The correct answer is: (a) RNA polymerase (along with its sigma subunit) can initiate transcription on its own.
More differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription:
• In prokaryotes transcription occurs in the cytoplasm (unlike in eukaryotes in nucleus) and it is simultaneous with translation,
• In prokaryotes there is only one type of RNA polymerase (in eukaryotes there are three types of them).
• There is no sigma subunit in eukaryotes, the initiation of transcription begins thanks to initiation factors.
• Promoter region in prokaryotes contains pribnow box, while in eukaryotes it contains TATA and CAT box.
Transcription in bacteria is different from that in eukaryotes primarily because bacterial RNA polymerase can initiate transcription independently while eukaryotic RNA polymerase requires additional proteins known as transcription factors to start the process.
Explanation:Transcription in bacteria differs from transcription in a eukaryotic cell primarily due to the role and requirements of the RNA polymerase and associated elements in the transcription process. In a nutshell bacterial RNA polymerase (with its sigma subunit) can initiate transcription on its own, but the RNA polymerase in eukaryotes requires the assistance of other proteins known as transcription factors to bind to the promoter region and commence transcription.
In prokaryotic cells such as bacteria, transcription is fairly straightforward - the RNA polymerase with its sigma subunit binds to a particular sequence of the DNA (known as the promoter) and starts the transcription process. The sigma subunit aids in recognizing and binding to the promoter region for transcription initiation.
On the other hand, in eukaryotes, transcription is more complex. The eukaryotic RNA polymerase cannot initiate transcription independently. Rather, specific proteins known as transcription factors must first bind to the promoter region of the DNA. These factors then aid in recruiting the RNA polymerase to the promoter to start transcription. Eukaryotic cells also follow a more regulated transcription process as the cell must produce only the specific pre-mRNAs needed for protein synthesis.
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Which of the following is an example of an abiotic factor?
A) The algal levels in the epipelagic zone
B) The temperature of water at the seafloor
C) The shrimp population in a bay
D) The growth rate of a seagrass bed
The correct answer is B
Hope this helps
-AaronWiseIsBae
The example of an abiotic factor from the list provided is B) The temperature of water at the seafloor. Temperature is a non-living, physical characteristic that influences marine life and ecosystems, distinguishing it from biotic factors such as algal levels and populations of shrimp and seagrass.
Explanation:The student's question asks to identify an example of an abiotic factor. Abiotic factors are the non-living, physical and chemical components of an ecosystem that affect the organisms and the functioning of the ecosystem. Examples of abiotic factors include temperature, light, salinity, and flow regime among others.
From the given options, the correct answer is B) The temperature of water at the seafloor. Temperature is an abiotic factor because it is a physical characteristic of the environment, not a living component. This is contrasted with the algal levels and the populations of shrimp and seagrass which are living, or biotic factors.
It is important to note that abiotic factors like salinity and temperature are crucial for sustaining life in marine biomes. They influence the physical properties of water, which in turn affect various biological processes, biodiversity, and the distribution of marine organisms.
Question 1 unsaved in the experiment, resistance will be measured using what instrument? question 1 options:
a.ph meter
b.voltmeter
c.multimeter
d.pipet
e.balance
the answer is multimeter
Which describes the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
(Select all that apply.)
A. Photosynthetic pigments absorb energy from light.
B. Carbon dioxide is incorporated into a preexisting sugar molecule.
C. Water is split, which produces oxygen.
D. Hydrogen ions (H+) are moved against their concentration gradient.
Answer: Option A and Option C
Explanation:
The whole procedure of photosynthesis takes place in two stages of photosynthesis.
It includes light dependent reaction and light independent reactions or dark reaction.
The light dependent reaction includes absorption of light energy. The green pigment known as chlorophyll is required to absorb sunlight and convert it into chemical energy.
During this process the water is broken down into H+ ions and Oxygen is released into the environment.
So, the correct answer is option A and Option C
Estuaries are characterized by _[blank]_.
the presence of fresh water and salt water
fast-moving water
coral reefs
chemosynthetic bacteria
Final answer:
Estuaries are characterized by the mixing of fresh water and salt water, resulting in brackish water with variable salinity that influences the lives and adaptations of many aquatic organisms.
Explanation:
Estuaries are characterized by the presence of fresh water and salt water. These biomes are unique areas where a freshwater source like a river meets the ocean, resulting in a mix of fresh and salt water that creates a diluted (brackish) saltwater environment. Estuaries are crucial for the lifecycle of many aquatic species, providing a protected area for the young offspring of crustaceans, mollusks, and fish. The salinity in these areas can vary greatly and plays a significant role in the adaptations of the organisms living there. These environments experience twice-daily changes due to tides, which can bring challenges for the flora and fauna, such as the need for halophytes, plants that tolerate salty conditions, and behavioral adaptations in animals like mussels and clams.
The region known as the macula densa is part of
The region known as the macula densa is part of excretory system.
More precisely, macula densa is a structure located in the kidney, in the wall of the distal tubule. The macula densa is composed of tightly packed specialized cells on the place where the distal tubule touches the glomerulus.
The role of this structure is to detect changes in concentration of sodium chloride and to send a signal to the afferent arterioles (to change blood pressure) or to the juxtaglomerular cells (renin release).
The macula densa is a group of cells located in the Distal Convoluted Tubule of the kidney that play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's sodium balance.
Explanation:The region known as the macula densa is a group of cells that is a part of the kidney's structure. Specifically, it's located in the part of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) that forms the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA). These cells play a vital role in regulating the body's balance of sodium ions. When triggered by certain hormones due to changes in sodium concentration, blood volume, or blood pressure, macula densa cells can communicate rapidly with afferent and efferent arterioles. Depending on the signal, these arterioles can constrict or relax to alter the glomerular filtration rate which in turn affects the balance of sodium ions and overall kidney function.
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A worker uses a jackhammer to break up a sidewalk. What kind of waves does the jackhammer produce
Answer:
Longitudinal waves
Explanation:
These are also similar to the P-waves of an earthquake. They are transmitted by the compression and rarefaction of the molecules of the medium as it propagates along. The wave radiates outwards from the point where the jackhammer hits the sidewalk.
Simon is a 35-year-old lawyer who works in a large law firm in New York City. He’s noticed that since he turned 30, his body seems to need more time on average to recuperate from illnesses. To top it off, since he started working at the firm about two years ago, he has seemed vulnerable to catching every infectious illness that his co-workers come down with – from a little cold to a full-blown flu. Simon always seems to be coughing, sniffling, and fighting fatigue. He’s also recently developed a skin condition on his face that looks greasy and flaky, and feels irritable most of the time. Although he considers his diet pretty healthy and his lifestyle relatively active, Simon is now thinking of taking vitamin supplements. Do you think Simon might need supplements? If so, which one(s)? 1. Simon learns that supplementing with water-soluble vitamins is potentially safer (compared to fat-soluble varieties) because they aren't stored in the body for as long, which reduces their ability to cause a toxicity. Which vitamin is water soluble? a. vitamin A b. vitamin K c. vitamin E d. vitamin D e. vitamin C
The answer is c because they are easily destroyed and washed away during food storage preparation
Answer: Vitamin C is Water Soluble Vitamin
Explanation: Water soluble vitamins include vitamin B complex group and Vitamin C.
Vitamin B complex group includes the following:
o Thiamine (B1)
o Riboflavin (B2)
o Niacin (B3)
o Pantothenic acid (B5)
o Pyridoxine (B6)
o Folic acid (B9)
o Biotin
o Cobalamin (B12)
Vitamin B complex members are grouped together because, often, they are found together in the same food with the exception of vitamin B12
Some common properties of water soluble vitamins are:
o They are readily absorbed from intestine and excreted in urine.
They are not stored like fat soluble vitamins and so do not cause toxicity. However vitamin B₁₂ is stored in body.
o Their dietary intake is needed on a regular basis.
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Populations of _________ live in the human large intestine. These benficial organisms help make certain vitamins and digest polysaccharides.
Food live in the human large intestine
Populations of bacteria live in the human large intestine. These beneficial organisms help make certain vitamins and digest polyacrylamide.
So the answer is bacteria .
Hope this helps!! :)
Bottled water is regulated by the ______, whereas tap water is regulated by the ______.
Bottled water is regulated by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), whereas tap water is regulated by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
Which of the following elements would NOT be typically found in an mRNA molecule?5′ untranslated regionPromoter3′ untranslated regionStart and stop codonsProtein-coding region
The correct answer is: Promoter
Promoter is a sequence on DNA molecule that initiates transcription of a particular gene (RNA polymerase binds to a promoter).
mRNA is a product of transcription from DNA and it has
5′ untranslated region-
Protein-coding region- composed of codons that caries the information for protein synthesis (translation).
Start (the first codon, usually AUG triplet) and stop codons (the last codon for the termination of translation)
3′ untranslated region-after the start codon, usually responsible for mRNA stability and localization.
Brenda made the heliocentric model shown below to represent the sun, universe, Mercury, and solar system.
The picture shows a rectangle. Within the rectangle there is an oval. At the center of the oval there is a rhombus. On the right of the rhombus, within the oval, there is a symbol showing a small circle within a slightly larger circle, the two circles being concentric. On the right of the picture the key shows A equals rectangle, B equals oval, C equals rhombus, and D equals concentric circles.
What does the symbol for D in Brenda's diagram most likely represent? (2 points)
sun
universe
Mercury
solar system
D most likely equals Mercury
Answer:
The correct answer is option C, mercury
Explanation:
As per the Brenda’s venn diagram of Universe, the symbols used in this figure represents the following -
The rectangle shape – This represents the universe as it is the outermost shell that consist of solar system
The oval shape – This represents the solar system as the it is a galaxy of star. There are several galaxies of star that lies with in the universe.
The rhombus – The rhombus represents the center of the solar system and considering the heliocentric model of solar system, the sun lies at its center
The concentric circle – this represents mercury as it is a celestial body that revolve around the sun.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for muscle contractions?a) motor neuron action potential, meurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, AtP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilamentsb) neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, motor reuron action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, sliding of myofilaments, ATP-driven power strokec) muslce cell action potential, neurotransmitter release, atp-driven power stroke, calcium ion release from SR, sliding of myofilamentsd) neurotransmitter rlease, motor neuron cation potential, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke
The answer is; A
When an impulse from the motor neuron reached the neuromuscular junction, the voltage-dependent calcium channels are activated and the neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic cleft. When the neurotransmitter binds to their receptors on the sarcolemma, the muscle fibers become depolarised; the calcium is released from their vesicles. The Ca2+ ions are important in the power stroke because they bind to troponin. Upon binding calcium, troponin moves tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding sites on actin. Powered by the energy from ATP molecule, the myosin is able to bind on the actin and slides over the actin filament.
A gene codes for a protein that is 500 amino acids long. Which of the following mutations is likely to be the most deleterious? a) a missense mutation at the 490th codon b) a nonsense mutation at the 490th codon c) a nonsense mutation at the fifth codon d)a missense mutation at the fifth codon
The answer is C ) nonsense mutation at the fifth codon ! my major
The correct answer is:
c) A nonsense mutation at the fifth codon
Explanation:
A nonsense mutation at the fifth codon will lead to the appearance of a stop codon at this position, thereby the protein will lose its function
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using RNA or protein as genetic material?
Disadvantage
RNA and proteins are less stable than DNA. In addition RNA and proteins have shorter life spans that DNA
Advantage
This same property can be an advantage because a mutation on DNA can be permanent but one on RNA or proteins will cease after the short life spans of these biomolecules.
Which transformation of energy takes place when a slingshot launches a stone
What gas made up the largest portion of earth's atmosphere for most of earth's history
Gases in Earth's Atmosphere. Nitrogen and Oxygen are by far the most common. Dry air is composed of about 78% Nitrogen (N2) and about 21% Oxygen (O2). Argon, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and many other gases are also present in much lower amounts; each makes up less than 1% of the atmosphere's mixture of gases.
So therefore Oxygen is the gas that makes up the largest portion of the Earths Atmosphere.
The gas that made up the largest portion of Earth's atmosphere for most of Earth's history was hydrogen. Hydrogen was the most abundant gas in the solar nebula from which the Earth formed, and it made up about 90% of the Earth's atmosphere for the first few hundred million years of its history.
However, over time, hydrogen escaped from the Earth's atmosphere and was replaced by other gases, such as nitrogen and oxygen.
Today, nitrogen is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, making up about 78% of the atmosphere. Oxygen is the second most abundant gas, making up about 21% of the atmosphere. Hydrogen is only a very small fraction of the atmosphere today, making up about 0.00005% of the atmosphere.
The change in the composition of Earth's atmosphere over time is due to a number of factors, including the escape of gases from the atmosphere, the formation of new gases, and the interaction of gases with the Earth's surface.
The escape of hydrogen from the atmosphere is thought to have been caused by the high temperature of the Earth's early atmosphere. The formation of new gases, such as nitrogen and oxygen, is thought to have been caused by the interaction of solar radiation with the Earth's atmosphere.
The interaction of gases with the Earth's surface is thought to have been caused by the weathering of rocks and the formation of oceans.
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Which of the following is not true about viruses
The answer is:
A. They do NOT reproduce on their own without hosts.
Hope this helps!
The answer is A - They reproduce on their own w/out hosts
they can only replicate
Part d - how do you sequence the coi gene from your salmon sample?
Once you have obtained your salmon sample from a local store, you need to isolate the DNA from it and make many copies of the COI gene using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
To sequence the COI gene from a salmon sample, mitochondrial DNA is extracted, the COI gene fragment is isolated, amplified via PCR using specific primers, and the sequence is determined and compared with a database.
The cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene sequencing process begins with the extraction of mitochondrial DNA from the salmon sample. After extraction, a specific fragment from the 5' end of the COI gene is isolated, which is approximately 648 base pairs in length, although the entire gene consists of roughly 1500 base pairs.
This fragment is then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers that are designed to bind specifically to the conserved regions flanking the COI gene of interest. The forward and reverse primers typically used for the amplification of the COI gene in animals are mentioned: lepF1, lepR1, vflf, and vf1r. PCR amplification is crucial as it generates multiple copies of the gene fragment, making it easier to determine its sequence.
Once amplified, the DNA sequence of the COI gene fragment is then determined using sequencing technologies. The obtained sequence is compared with reference sequences in a database to confirm the identity of the species or to explore genetic diversity among similar species. This comparison enables researchers to make determinations on species identification or evolutionary relationships based on the similarities or differences in the COI sequences.
Advances in DNA barcoding and the development of hand-held sequencers show promise for more practical and immediate applications, such as species identification in the field. Efforts are also underway to identify comparable barcoding genes for other organisms like plants and fungi, which may not have as much variability in the COI sequence or face complexities such as introns in the gene.
During a laboratory investigation, biology students were asked to classify organisms on prepared slides as either eukaryotes or prokaryotes. Which of the following features should the students be able to observe in BOTH types of cells?
Question 1 options:
ribosomes
mitochondria
nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Answer:
Ribosome
Explanation:
A prokaryotic cell is a primitive cell and it lacks membrane bound organelles. One major cell structure that distinguish both cell types is the nucleus.
Eukaryotic cells have nucleus whereas prokaryotes lacks them.
Ribosome, the site of synthesis of protein can be found in both cell types.
Which process can be used to power your home. Solar thermal energy solar electric energy both neither
Suppose a mutation greatly increases the affinity of a rod's sodium channels for cgmp, such that once cgmp binds to a channel, it remains bound for much longer than normal. what would be the effect of this mutation on the rod's sodium channels?
The effect of this mutation is a gain in function that will stimulate the sodium channel and allow more sodium to pass inside the cell.
There are two types of consequence of mutations on proteins, loss of function, gain of function or neutral.
Mutation gain of function (which is rare) is that the protein is gaining activity, this is the example shown with the sodium channel. This has negative consequences (toxic effect) if the protein works more than it should. This will affect the function of the cell and may destroy it. the rod cells are cells found at the level of the photoreceptor of the eye, this mutation can have serious consequences on the sight.
A mutation that increases the affinity of the rod's sodium channels for cGMP would result in the sodium channels remaining open for longer periods, impairing the rod cells' ability to hyperpolarize and, thus, potentially affecting vision.
If a mutation greatly increases the affinity of the rod's sodium channels for cGMP, the channels would stay open longer once cGMP binds to them. Under normal circumstances, light exposure causes rhodopsin to activate the G-protein transducin, which in turn activates phosphodiesterase. This enzyme converts cGMP to GMP, leading to the closure of sodium channels and resulting in the hyperpolarization of the rod cell membrane.
However, with increased affinity for cGMP due to the mutation, sodium channels would remain open for extended periods, making it more difficult to hyperpolarize the membrane, and thereby slowing down or preventing the reduction in the release of glutamate to interneurons like bipolar cells. As a consequence of maintaining a more depolarized state, the rod cell might continuously release glutamate, potentially leading to a reduction in the discriminating ability of the retina to differentiate between light and dark, possibly affecting vision.
A change in the order of DNA bases code for a respritory protein will most likely cause?
A change in the sequence of amino acids determined by the gene
Answer:
B) A change in the sequence of amino acids determined by the gene.
Explanation:
Sylvia's name means "forest." how does this aid in her characterization?
it aids her because it is part of her name and it is helping her by letting her know that she is one of a kind
Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length.
A) a mollusk
B) an annelid
C) an arthropod
D) a platyhelminth
The correct answer is: D) a platyhelminth
A platyhelminth is a simple unsegmented soft-bodied flat worm with bilateral symmetry.
Since they don’t have any respiratory and circulatory organs, respiration occurs through the whole surface of the body. So, this type of worm has a great surface area in order to absorb more oxygen.
The major function of the _[blank]_ is to filter waste out of the blood.
kidney
small intestine
bladder
lung
Answer:
Kidney
Explanation:
How does cytolysis occur via the complement pathway?Stimulation of the inflammatory responseFormation of the MAC in invading cells, killing themDisrupting cell wall of pathogensTriggering the release of histamine
Cytolysis occurs via the complement pathway when the immune system forms a MAC (Membrane Attack Complex) in the invading cell, leading to its disruption and death. It also stimulates the inflammatory response and releases histamines to enhance immune activity.
Explanation:Cytolysis, the process of cell destruction – often of invading pathogens -, can occur via the complement pathway, a part of the immune response. When pathogens invade the body, the immune system proteins respond to signal the presence of the foreign invaders. These signals stimulate the formation of the MAC (Membrane Attack Complex) in invading cells. The MAC drills a hole in the wall of the foreign cell, leading to its disruption and eventual death – this is the primary mode of cytolysis via the complement pathway.
In addition, the complement pathway also stimulates the inflammatory response, to help rid the body of pathogens. During this response histamines are released, causing blood vessels to expand and increase blood flow to the site of infection, facilitating the arrival of more immune cells. So, in broad terms, the complement pathway contributes to cytolysis by disrupting the cell wall of pathogens, aiding in their destruction.
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Cytolysis occurs via the complement pathway when a C3 protein splits into two fragments. One of these fragments, C3b, triggers the formation of a Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) that disrupts the pathogen's osmotic balance, causing the pathogen cell to burst and die.
Explanation:Cytolysis, or the bursting and killing of a cell, occurs via the complement pathway in several steps. The key point in both classical and alternate pathways is the splitting of the C3 protein. In the alternate pathway, C3 is spontaneously activated and leads to further reactions involving factor P, factor B, and factor D. This results in two fragments: C3b, which binds to the surface of the pathogen, and C3a, which attracts phagocytes to the infection site. Consequently, surface-bound C3b triggers the rest of the cascade involving proteins C5-C9, creating the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC). The MAC disrupts the pathogen's osmotic balance, effectively killing it. The classical pathway is similar, but early activation requires the presence of an antibody bound to an antigen, making it dependent on the adaptive immune response.
The earlier fragments of the C3 protein also serve important functions, attracting phagocytic cells to the infection site. Some phagocytic cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, once arrived, their receptors for surface-bound C3b allow them to recognize and destroy the pathogen more easily. Thus, cytolysis helps to protect the body from invading pathogens.
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In what way do lightning strikes play an important role in a nutrient cycle?
converting phosphorus into a form that can enter the atmosphere
converting phosphorus into phosphates that can dissolve in water
splitting atmospheric nitrogen allowing it to combine with oxygen
converting ammonia into atmospheric nitrogen that can be returned to the atmosphere
The right option is; splitting atmospheric nitrogen allowing it to combine with oxygen
Lightning is the flash of light caused by the discharge of atmospheric electrical charge. In nitrogen cycle, lightning play an important role by indirectly adding nitrogen to the soil. It transforms atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants (a process known as nitrogen fixation). The strong bonds of atmospheric nitrogen molecule are broken (split) by the bolts of lightning that transmits electrical energy. After the molecules are separated, the nitrogen atoms quickly combine with oxygen in the atmosphere to form nitrogen dioxide which also dissolves in water (within the atmosphere) to form nitric acid. The nitric acid also form nitrates which is being released to the ground in rain drops. The nitrates then spread into the soil in a form that can be used by plants.
during what phase do chromosomes move to the middle of the cell
Based on information in the lesson, which of the following foods is most likely to be imported?
A.) lettuce
B.) almonds
C.) shrimp
D.) strawberries
Answer:
The answer would definitely be C.) Shrimp
Explanation:
In the United States, the FDA estimates that one-third of our fruit and nuts and one-eighth of our vegetables come from other countries. Only about 10 percent of our meat is imported. Imports of meat come mostly from Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. About 80 percent of our fish and shellfish is imported. These imports come mostly from China, Thailand, and Canada.
On the basis of the lesson, the food that is most likely to be imported is known as shrimp. Thus, the correct option for this question is C.
What is Food import?Food import may be defined as the process that involves the movement of food and its derivative products into the Europian union from countries outside the EU. It also explains the migration of food from other countries to their own country.
When we talk about the United States, it is estimated that approximately 35% of fruits and nuts and 15% of vegetables approaches from other countries of the world.
Apart from this, about 80-85% of the fish and shellfish are also imported from different countries like China, Canada, Russia, Thailand, etc.
Therefore, the food that is most likely to be imported is known as shrimp. Thus, the correct option for this question is C.
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What is the function of the palisade mesophyll cells
Palisade cells are found in the mesophyll of a leaf and their main function is the absorption of light so that photosynthesis can take place. The palisade mesophyll consists of chloroplasts with chlorophyll that absorb the light energy. The mesophyll layer is made up of the palisade cell and spongy parts.
Final answer:
Palisade mesophyll cells are specialized for photosynthesis, packed with chloroplasts to maximize light capture, and work in tandem with the spongy mesophyll to facilitate gas exchange.
Explanation:
The function of palisade mesophyll cells in plant leaves is primarily to carry out photosynthesis. These cells, as their name suggests, form the palisade mesophyll layer located just below the upper epidermis of dicot leaves. The cells are elongated and densely packed with chloroplasts, which are essential for capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The palisade mesophyll's structure, with its tightly packed columnar cells, maximizes light absorption. Additionally, below this layer is the spongy mesophyll, which has more loosely packed cells to facilitate gas exchange. Together, the palisade and spongy mesophyll layers make up the mesophyll and play a crucial role in the plant's ability to synthesize food and intake carbon dioxide while releasing oxygen.