United States coins and paper money carry the phrase " in god we trust ". Does this inscription violate the principle of separation of church and state?

Answers

Answer 1
Firstly, regarding it's history, it's important to understand two things that slightly confound popular narratives.  You will often hear Christians stress that the motto is an integral part of our American history (wrongly citing it as an example of how we were founded as a Christian nation), and I think a great many don't realize that it was not actually legally enshrined as our national motto (or its varient added to our Pledge of Allegience) until 1956 and not put on all money until 1938.  But, you will often hear atheists point THAT out, and I don't think they realize that the motto does, in fact, have a long and storied history in America, going back to at least the Star Spangled Banner, and wasn't just an an invention of Eisenhower Republicans to throw a middle finger at Communists.  

I only mention those two things because you'll hear both in other answers.  The truth is that "In God We Trust" is both a longstanding and well worne component of American culture AND not one that dates continuously to its founding or which was viewed as fundamental until 80 years ago or whatever.  Both are true.

But, to your question.

The constitutionality of "In God We Trust" has been pretty well established in American jurisprudence.  It is frequently challenged in court and to my knowledge thus far has never been found against in terms of constitutionality.  

The reason is that it is generally considered to be purely ceremonial or ornamental, has no denomination attached to it, and is in no way coercive.  

The big precedent on the matter is from 1970, Aronow v. United States, in which the court found:

"It is quite obvious that the national motto and the slogan on coinage  and currency 'In God We Trust' has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion.  Its use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true  resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise. ...It  is not easy to discern any religious significance attendant the payment  of a bill with coin or currency on which has been imprinted 'In God We  Trust' or the study of a government publication or document bearing that  slogan. In fact, such secular uses of the motto was viewed as  sacrilegious and irreverent by President Theodore Roosevelt. Yet  Congress has directed such uses. While 'ceremonial' and 'patriotic' may  not be particularly apt words to describe the category of the national  motto, it is excluded from First Amendment significance because the  motto has no theological or ritualistic impact. As stated by the  Congressional report, it has 'spiritual and psychological value' and  'inspirational quality.
Answer 2

Answer:

Today, the motto is controversial. One side argues that a "separation of church and state" is needed, advocating the removal of the motto from all public use, including coins and paper notes. It is argued that religious freedom includes the right to believe in the non-existence of a God and that the use of this motto infringes upon the rights of non-theists. It is argued that any involvement of God by the government is unconstitutional. Others also claim that this motto was only adopted to oppose the Soviet Union, where atheism was prevalent, but this argument slips in the notoriety of the phrase from the times of the American patriarchs. Another side of the argument argues that the separation of church and state means that Congress can not impose a religion of the state on the population, and that this separation of church and state is a legislative invention unintentionally by the founders of the country. They argue that religious language is used in the documents that founded the United States, such as the Declaration of Independence, although opponents claim that the statement is only a historic, unofficial document of the US government. The motto, however, represents part of the American culture, being traditionally associated to the country, although it deposed its religious character. In addition, some believe that Christian religiosity was one of the fundamental elements for the creation of the American State. But there are also those who consider the opposite.

According to the Supreme Court, the phrase does not violate the provisions of the First Amendment, since it only refers to a God as a superior being, without subscribing to any form of religion or organized belief.


Related Questions

While New Englanders grew their own food and fashioned their own clothing, they found their profits in ....?

Answers

Trading goods with places and people near by.

Answer:

Shipbuilding and fishing

Explanation:

Shipbuilding and fishing were two of the profitable businesses that the New Englanders conducted. Being next to the coast, their economy was greatly influenced by the things the sea allowed them to do and obtain. Taking full advantage of this, as well as their industriousness and abilities, they were able to create economically significant industries.

What natural resource contributes to the region’s prosperity and position in global affairs?

A) desalinization plants
B) petroleum and natural gas
C) mineral deposits
D) natural gas and mineral deposits

Answers

The answer would be D natural gas and mineral deposits

describe the cause and effect of the pequot war

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The causes of the Pequot war is that both the dutch-Pequot and the English wanted control of the fur trade. The consequences were that the tribe either fled, died orwere sold to slavery. ... The Dutch because they wanted to set up a fur trade, and it was right on the water for easy access.


the cause of the war was the struggle to control trade. The English made efforts to break the Dutch-Pequot's control over the fur and wampum trade.                                                                                           The effect of the war was that overnight the balance of power of the Natives to the power of the English.

Do you think that the legend about Romulus and Remus is at all true? Why or why not.

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The legend of Romulus and Remus is most likely not true because if they were raised by wolves, they couldn’t be able to communicate with anyone.

Hope this helps!

Natasha was imprisoned for drug trafficking last year. She has been spending her time in prison reading classic books and writing letters to her boyfriend. However, prison officials suddenly barred Natasha from reading and writing. Which amendment can Natasha cite in order to regain her right to read and write? First Amendment Third Amendment Fifth Amendment Tenth Amendment 

Answers

Answer:

a

Explanation:

just took the test

Fifth Amendment can Natasha cite in order to regain her right to read and write. Thus, option (c) is correct.

What is amendments?

The phrase “amendments” basically means a fix. It is a statutory modification or formal change. A various amendment define various rights and protection.

Many rights that are applicable to both criminal and civil legal processes are established by the Fifth Amendment. The Fifth Amendment bans “double jeopardy” and safeguards against self-incrimination in criminal trials, while also guaranteeing the right to a grand jury.

As a result, option (c) is correct.

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Which describes the Iroquois League?


A.
a defense alliance of Eastern Woodland nations


B.
a gathering of tribal leaders from the Great Plains


C.


a group of Indians who migrated to the Rocky Mountains


D.
a group of Indian peoples of the Pacific Northwest

Answers

c...........................................................................
The answer would be D. a group of Indian peoples of the Pacific Northwest. The Iroquois confederation was formed by many pacific northwestern tribes such as the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga.

Arrange the events in the sequence in which they happened. Tiles The Soviet army enters Berlin. The Soviet army drives the Nazis from Belarus and eastern Poland. Germany surrenders to the Allies. Hitler commits suicide.

Answers

Soviets drive nazis out,
Soviets enter Berlin,
Hitler commits suicide,
Germany surrenders

Answer:

The Soviet Army drives the Nazis from Belarus and eastern Poland.

The Soviet Army enters Berlin,

Hitler killed himself.

Germany surrenders to the Allies.

Explanation:

The end of World War II in the European territory saw the advance of the counter-attack of the Soviet Army who, after having resisted for several times the continuous attacks of the Nazi army finally broke the defenses line and advance gaining territory once occupied by Germany, like Poland and parts of Belarus.

The Soviet Army was the first army to entered Berlin followed from the other front by the Western Allies. When the armies entered Berlin Hitler, the Nazi leader decided to kill himself to avoid capture. That happened on the 30 of April and, a week later on the 8 of may, Germany presented its unconditional surrender.

I hope this answer helps you.

When the seven years' war (french and indian war) began, most american colonists were extremely proud and happy to be british citizens, part of the world's greatest empire. when it ended many of them no longer felt that way, even though the british empire was more powerful than ever. why?

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Toward the finish of the war, the Colonists had discovered that England was too far away to truly represent them. It took a long time to get a message over the Atlantic and with England involved with a world war, there wasn't a great deal of outside help coming in to help the Colonists. 
The finish of the war likewise left England profoundly in the red. It raised duties and began to uphold laws that had been on the books however never implemented. Having battled the war and furthermore ventured into the red the Colonists didn't see that as reasonable. 
Last, England increased immense regions of domain from France. The Colonists needed to extend westbound however were forestalled by the English government. They would not like to have the Native Americans begin a moment war.

Who voted in early Greek democracy in Athens? A. All people living whitin the city-state walls B. All male citizens C. All male, land-owning citizens D. All citizens

Answers

b. all male citizens

B. All male citizens.

Although the Greeks are believed to be the first people to have fully established a democracy, it was not available for every single person. In Athens, for example, voting was only open to male citizens. Women were obviously excluded (since it was a patriarchy, like most of the governments of that time). The other people who were excluded were foreigners. If they did not have citizenship and were not male, they could not vote.

What was the effect of labor reform movements in the early 1800s? Unions immediately won better working conditions. Child labor was banned, but long workdays continued for older workers. Reformers gradually won better working conditions, but change was slow. Meaningful legislation addressing labor reform was not passed until the 1940s.

Answers

Labor reforms was very common in the 1800s. The effect of labor reform movements in the early 1800s was that;

Unions immediately won better working conditions. Child labor was banned, but long workdays continued for older workers. Reformers gradually won better working conditions, but change was slow.

What was the impact of the labor movement?

The labor movement was known to have stop child labor, gave a lot of health benefits and also gave aid to workers who were known to be injured or retired.

The effects of the early labor movement was that for the industrial sector, there was an organized labor unions that fought for better wages, reasonable hours, etc.

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Answer:

Reformers gradually won better working conditions, but change was slow.

Explanation:

correct answer

The standards for the first algebra textbooks that endured for centuries are the work of

Answers

Al─Khwarizmi wrote an algebra textbook that was the standard for centuries during the golden age of islam :)

Answer:

Al- Khwarizmi is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Al Khwarizmi was Persian mathematician and astronomer. He was born around 800 AD and died in 850 AD during the Abbasid Empire. His work such as Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing and about Hindu numerals were famous throughout Europe. He created astronomical tables for calculating the position of eclipses and planets. His book was widely read by the European mathematicians. In his book AL-Jabr Wal' Muqibla, he introduced his own numeral system and Arabic numerals. His books were translated into latin and greek  and most of these books were named "So said Algorizmi". The word algorithm is derived from Algorizmi and algebra is derived from Al-Jabr. He used to work at the House of Wisdom and was most famous mathematicians of medieval times.

What was the primary cash crop of jamestown? (1 point) corn cotton tobacco sugar 2. what is the main reason settlers founded the new england colonies? (1 point) land for large plantations religious freedom gold and silver homes and jobs?

Answers

1. In the 17th century Jamestown, Virginia exported millions of pounds of tobacco to England. Tobacco was most successful cash crop.
Answer: C ) tobacco.
2. A small group of Puritans ( or the Pilgrims ) were the founders of the New England colonies. The Pilgrims separated themselves from the Church of England.
Answer: B ) religious freedom.

Which of the following situations is evidence of inequality in the West? a. women couldn’t vote b. tribes lost lands c. slave labor grew d. all of the above

Answers

I know it is all of the above so D.
D all the above






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Why was control of new york city britain's first military objective in the emerging war?

Answers

Control of New York City was Britain's first goal at the start of the was because Britain believed that domination of the city would demonstrate the superiority of the British military. In addition, Britain knew that if it could control the Hudson River, located in New York City, it would keep the American rebels away from colonists in the South.

which best describes the jewish diaspora?

a. The holy text of judaism
b. the forced migration of jews
c. the attempted elimination of judaism during world war II
d. the movement of the muslims into russia

Answers

C is the answer. hope this helps.

b. the forced migration of Jews I just took it on apex.

How did the articles of confederation reflect americans fears of a strong central government?

Answers

They felt that if a strong central government was placed, the government would overpower the states.

Hope this helped!

What was the effect on England of the defeat of the Spanish armada

Answers

England becomes well known to be the strongest European country for that time period (at least in the sea)

hope this helps

The defeat of Spain’s armada marked the end of Spanish control of the seas. Now the way was clear for the English to start colonies in North America

What was the first ku klux klan and why was it formed?

Answers

was a group started by 6 civil war officers, the purpose of the group was to kill and intimidate blacks. The direst in white sheets so they would look like the ghosts of dead confederate soldiers. .

What regions of the world did not generate an early civilization

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We are not sure if where civilization started. It’s a region called The Fertile Crescent, and it makes a crescent shape starting from North Africa and then following the Nile River and the Mediterranean Sea, then moving East to encompass the great rivers Tigris and Euphrates.

What was the scramble for Africa? What made it possible?

Answers

The "Scramble for Africa" was the occupation, division, and colonisation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914. It is also called the Partition of Africa and by some, the Conquest of Africa.

How did the french explorers learn how to make boats suitable for the coastal waters, rivers and lakes?

Answers

It might be said that the French explorers learnt how to make boats suitable for the coastal waters, rivers and lakes when they were at the great Lakes. They decided to build small sailing- ships to travel the entire length of the Missouri and the Mississippi River to New Orleans on the golf of Mexico. They built native birch-bark canoes and large rafts.
Final answer:

French explorers learned to make boats suitable for North American waters by working closely with Native Americans, who were experts in navigating these waterways, leading to exchange and adaptation of boat-building techniques.

Explanation:Learning of Boat Building by French Explorers

The French explorers adapted to the coastal waters, rivers, and lakes in North America, especially in regions such as the Great Lakes, Ohio River Valley, and along the Mississippi River by learning from and collaborating with Native Americans. These waterways were crucial for the transportation and trading, especially in the burgeoning fur trade industry. The French relied heavily on the experience of the Native Americans, who were experts in navigating these waters using canoes and other forms of watercraft suitable for different river and lake conditions. This collaboration extended to other areas, such as housing, where French settlers adopted local materials and techniques to build homes adapted to the varied climates of Canada and Louisiana.

In the pursuit of economic benefits, French explorers, fishermen, and fur traders, such as the coureurs de bois, engaged extensively with the Algonquian people, acquiring knowledge and fostering a co-dependent relationship that was crucial for survival and economic prosperity. The French adapted European boat designs or developed new variations inspired by indigenous watercraft to navigate inland waters which were too shallow for traditional sailing ships. This is an example of stimulus diffusion, where cultural exchange led to the adaptation of technologies and techniques to fit the new environment's challenges.

Babylon was in the heartland of Mesopotamia, the site of the First Agricultural Revolution (1). Based on cuneiform writings on clay tablets, researchers know that farm products included sesame, barley, and dates, as well as cattle and sheep (2). Farmers invented steel plows for farming (3), and soldiers used steel weapons for protection (4).
Which critiques the factual accuracy of the summary?

While parts (1) and (4) are accurate, parts (2) and (3) need revision.

While parts (1) and (2) are accurate, parts (3) and (4) need revision.

While parts (3) and (4) are accurate, parts (1) and (2) need revision.

While parts (1) and (3) are accurate, parts (2) and (4) need revision.

Answers

While parts (1) and (2) are accurate, parts (3) and (4) need revision. 
It is not a fact that soldiers used steel weapons for protection, neither did the farmers plow with steel plows. 

What problem did the supreme court dealt with in their decision in the slaughterhouse cases?

Answers

The businesses didn't have responsibilities but they did have rights hope this helps

The businesses didn't have responsibilities but they did have rights

what were the underlying principles of Hammurabi's code of laws and what does the law code tell us about the kind of society that existed in Mesopotamia at the time?

Answers

He enforced a strict law code that followed lex Talionis, but only really with the poor. This made his empire strong because the people were under complete control. They provided cultural unity  throughout his vast empire. It was unfair regarding punishments between social classes.
Final answer:

The principles of Hammurabi's Code were dependent on social class and included the presumption of innocence, evidence utilization, and match of the punishment to the crime. Hammurabi's Code reflects a class-stratified society in Mesopotamia, with privileged nobility and different legal treatments based on social standing. The laws were also directives for societal behavior, promoting order and unity.

Explanation:

The underlying principles of Hammurabi's Code were based on the presumption of innocence, utilization of evidence, and the fittingness of punishment to the crime. However, it's important to note that penalties often depended on an individual's social class. Hammurabi's Code recognized three main social classes in Mesopotamian society: nobles, commoners, and the enslaved. Legal treatment varied among these classes; for instance, if a noble harmed a commoner, they would typically only be required to pay a fine, demonstrating a clear social hierarchy.

The Code of Hammurabi provides insight into the society within Mesopotamia at the time. The society was strictly hierarchical and stratified, with different rules applied based on class status. The noble class possessed privileges, such as the ability to purchase luxury items and receiving different legal penalties compared to commoners or the enslaved.

It's also crucial to highlight that Hammurabi's Code inscriptions on stone pillars were not merely punitive measures but also served as directives for proper behavior. This approach shows the ruler's attempt to institute order and unification across his empire covering most parts of Mesopotamia.

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Why do citizens in france, great britain, and elsewhere stage protests when the government imposes austerity measures?

Answers

The citizens in this places stages protest during the time the government imposes austerity measures because it will become high assessment installments. There will be a presence of pensions to be diminished and the government will likely spend their attention less in the improvement of the nation meeting debts.

Which group oversaw the writing and adoption of the declaration of independence on july 4, 1776?

Answers

Second Continental Congress 

What is the first period of human existence called

Answers

before humans it was B.C now it is A.D

What were the goals of humanists?

Answers

i believe if not then im wrong but there goal was to make fire hand made

How would atomists explain the difference between, say, chalk and cheese? How do they explain coming into being and passing away again?

Answers

Atomists would explain that chalk and cheese differ because they are made up of different atoms. This is because a certain kind of atoms for our sake we will call them atoms K mix bound together to form chalk and Atoms H form together to form cheese. They do not differ by our sense perception but by the atoms they are made up of. The atoms also differ from other objects by how tight they are bound.Soft bodied atoms are more flexible because there is more void in them.
They explain coming into being and passing away by using the same idea of atoms. When atoms come together and bound to each other they form a being and the being is therefore created. When atoms disperse and start to separate they are again passing away.

An atomists can find difference between the chalk and cheese depending upon the chemical composition of both of the materials.

An atom is the smallest entity in a structure. It cannot be further broken down into products. The atoms of chalk and cheese are different in their chemical compositions like chalk is made up of limestone and cheese is made up of milk both of the sources vary considerably and thus their atoms are likely to be different. The cheese can be available in liquid or solid form so in liquid form the atoms may not be in the close proximity or they may be loosely aligned whereas in the case of chalk the structure is rigid and the atoms are in close proximity with strong bonding. In case of coming into being is indicative of atoms being together and bound to each other and passing away again means the atoms disperse away.

Hence, an atomists can find difference between the chalk and cheese depending upon the chemical composition of both of the materials.

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␣what impelled european explorers to look west across the atlantic?

Answers

The idea of new riches and treasures was a primary reason why European explorers aimed to cross the Atlantic ocean. Although, in doing so, they went under the guise of educating and helping the indigenous populations, when in reality they aimed to take control once arriving.
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