Answer:
1. FALSE
Sulfur-reducing bacteria can cause corrosion in neutral anoxic enclosed waste water tanks.
2. FALSE
Bacteria used to help break down fiber and cellulose in anaerobic environments are found in anaerobic reactors of tertiary wastewater treatment
3. TRUE
Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria are found on the outside of granules used in AST.
4 FALSE
Phosphorus-accumulating organisms are used in mines in enhanced biological phosphorus removal
5. FALSE
Chemolithotrophs are used in leaching through oxidation of materials in aquatic environments.
Explanation:
1. Sulfur-reducing bacteria can cause corrosion in neutral anoxic aquatic envrionements
2. Bacteria used to help break down fiber and cellulose in anaerobic environments are found in enclosed waste water tanks.
4. Phosphorus-accumulating organisms are used in anaerobic reactors of tertiary wastewater treatment in enhanced biological phosphorus removal.
5. Chemolithotrophs are used in leaching through oxidation of materials in mines.
What is the pattern of expression of β-galactosidase in laci— cells and why?
Answer:
I suggest the complete question is
What is the pattern of expression of β-galactosidase in lacI- cells and why?
A.constitutive expression, because there is norepressor
B. no expression, because the β-galactosidase gene is defective
C. constitutive expression, because the galactoside permease gene is defective
D. no expression, because lactose is absent
The CORRECT ANSWER for pattern of Expression is A
A.constitutive expression, because there is norepressor
Explanation:
LacI- cells have a defective repressor gene. This wil cause the lacZ gene to be expressed even in the absence of lactose.
(It's worthy to Note that when glucose is absent, lacZ is fully expressed)
smallest solid components of blood that are composed of fragments of megakaryocytes
A. erthrocytesB. leukocytesC. plasmasD. thrombocytes
Answer:
D - Thrombocytes
Explanation:
Thrombocytes are the smallest cells in the blood with a diameter of 2-4μm. They do not have a nucleus and are incapable of mitosis.
They are also known as blood platelets.
Their function is to prevent and control bleeding by clotting blood which they achieve by clumping on the surface of the blood vessel after detecting an injury to it. They also contribute substances necessary for normal coagulation of blood.
Thrombocytes are produced from very large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes and are thus comprised of its fragments.
Salmonella bacteria can cause humans to have stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. The effect these bacteria have on humans indicates that Salmonella bacteria are:_________(1) predators(2) pathogenic organisms(3) parasitic fungi(4) decomposers
Answer:
2. Pathogenic organisms
Explanation:
Pathogenic organisms such as Salmonella bacteria are capable of causing sicknesses and diseases
Final answer:
Salmonella bacteria causing symptoms like stomach cramps and diarrhea are pathogenic organisms because they lead to illness in humans, known as salmonellosis.
Explanation:
The effect of Salmonella bacteria on humans includes symptoms like stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. These symptoms indicate that Salmonella are pathogenic organisms, which means they are capable of causing illness or disease. Specifically, these bacteria are known for causing salmonellosis, a type of food poisoning, when they are ingested through contaminated food. Salmonella are not predators since they do not hunt for prey, they are not parasitic fungi as they are bacteria and do not live as parasites on fungi, and they are not decomposers since they do not break down dead organic material to obtain nutrients.
Two parallel electrodes that are typically separated by 3cm with a 5V potential difference across them.
What is the magnitude of the electric field between the two electrodes in ionization type detectors?
Answer:
166.7 V/m or 166.7 J/C
Explanation:
The formula for electric field is
volts/distance
Given
volts = 5V
Distance =0.03m
= 5V / 0.03m
= 166.7 V/m
Recall
1 V/m = 1 J/C
The magnitude of the electric field between the two electrodes in ionization type detectors = 166.7 V/m or 166.7 J/C
A small, potentially living object was found. For this object to be considered alive, the object must________.
Answer:
For the object of to be considered alive , it must have DNA and all the characteristics of living things.
Explanation:
If one is to determine whether the object is alive or not the object should possess all the properties of living things. firstly, it should have the genetic material the DNA without which the cell can't be alive or the nucleus in case of PROKARYOTES. it should have the ability to reproduce, move , to grow and to excrete without which it would not be considered alive.
For an object to be considered alive, it must respond to its environment, grow, reproduce, maintain homeostasis, have complex chemistry, consist of cells, and need energy for life processes.
To be classified as a living thing, most scientists agree that an object must exhibit certain characteristics. Among these characteristics, a living organism must: respond to the environment, grow and develop, reproduce, maintain homeostasis, have complex chemistry, and be composed of one or more cells. Additionally, all living organisms require energy to carry out life processes.
For example, a car may move, but it does not grow, reproduce, or maintain homeostasis, making it clearly non-living. Similarly, while a crystal can grow in size, it does not meet the other criteria for life. It’s also important to consider the aspect of self-sustaining biological processes and intentional agency, which are also indicative of life. This helps in distinguishing between living organisms and non-living objects or even parts of organisms, which, though they may exhibit some characteristics of life, are not living entities by themselves.
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can be derived in limited quantities from?
Answer:
Alpha linolenic acid (ALA)
Explanation:
Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential fatty acids(derived mainly from diet). It's converted to Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the Liver. The conversion of EPA and DHA from ALA can be derived in limited quantities I.e at a production rare of less the 15%. Hence, the need for it to be obtained in diet due to its lower rate of production from ALA.
A similar protein is found in both a bacterial cell and a single-celled eukaryote. However, the prokaryote seems to produce a much higher amount of the protein. A detailed investigation of the control mechanisms of this protein in both organisms would include a comparison of what?
A detailed investigation of the control mechanisms of this protein in both organisms would include a comparison of mechanism of transcriptional control.
Explanation:
Transcription is the process of production of m-RNA's from the DNA. This is the process of initiation of protein production. This process is seen in both prokaryotic and Eukaryotic organisms, but prokaryotic organisms produce much more protein than the Eukaryotic organisms. This is because of the secretory processes involved in the bacteria.
But in Eukaryotic organisms, there are several regulatory mechanisms which control the transcription. So the protein production is also less. Thus, studying the transcription, we can control the protein production.
Mucous secretions in the respiratory tract inhibit microbial infections. These secretions are produced by which of the following tissue types found in the lungs?
Answer:
The correct answer is - epithelial tissue.
Explanation:
Mucous secretions are are essential in the immune response as it inhibits the microbial infections such as the bacteria or trap the dust particles that are present in respiratory tract.
Respiratory tract have epithelial tissue that contains cilliated cells or occasionally goblet cells. These cells are secrete mucus that moistens the epithelial cell surface and traps or adhere to the particles or microbes.
Thus, the correct answer is - epithelial tissue.
According to blood pressure measurements, _____ represents the pressure within the arterial system after the heart contracts.
A. distal
B. systolic
C. medial
D. diastolic
Which species of crocodile is the most aggressive and largest living reptile?
Answer:
Crocodylus porosus
Explanation:
Crocodylus porosus, colloquially known in Australia as the saltie, was much more aggressive than six other species of crocodiles selected from around the world.
Answer:
Crocodylus porosus
Explanation:
A study conducted by Charles Darwin University in the Northern Territory found that the Crocodylus porosus, colloquially known in Australia as the saltie, was much more aggressive than six other species of crocodiles selected from around the world.
Ethylene is an organic compound produced by ripening fruits. In a controlled experiment, researchers found that ethylene gas stimulated the ripening process in newly harvested fruits. Which of the following describes the most likely connection between natural ethylene production and fruit ripening?
(A) As a result of metabolic inactivity, newly harvested fruits are unable to absorb ethylene gas from the atmosphere.(B) Ethylene gas is a chemical signal through which ripening fruits trigger the ripening process in other fruits.(C) Because of normal phenotypic variation, only some of the fruits in a given generation are expected to produce ethylene gas.(D) The rate of ethylene gas production by ripening fruits is an indicator of the relative age of an ecosystem.
Answer:
Option (B) Ethylene gas is a chemical signal through which ripening fruits trigger the ripening process in other fruits.
Explanation:
The ethylene hormone triggers the ripening process of fruit. However, in order to slow down the ripening process the action of ethylene is to be blocked. All fruits are capable to produce ethylene up to a certain level after which they start ripening. There are some classes of fruits that respond to the external ethylene such as apple, mango, tomato etc.
Hence, option B is correct
The following describes the most likely connection between natural ethylene production and fruit ripening - (B) Ethylene gas is a chemical signal through which ripening fruits trigger the ripening process in other fruits.
EthyleneA plant hormone or regulatory hormone found in form of a gaseous compound
Ethylene is a chemical signal through which ripening fruits trigger the ripening process in fruitsethylene signaling have shown a linear transduction pathway leading to the activation of ethylene response factors. Most fruits produce ethylene that starts the ripening process.Its level in under-ripe fruit is very low, but as the fruit develops, the production of ethylene becomes larger that speeds up the ripening process of fruit.Thus, The following describes the most likely connection between natural ethylene production and fruit ripening - (B) Ethylene gas is a chemical signal through which ripening fruits trigger the ripening process in other fruits.
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Did the phylogenies of the different islands support the theory that one colonization followed by adaptive radiation and convergent evolution occurred?
A. Yes, each island had a different order of ecomorph evolution.
B. No, each island had the same phylogeny.
C. No, the Cuban and Puerto Rican phylogenies were the only two that were the same.
D. Yes, only the Jamaican phylogeny had a different order of ecomorph evolution.
Answer:
It depends on the graphics you have but:
Explanation:
The theory of one colonization and then radiation should see as only one group on your phylogeny, all branches come from a single point.
Now, convergent evolution means that in different islands the same morphologic pattern is seen BUT not come from the same ancestor. This means that the morphologic pattern was built under the island conditions and NOT as colonization from another island
If there is one colonization and then radiation all islands have to have their own phylogeny and same morphs on each phylogeny to be convergent.
Develop Models Draw a model to show how the process of photosynthesis impacts both the flow of energy and the cycling of carbon through the atmosphere and biosphere.
Through the use of the atmosphere and the biosphere, photosynthesis is a crucial component of the carbon and energy cycles.
Why photosynthesis is called process?Phototrophs transform sunlight into chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis, which is then utilized to power cellular processes. In the form of carbohydrates, which are made from water and carbon dioxide the chemical energy is kept in reserve.
What makes photosynthesis so important?The main purpose of photosynthesis is to transform sunlight into chemical energy, which is then stored for later use. This process primarily produces power to the planet's life systems. By the norms of human technology, it is not particularly effective, but it gets the job done.
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The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the mitochondria, while in bacteria the enzymes are found in the ______
Answer:
cytoplasm
Explanation:
Bacteria as a prokaryotic cell and prokaryotic cells do not have true nucleus or membrane bounded organelles. Therefore all biological activities takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell as well as the enzymes needed for the synthesis of fatty acid are found in the cytoplasm.
Hello !
The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the mitochondria, while in bacteria the enzymes are found in Cytoplasme
Red-cheeked salamanders are partially protected from predators because of cardiac glycosides they produce from glands on their back. When ingested, cardiac glycosides disrupt normal heart rhythms. A different salamander species, the imitator salamander, also has red cheek patches, but does not produce cardiac glycosides. It does gain protection from predators that have learned to avoid red-cheeked salamanders. How does this relationship affect the population dynamics of both species?
A) The red cheeked salamander is positively affected, the imitator is negatively affected.
B) The red cheeked salamander is negatively affected, the imitator is positively affected.
C) Both species are negatively affected.
D) Both species are positively affected.
Answer:
B) The red cheeked salamander is negatively affected, the imitator is positively affected.
Second-growth forests ________.a) are those forests in the National Parks that are protected from logging b) are forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed from an area c) are less abundant on Earth today than they were 500 years ago d) in North America are mostly in British Columbia and Alaska e) are forests whose timber has second-rate value.
Answer:
Second-growth forests are forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed from an area
Answer b) is the ANSWER
Explanation:
It's also known as secondary forest.
It occurs after a long time in a forest or woodland area where the disturbance factors have been removed over a long period of time. thereby, causing the regrowth of trees
A group of students are reviewing the various drugs that affect inflammation. The students demonstrate understanding when they identify which agent as a mast cell stabilizer?
Answer:
The correct answer is Cromolyn sodium.
Explanation:
Allergy is the process which occurs when our immune cell misinterprets a harmless substance as a harmful agent. The symptoms occur when chemicals like histamine are released by mast cell in response to the allergen which causes inflammation, itchiness, redness, pain.
Cromolyn sodium is a drug which is also known as mast cell stabilizer which stops the allergic symptoms by inhibiting the mast cell to release histamine and other chemicals that cause information. Therefore the correct answer is cromolyn sodium.
A non-critical surface that does not penetrate tissue, but requires the use of barriers to prevent cross-contamination, includes the:
Answer:Film placement instruments.
Explanation:
Why is it difficult for scientists to find fossils from the Precambrian period?
A)There are no rocks left on Earth that exist from this period.
B)Life did not exist during this period.
C)The life that existed had soft bodies, which rarely left behind fossils.
D)Scientists cannot date rocks before the Precambrian period.
Answer:
The life that existed had soft bodies, which rarely left behind fossils.
Explanation:
Fossils are formed when the organisms are pressed between layers of rocks. If the organisms are too soft, they will leave only a faint imprint in rocks. The organisms present in the Precambrian period were soft. So fossils of these organisms are difficult to find.
Answer: (C) The life that existed had soft bodies, which rarely left behind fossils.
Explanation: Fossils are formed when the organisms are pressed between layers of rocks. If the organisms are too soft, they will leave only a faint imprint on rocks. The organisms present in the Precambrian period were soft. So, fossils of these organisms are difficult to find.
Which of the following effects would you expect if red blood cells were shaped like neurons?
They would not be able to move as easily through capillaries.
They would more easily carry out gas exchange in the alveoli.
They would not need to be transported through the body.
They would become more effective at picking up urea discarded by body cells.
Answer:
They would not be able to move as easily through capillaries.
Explanation:
The red blood's shape allow them to deformate from a disk to a paraboloid when they travel across capillaries , a neuron's shape wouldn't allow this deformation and therefore blood cells with neuron shape wouldn't reach all places to exchange gases.
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If the amount of oil that spilled into the gulf coast had been processed oil, would that have been better or worse for the environment? Explain your answer.
Answer:
If the oil spilled in the gulf would have been processed oil, it would be worse than a normal oil spill as these oils have a higher shelf life.
Explanation:
Oil spills happen when a large quantity of oil gets mixed with large water bodies like sea and oceans. The oil being denser than water floats on the surface and does not mix with the water. It forms a coating on top of the water.
The difference between processed oil and normal oil is that they are heated at very high temperatures and this results in oxidation which creates free radicals, which are not good for the body and its cells. Also they have a very long shelf life due to which they will remain on water for a long time.
When oil spills happen, the wind cause the spill to spread over the water surface, thereby engulfing a large amount of area. The major disadvantages of the spill are:-
The oil gets stuck in the feathers of the birds who come by to dip themselves,Animals like whale, dolphins have blow holes for releasing water. the oil covers these holes and makes it difficult for them to breathe.The fur of animals like seal and otter gets mixed with the oil and can prove harmful to them as it gets them exposed to cold.The overall BOD of the water body decreases, and organisms which use sun rays coming inside the ocean suffer as these get blocked.Since processed oil has longer shelf life, a large quantity of animals will suffer and die.Processed oil, with its toxic additives and higher volatility, would likely cause more harm to marine life and ecosystems compared to crude oil.
If the oil spilled into the Gulf Coast had been processed oil, the environmental impact would likely have been worse. Here's why:
1. **Chemical Composition**: Processed oil, such as refined petroleum products (e.g., gasoline, diesel, jet fuel), contains a higher concentration of toxic additives and chemicals compared to crude oil. These additives, designed to enhance performance, include harmful substances like benzene, toluene, and xylene, which are more toxic to marine life and ecosystems.
2. **Volatility**: Processed oils are generally more volatile, meaning they evaporate more quickly and release harmful vapors into the atmosphere. This can lead to increased air pollution and pose health risks to both humans and wildlife through inhalation of toxic fumes.
3. **Bioavailability and Toxicity**: The refined hydrocarbons in processed oil are more readily absorbed by organisms. This can result in higher toxicity levels in marine species, leading to increased mortality and long-term ecological damage.
4. **Spill Behavior and Cleanup**: Processed oils can spread more rapidly on the water surface, complicating containment and cleanup efforts. Their higher viscosity can also make mechanical recovery methods less effective, prolonging exposure and damage to marine and coastal environments.
In contrast, crude oil, while still harmful, tends to break down more naturally over time due to its complex mix of hydrocarbons and can be somewhat less immediately toxic to marine life. Thus, a spill of processed oil would likely result in more severe environmental consequences than a crude oil spill.
A small complex organic molecule, often derived from vitamins, that acts in conjunction with an enzyme with an enzyme is known as a(n):
Answer: Coenzymes
Explanation:
Coenzymes are the small organic molecules that are often derived from the vitamins. It can be tightly or loosely bond to the enzymes.
Tighly bond ones are the prothestic groups and loosely bond ones are coenzymes like the products and substrate which binds to the enzyme and get released from it.
This component is very important for any reaction to take place. It bonds to the enzymes and helps in product formation.
A coenzyme is a crucial small organic molecule, often derived from vitamins, that enhances enzyme activity by participating in catalytic reactions. Coenzymes bind to enzymes, assisting in metabolic pathways and are essential for the proper functioning and regulation of enzymes. They underscore the importance of vitamins in the body's metabolic processes.
A small complex organic molecule, often derived from vitamins, that acts in conjunction with an enzyme is known as a coenzyme. Coenzymes are essential for the proper functioning of enzymes, enhancing their activity and allowing them to carry out their roles in various metabolic processes effectively. These molecules, which can either be vitamins themselves or derivatives of vitamins, bind to the enzyme's active site and participate in the catalytic reactions. While some coenzymes may bind permanently to the enzyme, others bind temporarily, assisting in the transfer of atoms or groups of atoms between molecules, thus playing a crucial role in the body's metabolic pathways.
Many of the water-soluble vitamins are used for the synthesis of coenzymes, which underscores the importance of vitamins in nutrition and metabolism. It's interesting to note that while some enzymes require inorganic ions as cofactors, coenzymes represent the organic molecules necessary for the enzyme's activity. Examples of such coenzymes include NAD+/NADH and Coenzyme A, which are vital in redox reactions and metabolic pathways like glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, respectively.
What is the name of the point where the two parietals articulate with the occipital bone?
Answer:
Lambdoid suture
Explanation:
The parietal bones are two bones, located above the temporal, behind the frontal and in front of the occipital. The occipital is an odd bone of the skull, with important cranial joints and sutures. The lambdoid suture extends through the back of the head. Each parietal bone joins the occipital bone in the lambdoid suture, that is, the lambdoid suture is the joint in the back of the skull that connects the parietal bones with the occipital bone.
A nursing student is listing the different levels of the health care services pyramid. Under which type of health care services should the nursing student include subacute care?
1. Tertiary care2. Continuing care3. Restorative care4. Secondary acute care
Answer:
1. Tertiary Care
Explanation:
Tertiary care is a specialized health care for inpatients over an extended period of time usually on referral by primary or secondary health care personnel, involving contemporary and complex procedures and treatments.
Examples include: Cancer management, complex medical and surgical procedures.
Subacute Care is defined as an inpatient care for someone who has an acute illness. It is treatment administered immediately after acute hospitalization or in some cases, in place of it to treat and provide care for people with medically complex conditions.
Subacute care is a type of tertiary care. Option a is the correct answer.
Tertiary care is the most specialized level of health care. It is provided in hospitals and other specialized facilities. Tertiary care includes a wide range of services, including:
Complex surgery
Intensive care
Organ transplantation
Cancer treatment
Rare disease treatment
Rehabilitation
Subacute care is a type of rehabilitation that is provided to patients who are recovering from a serious illness or injury. Subacute care is typically provided in a skilled nursing facility or a rehabilitation hospital. Subacute care patients may need help with activities of daily living, such as bathing, dressing, and eating. They may also need physical therapy, occupational therapy, or speech therapy.
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Marissa blows up balloons for a party. She decides how big or small to make each balloon. Why does the air she blows into each balloon take up all the space inside the balloon?
A. The particles of air move around and slide past one another and take the shape of the balloon.
B. The particles of air have a strong attraction between each other and the balloon.
C. The particles of air move freely, colliding with each other and the sides of the balloon.
D. The particles of air move and increase in size when they have more space in the balloon.
Answer:
Option C, The particles of air move freely, colliding with each other and the sides of the balloon
Explanation:
The air molecules exert force on the inner surface of the balloon due to which the material of the balloon stretches and it increases in size. If air is blown in large extent, it will exert more force on the balloon material thereby extending it to a larger extent but when air is blown in a smaller amount, the size of the balloon increases by a smaller extent.
Hence, option C is correct
Which of the following statements regarding absorption of monosaccharides is TRUE?
A. Not all monosaccharides are absorbed by active transport.
B. All monosaccharides require energy for absorption; therefore, they require active passport.
C. All monosaccharides are absorbed by passive transport.
D. Monosaccharides are simple sugars and require only direct absorption into the bloodstream.
Answer:
A. Not all monosaccharides are absorbed by active transport is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Monosaccharides are simple sugar. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are examples of monosaccharides.They are the building blocks of disaccharides and polysaccharides.Monosaccharides function is to produce energy.Not all monosaccharides are absorbed by active transport because monosaccharides(galactose, glucose) are transported in the epithelial cells through protein carrier by secondary active transport and Fructose passes and absorbed entirely by facilitated diffusion.
The true statement about monosaccharide absorption is that not all monosaccharides require active transport; some like fructose are absorbed by facilitated diffusion.
Explanation:The statement regarding the absorption of monosaccharides that is TRUE is: Not all monosaccharides are absorbed by active transport. The process of monosaccharide absorption in the small intestine involves simple diffusion, active transport, and facilitated transport. Glucose and galactose are absorbed through active transport, co-transported with sodium ions. Meanwhile, fructose is absorbed by a different mechanism known as facilitated diffusion, which does not require energy. All monosaccharides do not necessitate active transport, and since some are absorbed without using energy, it shows that not all absorption processes require ATP.
What is likely to be true of a population with an age structure that is pyramid shaped?
Answer:
It is as potential for the rapid growth in the future.
Explanation:
The age pyramid structure or population pyramid may be defined as the graphical distribution of the different age group of the population. Different age groups are pre-reproductive, reproductive and post reproductive.
Different age pyramids are expanding population ( pyramid shape) decline population ( urn shape) and stable population. The age group of the pyramid population determines the potential or the ability of the rapid growth of the country in the future.
"The use of weed killers has removed a limiting factor to the size of populations of crop plants."
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Question -
"The use of weed killers has removed a limiting factor to the size of populations of crop plants."
True
Solution -
Weeds are basically unwanted plant species that grow in between the main crop thereby hindering the potential growth of main crops. As the time required by the main crop plant to mature is larger than the time required by the weed plants. Hence, with in a short span of time weed plants multiply thereby consuming essential mineral and nutrients from soil and fertilizers. They also cover the physical area thereby restricting the expansion and development of main crops. Application of weed killer will kill the weeds and remove the limitation hindering the growth of main plant/crop
Certain genes have apparently unusual inheritance patterns. For instance, in the mouse autosomal gene H19, only the copy inherited from the mouse's mother is expressed. Conversely, in the mouse autosomal gene Igf2, only the copy inherited from the mouse's father is expressed. The consequence of this is that imprinted genes are expressed as if they were present in only one copy, even though there are two copies of each of these genes in each cell. What process or processes are responsible for this phenomenon
Answer:
Epigenetic inheritance
Explanation:
Epigenetic inheritance are the processes by which heritable modifications in gene function occur but are not due to changes in the base sequence of the DNA of the organism. Examples are paramutation, X-chromosome inactivation, and parental imprinting.
This case is the example of parental imprinting which is an epigenetic phenomenon in which the activity of a gene is dependent on whether the gene was inherited from the father or the mother. Some genes are maternally imprinted, others paternally.
What modern organism did pterosaurs have a similar ecological role to and why?
Answer:
Birds.
Explanation:
Pterosaurs are nothing but extinct clade flying reptiles of the order Pterosauria . For most of the Mesozoic, they existed: that is from those in the late Triassic to the end of the Cretaceous. Pterosaurs are the first vertebrate to have evolved powered flight.
Birds, are the modern organism analogous to the pterosaurs as Birds can fly and hunt insects and fish out of the ocean.