The smallest difference between two stimuli that enables us to tell the difference between them is called the _____.

Final answer:

Non-English immigrants in Pennsylvania were objected to by nativist groups who associated them with cultural and political threats. Nativist organizations like the American Protective Association pushed for restrictive laws, such as literacy tests, and the Immigration Act of 1924 to limit their influence. German immigrants also faced negative impacts from such policies, experiencing financial and political discrimination.

Explanation:

The petitioners in Pennsylvania found non-English immigrants objectionable for several reasons. These newcomers were perceived to pose a threat to what the petitioners saw as the American way of life due to their different languages, religious practices, and cultural norms. The American Protective Association and other nativist groups fought to curb immigration through legislation like literacy tests, which targeted those from central, southern, and eastern Europe, who were primarily Jewish and Catholic and often could not read or write in any language due to lack of educational opportunities in their home countries. The Immigration Restriction League also influenced policies during this period and supported laws that aimed to selectively limit the influx of immigrants based on their perceived assimilability into American society, ultimately leading to acts such as the Emergency Quota Act and the Immigration Act of 1924. German immigrants in southeastern Pennsylvania also faced discrimination, especially with the passage of nativist laws that undermined their financial stability and disregarded their voting preference, leading to tensions within their community.

Final answer:

An elaborate ceremony marking a person's emergence into adulthood is indeed an example of a rite of passage, which signifies a significant transition in an individual's life. These ceremonies encompass various life stages, such as puberty, marriage, and even death, serving to acknowledge and facilitate the individual's new role or status within their community. Identified by Arnold van Gennep, these rituals are essential for both the individual and their community.

Explanation:

An elaborate ceremony used to celebrate a person’s emergence into adulthood is indeed an example of a rite of passage. These ceremonies are pivotal in marking the transition from one stage of life to another, serving not only as a social formalization of change but also as an educational experience for the individual. Rites of passage can include various ceremonies such as baptisms, bar mitzvahs, quinceañeras, weddings, and funerals, each signifying a significant shift in an individual's social status or life stage.

First identified by anthropologist Arnold van Gennep in 1909, rites of passage serve to facilitate and publicly acknowledge the transition of an individual from one social status to another. Gennep outlined three stages in a rite of passage: separation, transition, and incorporation. These stages collectively help the individual, as well as their community, to understand and accept the new role or status the individual is moving into.

Examples like the quinceañera illustrate the transformation from childhood to adulthood, where symbolic actions, such as the exchange of a doll for high heels, represent the departure from childhood and the embracing of an adult role within the community. Such rites are deeply embedded in cultural practices and play a critical role in teaching the behaviors, attitudes, and values appropriate for an individual's new role in society.

External conflict is that those women who are convicted of witchcraft fight and struggle against a society which considers them guilty.
These convictions marked them an evil entity and the whole society trusted the conviction leaving for these women the only choice of struggle. An internal conflict also was faced by them that either they confess or the only choice is death.

Final answer:

Women convicted of witchcraft faced external conflicts such as societal fear, cultural pressures, and strict legal proceedings, often resulting in severe punishments, including execution. They were typically targeted due to non-conformity or as scapegoats for unexplained misfortunes, reinforced by societal standards.

Explanation:

External Conflict Facing Women Convicted of Witchcraft

The external conflict confronting women accused of witchcraft primarily stemmed from societal fears and tensions. During periods such as the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, witchcraft accusations were often a reflection of the community's attempt to make sense of unexplainable misfortunes and maintain social order. Women, who were thought to be more susceptible to the Devil's influence, faced severe consequences if convicted, including the possibility of execution. Witches were portrayed as allies of the Devil who brought about sickness, death, and catastrophe, and their trials were conducted under strict legal scrutiny, ensuring all proceedings were recorded.

In societies where non-conformity was met with suspicion, being labeled as a witch was a risk any non-conforming individual could face. The conflict for these women also included the potential loss of property to cover court costs and the weight of proof being on the accused, in a system that was heavily biased against them. Moreover, cultural pressures and societal standards played a role in the accusations, with the term "witch" serving as a tool to punish those who deviated from accepted norms.

The Sherbert test is the first test used to determine when the government can intervene to suppress political speech. The test ensures that there must be a 'compelling governmental interest' and the law must be the 'least restrictive means' to accomplish it. The Sherbert test applies to freedom of speech and religion.

The first test for determining when the government may intervene to suppress political speech is called the Sherbert test. It is a standard used to decide if a law violates the free exercise clause. A law will be struck down unless there is a 'compelling governmental interest' at stake and it accomplishes its goal by the 'least restrictive means' possible.

The test requires that the focus is on the individual and the benefits to society from any restriction on the individual must be clear and convincing. In the context of freedom of speech, the government can place restrictions when there is a threat to an individual's safety or to society's law and order. For instance, making a direct threat against a political candidate is considered illegal.

The Sherbert test also applies to cases involving freedom of religion. Under the Sherbert Test, the government must demonstrate it had a 'compelling governmental interest' in limiting a religious practice, and that the restriction was 'narrowly tailored'.

https://brainly.com/question/32261825

#SPJ12

Final answer:

Limiting the national government's power is justified with reference to the Constitution, which embodies the principle of limited government and divides sovereignty between the national and state levels, restricting certain powers of both.

Explanation:

Advocates of limiting the powers of the national government justify their position by pointing to the Constitution of the U.S. The Constitution sets out the framework for a federal system where both the national and state governments are granted certain powers, but also have specific limitations. For example, the necessary and proper clause, along with the limitations on powers in Article I, Section 9, gives Congress certain powers but also restricts its ability to pass bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, and limit the habeas corpus. This reflects the principle of limited government, ensuring that the national government does not become too powerful and that states retain significant authority.

Moreover, before the Constitution's ratification, the balance of power was heavily in favor of the states under the Articles of Confederation. With this in mind, the Constitution was carefully crafted to allow for a stronger national government while still preserving the autonomy of state governments, as seen through constraining state powers in areas such as foreign policy and monetary control. The Supremacy Clause also establishes the Constitution as the 'supreme law of the land', indicating that federal law overrides state law when there is a conflict.

Answer:

The Fifteenth Amendment was the first step in granting full voting rights to African Americans. However, Jim Crow laws created more restrictions to these rights. With the passage of the Voting Rights Act, the Fifteenth Amendment was enforced as voting restrictions were removed.

Explanation:

The main reason why Christopher Columbus was more confident than others about his ability to sail westward because he has an explicit faith that he was called by God for the task of bringing the Christian religion to remote peoples of the word. He believed that God gave him the faith and afterwards the courage to do his task. He has often been hailed as a man of heroism and bravery and faith. Additionally, he sailed westward into mostly unknown waters and his unique scheme is often viewed as ingenious. He set example for us all by showing what monumental feats can be accomplished through perseverance and faith.

The inclusion of "In God We Trust" on American currency signifies the historical importance of religious faith as a core American value, alongside the values of freedom, equality, justice, and individualism outlined in the American creed.

The motto "In God We Trust" on American money reflects the core value of religious faith within American society. This phrase has appeared on U.S. coins since the 1860s, and its inclusion on paper currency was mandated in 1957. The presence of this motto, along with the addition of the phrase "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954, signifies the historical influence of religious sentiment in American public life, particularly during the Cold War era, as a counterpoint to godless communism. These additions were not indicative of America's secular Constitution but represented a broader cultural acknowledgement of religious belief. Core American political values, encapsulated by the American creed, promote freedom, equality, justice, and individualism. However, the motto "In God We Trust" emphasizes the historical importance placed on religion within the broader spectrum of American values.

Answer:

Because he believed that government intervention in the economy would only serve to cause inflation and postpone the recession.

Explanation:

Friedrich August von Hayek was an Austrian economist and is considered one of the founders of the Austrian school of economic thought. He was noted for his defenses about economic liberalism, and for his theses about the role of government in the economy.

Although a moderate socialist who did not advocate armed revolutions, he was a keen enthusiast of state control in the economy. However, influenced mainly by the ideas of the economist von Months, Hayek later came to admit his flawed thinking and became a great advocate of liberalism.

The economist's main idea was that the economy should function freely and without state intervention. According to him, a central (state) planner, even if well intentioned, would be destined for failure. This is because, as an economy is very dynamic, the planner could never make the best decisions for all individuals.

Thus, she argues that individuals should be responsible for economic decisions. Being that each individual would specialize where it had greater degree of knowledge. Thus, according to him, the economy would move towards long-term development. The economy would adjust mainly according to variables, the main one being the price.

Linda decides to visit her friends John and Mary. As she knocks on the door, she hears her friends quarrelling. But when they open the door, John and Mary are smiling. Linda acts as though she has not heard the quarrel. This is an example of civil inattention.

Civil inattention refers to the practice of ignoring certain events or behaviours that are noticed in passing, as a way of respecting others' privacy or avoiding conflict. In this scenario, Linda chooses to act as if she has not heard the quarrel between John and Mary when she greets them at the door. By doing so, she is demonstrating civil inattention by not acknowledging the argument she overheard, thus allowing her friends to save face and maintain their composure in her presence. This behavior is common in social interactions where individuals prefer to overlook minor disagreements or personal matters that they incidentally become aware of, in order to preserve social harmony.

By 6 months of age, a baby's majority of sleep occurs at night, transitioning from polyphasic sleep patterns of a newborn to more consolidated nocturnal sleep with reduced REM sleep.

By 6 months of age, more than half the baby's sleep takes place at night. Newborns initially display polyphasic sleep, spending approximately 16.5 hours per 24-hour period sleeping at various times throughout the day and night. However, by 6 months, a baby averages around 14 hours of sleep and begins to consolidate more of that sleep during nighttime hours. During this period of infancy, there is a noticeable decrease in Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, from nearly 50% for newborns to approximately 25% to 30% as they grow into childhood. Sleep patterns continue to evolve, with toddlers around two years old averaging closer to 10 hours per 24 hours.

Final answer:

Individuals often don't realize they've been sleeping if awoken during stage N3, the deepest level of sleep. Alpha brain wave activity during this stage can lead to not feeling refreshed upon waking, connecting stages of sleep with brain wave patterns.

Explanation:

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage N3 sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep. This stage is characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves. During stage N3, the body further decreases muscle activity and begins greater muscle relaxation. Despite being the deepest level of sleep, individuals who have increased alpha brain wave activity during this stage often report not feeling refreshed upon waking. This paradox is likely due to the introduction of brain wave patterns (alpha waves) that are more typical of wakefulness or the transition into lighter sleep stages, such as stage 1 sleep (N1).

The main drawbacks of direct democracy include the excessive requirement it places on voters leading to uninformed decisions, and the potential for manipulation by special interest groups and wealthy individuals. These issues could be addressed through improved voter education and regulatory safeguards to limit undue influence.

The principal drawback to direct democracy is the heightened requirement it places on voters. In a direct democracy, the decision-making responsibility rests squarely on the shoulders of the citizens. This means that citizens are expected to thoroughly read, research, and understand the implications of their voting choices, particularly since these decisions could fundamentally alter a constitution, instigate tax changes, or remove politicians from office. However, many may not have the time or expertise to effectively perform these tasks, superficially choosing ballot measures or completely skipping ones they do not fully comprehend.

Furthermore, direct democracy can unintentionally empower special interest groups or wealthy individuals, who have the resources to propose and fund personal projects that might not necessarily serve the greater good. The validation of direct democracy can veer towards those who have the means to sway decisions rather than rest upon the true democratic principle of equal representation.

To resolve these issues, there could be greater emphasis on voter education to support informed decision-making. Also, regulations could be enforced to limit undue influence from special interest groups and wealthy individuals.

https://brainly.com/question/31006383

#SPJ12

Final answer:

Prisons, mental hospitals, monasteries, and military bases are classified as 'total institutions,' where individuals are isolated and must follow strict rules, often undergoing resocialization.

Explanation:

Prisons, mental hospitals, monasteries, and military bases can best be classified as total institutions. These are places where individuals are cut off from wider society and are subjected to strict rules and schedules imposed by the institution. The goal within these total institutions is often to undertake a process of resocialization, where individuals adapt to new social norms and values that are significantly different from those in the outside society.

Examples of this can be seen in monasteries where monks live a life of asceticism and in prisons and penitentiaries that historically aimed at transforming criminals into law-abiding citizens through various means such as hard work and religious instruction.

The social engineering attack that sends a personalized message to high ranking individuals is phising, this type of method sends message to a person with a message that involves of having to gain something from the individual that they sent it to. 

Answer:

The social engineering attack that sends a personalized message to high ranking individuals is called "Whaling"

Explanation:

Social engineering involves manipulating people psychologically to do certain things. The intention may be to cause them to make security mistakes and leak sensitive and confidential information.

Whaling, also known as "whaling phising", is a form of social engineering attack that targets high level employees or executives to trick them into leaking sensitive information or committing fraudulent activities.

I believe the correct answer from the choices is:

D. yes, but when the study is over the researcher has to reveal the study's real goals and explain why the deception was necessary.

Sometimes deception is necessary in an experiment. For example in studies of altruism, the participants are deceived and are frequently distressed, however due to the nature of the studies deception must occur and these effects cannot be avoided.