Gannett corporations, own approximately ________ percent of daily newspapers.A. 10
B. 25
C. 40
D. 55
E. 75
Answer:
75
Explanation:
Large media conglomerates, such as the Hearst, McClatchy, and Gannett corporations, own approximately 75 percent of daily newspapers
Large media corporations own over 80 percent of the daily newspaper circulation, with option E. 75 percent being the closest to this figure. Media consolidation has increased substantially since 1983, with the largest twenty-five companies now owning over half of all daily newspapers.
Explanation:Large media conglomerates, such as the Hearst, McClatchy, and Gannett corporations, own a significant portion of daily newspapers in the United States. With the concentration of news media, these corporations account for more than 80 percent of the circulation. Given the provided options, the closest percentage representing the ownership by large media conglomerates of daily newspapers is E. 75 percent, although the actual percentage might be even higher considering the corporate chains' dominance over the newspaper circulation.
In 1983, 90 percent of U.S. media was owned by fifty companies, but by 2021, just four conglomerates controlled the same percentage. The pattern of concentrated ownership is evident in the decline in the number of companies owning newspapers with the largest twenty-five companies owning more than half of all daily newspapers. The three largest companies own twice as many newspapers now compared to a decade ago, emphasizing the extent of media consolidation in current times.
Edgar and Jayne are a couple in their 40s. They are busy raising a family of three children. They also spend considerable time each week at their parents' homes doing yard maintenance and running errands for their parents. Edgar and Jayne are members of the ________ generation. A) Yuppie B) Baby boom C) Umbrella D) Sandwich
Answer:
B
Explanation:
They were born in the right year for the baby boom generation.
The Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court:
a) freed Dred and Harriet Scott extended
b) the Missouri Compromise line to California endorsed
c) the "free soil" policy of the Republicans declared Congress could not ban slavery from territories backed
d) the idea of "popular sovereignty."
The Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1857 determined that African Americans, free or enslaved, were not citizens and couldn't petition the court. It held that Congress couldn't ban slavery in its territories, defying popular sovereignty and Free Soil policies, and it did not free Dred and Harriet Scott.
Explanation:The Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court, formally known as Dred Scott v. Sandford, was a landmark ruling made in 1857. This decision held that the U.S. Constitution did not give citizenship to African Americans, enslaved or free, and therefore they were unable to petition the court. The case effectively made it clear that Congress could not ban slavery from the territories that it managed, undermining the principle of popular sovereignty and the Free Soil policy of the Republicans. The Dred Scott decision did not free Dred and his wife Harriet Scott, extend the Missouri Compromise line to California, or endorse the concept of slavery being determined by popular vote in the territories.
Learn more about Dred Scott decision here:https://brainly.com/question/17522573
#SPJ3
According to the textbook authors, the sort of environment a teacher should strive to establish is one that allows students to
Answer:
The environment a teacher should try to strive is one that allows students to:
Be chalengedExploreGive and receive supportConstruct new knowledgeExplanation:
For a good learning environment a teacher should provide a safe but chalenged environment. It a student doesn't feel chalenged he or she can get bored and curiosity and intrest are very important for learning.
Students have to be able to explore, because that is the way learning happends.
Students should feel they have support, that is the way they learn to do it for others.
All of this helps built new knowledge. To be able to explore in a chalenging environment, feeling the support needed is ideal for learning.
The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the:________.
Answer:The just noticeable difference
Explanation:The just noticeable difference (JND), which is also referred to as difference threshold.
This is a minimum stimulation level we can be able to detect half of the time.
For example let us say you were carrying two buckets which has different weights , for you to notice half of the time the minimun difference in their weights that is Just noticeable difference.
The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the Just Noticeable Difference (JND). This is related to Weber's Law, which states that the JND is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus.
Explanation:The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) or Differential Threshold. This concept is related to Weber’s Law, which states that the JND is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus. For example, if you are holding a 1lb weight and a weight is added to it, you would be able to detect this change more easily than if you were holding a 10lb weight and the same weight is added.
Learn more about Just Noticeable Difference here:https://brainly.com/question/33454272
#SPJ3
If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.
Answer:
Subordinate, Basic
Explanation:
If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the subordinate level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the basic level.
a horticulturist will classify them based on their subordinate/scientific or specific classes while a non-expert will classify them based on their basic knowledge