Answer: Excess ethanol metabolism leads to an accumulation of NADH that inhibits fatty acid metabolism.
Explanation:
Fatty acid metabolism is often activated by limited or absence of NADH, however ethanol (the main constituent of most alcoholic drinks) on metabolism yields several molecules of NADH which rather stimulates belly/abdominal fat production often referred to as "beer gut".
Of the following lines of flowering plants, which represents the line of evolution that is most closely related to other plant ancestors?
Basal Angiosperms
Answer:
Basal Angiosperms is the correct answer
Explanation:
Basal angiosperms are regarded to be the most primitive group of flowering plants. They are neither eudicots nor monocots but have been around for a very long time and for this time, they have been lumped together with eudicots to form a group known as dicots. They are woody in nature, but produce flowers and seeds.
What can be said about all the DNA molecules in a single Sanger sequencing reaction mix? Select All That Apply
DNA can be sequenced less expensively.
Fewer errors in the sequence are produced.
A whole-genome could be sequenced in a single day.
DNA can be sequenced much faster.
Answer:
Fewer errors in the sequence are produced.
Explanation:
Sanger sequencing is the oldest sequencing methodology developed by Frederick Sanger in 1977. The technique is still in practice today for sequencing of single genes to achieve high accuracy of DNA strands sequencing compared to modern sequencing technologies such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) platforms (Illumina Sequencing).
Among the given statements, only B is correct because
Sanger sequencing is costly compared to NGS technologies (per kb cost for NGS is 20 cents whereas for Sanger sequencing it is about $10).Sanger sequencing is not a technology for whole genome sequencing (WGS) rather for single-gene sequencing with high accuracy. For WGS, massively parallel sequencing is required which can be achieved with NGS platforms.Evaluate the statement select those that correctly apply meta genomic sampling of the biospheres
Answer:
Meta genomic sampling is the direct genetic analysis of genomes contained with an environmental sample.
Explanation:
The statements that correctly describe the genomic sampling of the biosphere are;
As by carrying out meta genomic sampling we can be provided with the data of functional gene composition of microbial communities.Sufficient amounts of high-quality nucleic acids must be obtained for subsequent library production and sequencing.The DNA extracted should be representative of all cells present in the sample.Two strategies can be employed for meta genomics samples: reference-based assembly (co-assembly) and de novo assembly.De novo assembly typically requires larger computational resources.The "clonal" assumptions built into many assemblers might lead to suppression of contig formation for certain heterogeneous taxa at specific parameter settings.
According to Mendel’s law of dominance, which statement best describes the result of a cross between parents with genotypes Rr and Rr?
A) Only RR offspring will have red flowers.
B) Only Rr offspring will have red flowers.
C) All offspring with at least one R will have red flowers.
D) Because of the law of dominance, all offspring will have red flowers.
Answer:
The answer is C: All offspring with at least one R will have red flowers.
Explanation:
Mendel's Law of Dominance states that: “In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation. Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will have only the dominant trait in the phenotype.”
This simply means that if there exists two contrasting traits (I.e Rr), one of the traits will always suppress the other, thereby expressing itself. R suppresses r, thus making the offspring with big R have red flowers. The trait is called a dominating trait and the suppressed is called recessive trait.
DNA codes for the sequence of amino acids in the primary structure of a protein, but not for sugars or lipids. This is because?A. only proteins are involved in living metabolic reactions. B. sugars and lipids code for their own replication. C. sugars and lipids are ever present in the living environment and are not used in living structures. D. other hereditary molecules code for sugars and lipids. E. proteins are the main structural and functional components of cells.
Answer:
E. proteins are the main structural and functional components of cells.
Explanation:
DNA sequence codes for proteins since proteins are the main structural and functional components of cells. Proteins are structural components of cell membranes. The DNA packaging proteins pack the DNA into chromatin. The immune system distinguishes the self from non-self by identification of specific peptides present on the cell surfaces.
Hemoglobin is the oxygen carrier protein of RBCs. Immunoglobulins are one of the most abundant proteins of blood serum and are responsible for adaptive immune response. Enzymes are proteins with catalytic functions. Myosin and actin are the major structural and functional proteins of muscle cells. Proteins with different primary structures perform these diverse functions.
The fluctuation of the water level in the small arm of the water seal with respirations is called:_________
Answer: Tidaling
Explanation:
It is rise and fall of water in water-seal chamber, used to determine the degree of re expansion of the lungs. It reduction shows the lungs reexpands.
However, with respiratory efforts it is normal.
Which snail population has the larger average shell thickness, the population from 1871, or the population from the 1980s?
Answer:
the population from the 1980s had larger average shell thickness.
Explanation:
The snail population from the 1980s had larger average shell thickness.
The reason is explained as follows.
In the 19 the century , a species of crab called green crab moved to North America . They moved to Cape Cod region . They were predators and used to feed on snails . So a new species of snail evolved there which had thicker cover of shell to protect them from their predators. This was a burning example of process of evolution in modern times. The present generation of snails there now had thicker shell than their ancestors.
If Avery had observed transformation using only the extracts containing degraded DNA, degraded RNA, and degraded protein, but NOT the extract containing degraded polysaccharides, he would have concluded that
Answer:
Polysaccharides are the genetic material.
Explanation:
Avery did not observe transformation using the extracts containing degraded DNA. On the other hand, extracts with degraded RNA, proteins, and polysaccharides exhibited transformation. Therefore, he concluded that DNA is the genetic material responsible for transformation. If he would have observed the process of transformation using extracts containing degraded DNA but not with degraded polysaccharides, he might have concluded that "polysaccharides were the genetic material responsible for the process of transformation."
On his trip to the laguna atascosa wildlife refuge, mr Ortiz wants to analyze the overall health of alligator pond. Which of the tests should he perform?
Answer and Explanation:
To determine the overall health of the alligator pond, Mr. Ortiz should carry out the following tests:
pH level testpH is extremely important in this type of research as a reduction of pH could lead to a higher availability of toxic metals that may be absorbed by aquatic organisms such as alligators and fish species.
pH is acceptable in a range of 6.5 to 8.2.
Nitrates and Ammonia (NH3) levelsOversaturation of nitrates and ammonia could lead to the death of organisms that are crucial for the maintainance of a healthy pond and for the balance of the food chain.
Moreover, it could lead to algal blooms that result in a lower concentration of oxygen available for other organisms.
Over 0.2 per L could be lethal to some fish species that are also important for the health of the alligator pond.
Less than 0.1 indicates a healthy alligator pond.
Bacterial coliform testThis test determines the amount of bacteria that comes from waste (animal or human), which could lead to mild to serious bacterial infections and diseases.
If it is a healthy pond, the results should indicate less than 10 fecal coliform bacteria/100 mL.
What type of currently available car engine is the only one with zero emissions?
Answer:
Electric engine
Explanation:
Electric engine is powered by an energy source compact enough to be installed in the vehicle. These sources include hydrogen fuel cells, batteries, super capacitors, and flywheel energy storage devices. If electricity is generated from hydro-power, wind power, solar power or nuclear power rather than coal or natural gas power plants so emissions will be zero.
Answer:
Electric car
Explanation:
Populations evolve for many reasons. Suppose there is a population of plants that have either purple flowers or white flowers, and the allele for purple flowers is dominant. This means that plants with two purple alleles have purple flowers. Plants with one purple allele and one white allele also have purple flowers. Only plants with two white alleles have white flowers. For each event or condition described below, answer the following questions.
a. Which mechanism of evolution is at work?b. How does this event affect the populations gene pool? Do the frequencies of the two alleles change, and if so, how?
Answer:
Natural selection by directional selection, was the driving force of evolution at work. The purple flowers parents were able to withstand the selective pressure and therefore emerged from completions with other flowers from previous generation, thus their dominance follow directional selection. This was the trait inherited by their offspring, the dominant purple
The gene pool of purple flower will be large; because of dominance in expression with each successive generation in both homozygote and heterozygote state, and therefore higher frequency of expression compared to the white flowers.
The frequency of allele depends on the rate expression of the allele in the population. Thus, the dominant purple flowers have high frequency of expression compared to the recessive white flowers which can only express itself in homozygote recessive state
Urbanization often means the loss of green-spaces, causing which of the following problems? Select all that are true.
a. loss of aesthetic and cultural space
b. increased high temperatures (heat-island effect)
c. increased storm-water run-off, flooding, and pollution of waterways
d. increased pollinator and bird populations
Answer:
a. loss of aesthetic and cultural space✔
b. increased high temperatures (heat-island effect)✔
c. increased storm-water run-off, flooding, and pollution of waterways✔
d. increased pollinator and bird populations❌❌❌
Final answer:
Urbanization often leads to the loss of green spaces, causing problems such as loss of aesthetic and cultural space, increased high temperatures (heat-island effect), and increased storm-water run-off, flooding, and pollution of waterways.
Explanation:
Urbanization often leads to the loss of green spaces, which can cause several problems:
Loss of aesthetic and cultural space: Green spaces such as parks and gardens provide visual beauty and cultural value to urban areas. Their loss can diminish the overall aesthetic appeal and cultural heritage of a city.
Increased high temperatures (heat-island effect): Green spaces help to regulate temperature by providing shade and cooling through evapotranspiration. Without them, urban areas can experience increased temperatures, known as the heat-island effect.
Increased storm-water run-off, flooding, and pollution of waterways: Green spaces help absorb and filter rainwater, reducing storm-water run-off and the risk of flooding. Their loss can lead to increased run-off, which can carry pollutants and cause water pollution.
What geologic event most likely caused the folding and faulting of these layers?
Answer:
Folding and faulting- The process in which the layers of the Earth are displaced or moved into a different position due to some forces acted upon them, as there are different reasons due to which the folding and faulting occurs.
The forces are so power full that they can bring the sediments of ocean to level or elevation above the sea level and can have a destructive effects for the living being. As there are various causes for folding and faulting of these layers,some of these forces are given below;Explanation:
Geological events causing the folding and faulting-
Tectonic Plates movement- The parts of the Earth layer are always sliding over each other, and when they do they produce huge seismic waves. Which then causes the earthquakes, the folding and faulting of these layers.
Volcanic eruptions : It happens rarely as the number of gases and lava from inside the Earth, down from the crust move upward and erupts, producing dust in the atmosphere.
The other two geological causes are;
Intrusive igneous activity,subduction.Which bacterial modification allowing the bacteria to survive harsh times, like dessication?
Answer:
The correct answer is endospore and capsule.
Explanation:
Bacteria can do modification in them during harsh conditions which protect them from the harsh time. These modifications are the formation of endospores or capsules.
Endospore is the hard and non-reproductive structure formed outer to the cell wall by mainly bacteria of phylum firmicutes in the absence of nutrients. Endospore helps the bacteria to remain dormant for several years until the right condition comes.
Capsule is a gelatinous layer secreted by bacterial cell which is made up of polysaccharides. It forms outer to cell wall and protects the bacteria from desiccation and engulfment by phagocytes.
Final answer:
Bacteria can survive harsh conditions like desiccation by forming endospores, which are highly resistant structures that protect the bacterial DNA in a dormant state until favorable conditions return.
Explanation:
The bacterial modification that allows bacteria to survive harsh times, such as desiccation, is the formation of endospores. Formed under unfavorable conditions, endospores encapsulate the genetic material of the bacterium and become dormant, allowing the bacterium to withstand extreme conditions including heat, lack of moisture, and exposure to chemicals. They remain in this resistant state until conditions become favorable again, at which point they can re-animate and resume normal cellular functions. Bacterial genera such as Bacillus and Clostridium are well-known for their ability to form endospores.
Other adaptions include changes in cell wall structure, accumulation of energy reserves like starch or oils, and alterations in membrane and protein structure to reduce metabolic activity during harsh conditions. Some bacteria, like Halobacterium, can survive in environments with extremely high salt concentrations, which would be lethal to most other organisms. This extreme halotolerance is an example of how microbial life can adapt to survive and even thrive under conditions that would normally be considered inhospitable.
Example 1: Two different enzymes are able to catalyze the same reaction, A → B. They both have the same Vmax, but differ their Km the substrate A. For enzyme 1, the Km is 1.0 mM; for enzyme 2, the Km is 10 mM. When enzyme 1 was incubated with 0.1 mM A, it was observed that B was produced at a rate of 0.0020 mmoles/minute. a) What is the value of the Vmax of the enzymes? 0.022 b) What will be the rate of production of B when enzyme 2 is incubated with 0.1 mM A? 0.00022 c) What will be the rate of production of B when enzyme 1 is incubated with 1 M (i.e., 1000 mM) A? 0.022
Answer: (a) = 0.022mmoles/minute; (b) = 0.00022mmoles/minute; (c) = 0.022mmoles/minute
Explanation:
The Michaelis- Menten equation is used to show the relationship between substrate concentration and reaction rate.
The equation is Vo = Vmax[S]/(Km + [S]
where Vo is the initial velocity, Vmax is the maximum velocity, [S] is the substrate concentration, Km is the Michaelis constant.
(a) For enzyme 1; Vo = 0.002mmoles/minute, Vmax = ?, [S] = 0.1mM, Km =1.0mM; making Vmax subject of the formula;
Vmax = Vo * (Km + [S])/ [S]
Vmax = 0.002*(1.0 + 0.1)/ 0.1
Vmax = 0.022mmoles/minute (Vmax for Enzyme 1&2)
(b) Vo = Vmax[S]/(Km + [S]
Vo = 0.022 * 0.1/(10+0.1) = 0.00022mmoles/minute
(c) Vo = Vmax[S]/(Km + [S]
Vo = 0.022*1000/(1.0+1000) = 0.022mmoles/minute
The Vocabulary of Biological Influences on WeightThere are a wide variety of factors that affect an individual’s weight status. In this section, you will review biological influences including genes, metabolic factors, and physiologic factors like the hormones that regulate hunger and satiety. Match the words to the appropriate sentences.a. Researchers propose these are responsible for 50 to 90% of an individual's BMI. [ Choose ] ghrelin Fat oxidation Peptide YY Metabolic Rate Leptin Uncoupling Proteins Genetic Factors Hypothalamic Feeding Center b. When this is low in an individual, they burn fewer Calories at rest. [ Choose ] ghrelin Fat oxidation Peptide YY Metabolic Rate Leptin Uncoupling Proteins Genetic Factors Hypothalamic Feeding Center c. Stimulated to cause hunger in an individual when blood glucose levels are low. [ Choose ] ghrelin Fat oxidation Peptide YY Metabolic Rate Leptin Uncoupling Proteins Genetic Factors Hypothalamic Feeding Center d. If this is low, an individual will utilize relatively more carbohydrate for energy, thereby more fat will be stored in adipose tissue. [ Choose ] ghrelin Fat oxidation Peptide YY Metabolic Rate Leptin Uncoupling Proteins Genetic Factors Hypothalamic Feeding Center e. protein produced in the gastrointestinal tract that decreases appetite after food intake. [ Choose ] ghrelin Fat oxidation Peptide YY Metabolic Rate Leptin Uncoupling Proteins Genetic Factors Hypothalamic Feeding Center f. Synthesized in the stomach and acts to stimulate appetite. [ Choose ] ghrelin Fat oxidation Peptide YY Metabolic Rate Leptin Uncoupling Proteins Genetic Factors Hypothalamic Feeding Center g. The protein produced by adipose tissue that acts to reduce food intake [ Choose ] ghrelin Fat oxidation Peptide YY Metabolic Rate Leptin Uncoupling Proteins Genetic Factors Hypothalamic Feeding Center h. may disrupt ATP production, resulting in less energy storage. [ Choose ] ghrelin Fat oxidation Peptide YY Metabolic Rate Leptin Uncoupling Proteins Genetic Factors Hypothalamic Feeding Center
Question in multiple choice question therefore some questions need explanation and some do not need explanation.
a. Researchers propose these are responsible for 50 to 90% of an individual's BMI.
Answer:
leptin
b. When this is low in an individual, they burn fewer Calories at rest.
Answer:
Metabolic Rate
Explanation:
When body is in working state the metabolic rate is Hight which results in more calories burring and we sweat. But in resting condition metabolic rate is low therefore less calories are burned.
c. Stimulated to cause hunger in an individual when blood glucose levels are low.
Answer:
ghrelin
Explanation:
It is a hormone produced by stomach to induce hunger when blood glucose level is low.
d. If this is low, an individual will utilize relatively more carbohydrate for energy, thereby more fat will be stored in adipose tissue.
Answer:
Fat oxidation
e. protein produced in the gastrointestinal tract that decreases appetite after food intake.
Answer:
Peptide YY
Explanation:
This hormone is released in response to feeding.
f. Synthesized in the stomach and acts to stimulate appetite.
Answer:
ghrelin
Explanation:
It is a hormone produced by stomach and released into intestine to produce hunger.
g. The protein produced by adipose tissue that acts to reduce food intake
Answer:
Leptin
Explanation:
It is a hormone secreted by hypothalamus which decrease the apatite intake.
h. may disrupt ATP production, resulting in less energy storage.
Answer:
Genetic Factors
Explanation:
Genetic mutation cause disruption in the functioning of mitochondria which results In the disruption of ATP production.
Final answer:
The biological influences on weight include genetic factors, metabolic rate, and hormones like ghrelin, leptin, peptide YY, and uncoupling proteins, each playing a specific role in determining an individual's BMI, energy expenditure, hunger, and satiety.
Explanation:
The Vocabulary of Biological Influences on Weight involves understanding a variety of factors that affect an individual's weight, including genetic factors, metabolic rate, and the role of hormones like ghrelin, leptin, peptide YY, and uncoupling proteins. Here is the matching list according to the student's question:
a. Researchers propose these are responsible for 50 to 90% of an individual's BMI - Genetic Factors
b. When this is low in an individual, they burn fewer Calories at rest - Metabolic Rate
c. Stimulated to cause hunger in an individual when blood glucose levels are low - ghrelin
d. If this is low, an individual will utilize relatively more carbohydrate for energy, thereby more fat will be stored in adipose tissue - Fat oxidation
e. protein produced in the gastrointestinal tract that decreases appetite after food intake - Peptide YY
f. Synthesized in the stomach and acts to stimulate appetite - ghrelin
g. The protein produced by adipose tissue that acts to reduce food intake - Leptin
h. may disrupt ATP production, resulting in less energy storage - Uncoupling Proteins
Calculating allele frequencies in a gene pool1. To calculate the frequency of the brown allele, count the number of BROWN ALLELES and divide by the total number of alleles in this population2. In this beetle population, the number of brown alleles is 83. In this beetle population, the total number of alleles for color is 204. The frequency of the brown allele in this beetle population is .45. The frequency of the green allele in this beetle population is .6
Answer:
1. To calculate the frequency of the brown allele, count the number of BROWN ALLELES and divide by the total number of alleles in this population
2. In this beetle population, the number of brown alleles is 8
3. In this beetle population, the total number of alleles for color is 20
4. The frequency of the brown allele in this beetle population is .4
5. The frequency of the green allele in this beetle population is .6
2) Lions and tigers have diverged from a common ancestor approximately 4 million years ago. You are trying to determine whether the lion lineage or the tiger lineage has been evolving at a faster rate at the DNA sequence level since they diverged from their common ancestor. Describe the data you would need to collect to make that determination (2) and how you would interpret the data (1). Suppose that you find that the tiger lineage did, in fact, evolve faster according to the data you described. Propose two evolutionary explanations for that observation (1) and explain how they would impact the rate of evolution (1). Assume that no ancient DNA data exist for either lineage
Answer:
The source if data will be from the ancient DNA of the ancestors and the full DNA data of both the tiger and the lion.
Data interpretation
Its by analysing and comparing individually the specific marker of the ancient DNA with the DNA data of both tiger and lion.
If the tiger lineage did evolved faster then there will be CHANGES when the full DNA data of the tiger is analysed for similarities with ancient DNA data INDICATING a faster rate of evolution for the tiger lineage.
Note: these changes maybe due to the living ENVIRONMENTAL conditions and abundance of food and resources
Assuming no ancient DNA data exist for either lineage
Then analysis for comparison won't be easy but difficult to get by.
As today's data would have to be kept for future analysis and comparision in order for it to act as the basis for ancient data
To evaluate the evolutionary rate of DNA sequences between lions and tigers, we would compare the current DNA sequences of both species. If the tiger lineage evolved faster, it may be due to various selective pressures or a higher mutation rate leading to more genetic changes.
To determine whether the lion lineage or the tiger lineage has been evolving at a faster rate at the DNA sequence level since they diverged from a common ancestor, we would need to collect and compare the DNA sequences of both species. By analyzing the number of mutations and the genetic differences, we can estimate the rate of evolution since their divergence. Since we assume no ancient DNA is available, this comparison would be between the modern lion and tiger sequences.
If we find that the tiger lineage has evolved faster, two evolutionary explanations might be different selective pressures or a higher mutation rate in tigers compared to lions. Different selective pressures could arise from variations in environment, predation, or resources, leading to distinct evolutionary paths. A higher mutation rate could be due to increased exposure to mutagens, shorter generation times, or intrinsic biological factors affecting DNA replication fidelity in tigers compared to lions.
3. The cerebellum of the human is divided into two portions, while the sheep only has one portion of the cerebellum. Why is there a difference?
Answer:
The human brain is divided in to two parts and that is why human brain is responsible for controlling behavior of human and motor control . The sheep have only one portion. Compared to the sheep, the human olfactory bulb is larger in size while the stem on the sheep is larger than human. The cerebellum in the human brain is larger and more secure than the sheep.
Answer:
This is because animals as a whole usually rely more upon their senses and abilities of smell than humans do.
Explanation:
An ecosystem contains
A. only the biotic (living) components of the environment
B. only the abiotic (nonliving) components of the environment
C. only the energy flow components of an environment
D. both the living organisms and the abiotic components of the environment
E. only the food relationships found in an environment
Answer:
D
Explanation:
An ecosystem involves everything that are living organism and also surrounding nonliving organism surrounding the living organism.
An ecosystem consists of both biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components that interact in a defined area, making answer D the correct choice.
Explanation:An ecosystem encompasses not only the biotic components, which are all the living organisms such as animals, plants, and microorganisms, but also includes the abiotic components like air, water, soil, and sunlight. These living and nonliving elements interact within an ecosystem, influencing nutrient cycles and energy flows.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question of what an ecosystem contains is D. both the living organisms and the abiotic components of the environment.
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Discuss the biological importance of each of the following organic compounds in relation to cellular structure and function in plants and animals.
a) Carbohydrates
b) Proteins
c) Lipids
d) Nucleic acids
Explanation:
Carbohydrates: they are the main source of ATP inside the cell and in the membrane, they can participate in cell recognition, adhesion, signaling and also as a physical barrier. Proteins: they form channels or bombs to exchange different molecules into or out of the cell, they also conform most of the enzymes responsible for many metabolic tasks inside the cell. Lipids: they are the main content of the cell's membrane, they form a fluid lipidic bilayer that permeates the cell from its environment and allows the movement of proteins and carbohydrates in it. Nucleic acids: they contain the genetic information of the cellI hope you find this information useful and interesting! Good luck!
The biological importance components:
The carbohydrates are the main ATP and participate in cell recognition. Proteins are forms of channels that exchange different molecules. Lipids are the main content of the cell membrane. Nucleic acids consist of genetic information from cellsWhat are Carbohydrates ?These are the main source of ATP in the cells and membrane, they can participate in cell recognition, adhesion, signaling, and also as a physical barrier.
While Proteins are channels or bombs to exchange different molecules into or out of the cells. Lipids: they are the main content of the cell's membrane, fluid layers. Nucleic acids consist of the genetic matter of the cell.
Find out more information about the compounds.
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50 POINTS PLZ HELP ASAP
Use the image to answer the question.
Question:
Explain how heat transfer is occurring through convection, radiation AND conduction in this picture. (3 points)
Answer:
The Heat is being transferred through the spoon via conduction and convection while whatever is hot in the mug is being transferred via radiation into the air
Explanation:
Answer and Explanation:
A cup of tea/coffee transfers heat via conduction, convection and radiation.
Conduction:
Heat transfer from a coffee to the spoon is in direct contact
Inner part of the tea cup against hot liquid will transfer heat to the outer part and saucer.
Convection:
Movement of molecules within the coffee. Hot molecules of the tea at the middle of the drink will be eventually make their way to the outer part of the drink near the tea cup, where they will loose their heat.
Radiation:
Thermal radiation is the loss of heat from a solid object in to atmosphere via the release of electromagnetic radiation. So hot outer edge of the teacup loss the energy to its surroundings via thermal radiation.
An 8-year-old girl has had difficulty swallowing for the past day. On examination, her pharynx is swollen and erythematous with an overlying yellow exudate. Laboratory studies show neutrophilia. Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus) is cultured from her pharynx. Which of the following substances is most likely to increase in response to pyrogens released by this organism? A. Hageman factor B. Immunoglobulin E C. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) D. Nitric oxide E Prostaglandins
Answer:
E) Prostaglandins
Explanation:
In Veterinary Medicine (Eleventh Edition), 2017 book it is mentioned that when bacteria release pyrogens it abrupt the functioning of Interleukin-1 which is responsible for fever. It increases the synthesis of prostaglandins in hypothalamus which disrupts the thermostatically set point and initiate mechanism of vasoconstriction and shivering thermogenesis until the body temperature reached to hypothalamus set point.
In Labrador retriever dogs, coat color is determined by the interaction of two genes (pigment and deposition of pigment). This is called epistasis. Coat color can be black (B) or brown (b) and deposition of pigment into the hair shaft is deposited (E) or not deposited (e). If a retriever has the genotype where they have _ _ ee, then they will have a yellow coat regardless of what color they inherit (e.g., Bbee or bbee gives a Yellow lab).
1. Calculate the phenotypic ratios of a cross between a male and a female Labrador retrievers that are both heterozygous for coat color and heterozygous for deposition of pigment.
What is the genotype of both the male and female parents?
What are the possible gametes of both the male and female parents?
What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
Answer 1,2,3,4:
As both are heterozygous therefore Male genotype will be (BbEe) and the genotype of female will be (BbEe). While both will have the phenotype black.
Parent Genotype
Male X Female
BbEe X BbEe
Possible gametes from Parents
Male X Female
BbEe X BbEe
(BE) (Be) (bE) (be) X (BE) (Be) (bE) (be)
...
F1 generation will have following genetypic ratio
Black Labrador = 9 = B_E_
Brown Labrador = 3 = bbE_
Yellow Labrador = 3 = B_ee
Yellow Labrador = 1 = bbee
Furthermore, the phenotypic ration will be
Black Labrador = 9
Brown Labrador = 3
Yellow Labrador = 4
1.Genotype of Parents:
Both the male and female parents have the genotype BbEe, being heterozygous for coat color and deposition of pigment.
2.Possible Gametes:
Male (BbEe): BE, Be, bE, be
Female (BbEe): BE, Be, bE, be
3.Phenotypic Ratio of Offspring:
Black with pigment (BBEE, BBEe, BbEE, BbEe)
Brown without pigment (bbEE, bbEe)
Yellow (BbEe, BBEe, bbEe, bbEE).
Genotype of Parents:
Both the male and female parents are heterozygous for coat color and heterozygous for deposition of pigment, denoted as BbEe.
Possible Gametes:
Male (BbEe): BE, Be, bE, be
Female (BbEe): BE, Be, bE, be
Phenotypic Ratio of Offspring:
When the alleles are combined, the possible genotypes of the offspring are:
BBEE (Black with pigment)
BbEE (Black with pigment)
BBEe (Black with pigment)
BbEe (Black with pigment)
bbEE (Brown without pigment)
bbEe (Brown without pigment)
BBEe (Brown without pigment)
BbEe (Brown without pigment)
The presence of "ee" ensures a yellow coat regardless of the color inherited. The phenotypic ratio is 4:2:4, representing the combinations of black with pigment, brown without pigment, and yellow, respectively.
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Reducing equivalents are key to the process of cellular respiration and ultimately ATP production. Illustrate the direct inter-linkage of the glycolytic pathway to cellular respiration, concluding with the general illustrative mechanism and description to the production of ATP. (Hint: draw the reason that you sometimes get 30 ATP out of glycolysis instead of 32.
→The correct question should be 'draw the reason that you sometimes get 30 ATPs out of cellular respiration instead of 32'
Answer :Glucose is high energy-rich ccompound. Therefore to initiate the breakdown down of bonds in glucose for phosphorylation of glucose; to obtain Pyruvate for ATPs synthesis 2ATPs must be supplied...
The 2 ATPs were ‘borrowed’ – to convert
1. Glucose to fructose phosphate,
2. And later to fructose bisphosphate. This is phosphorylation of glucose.
The end product of this reaction is PYRUVATE. THE NET ATPs produced is 4ATPs per molecule of glucose, but the total gained ATPs is 2, because the 2ATPs 'borrowed' from the phosphorylation must be paid back. This is substrate level phosphorylation and it takes place in the cytoplasm without OXYGEN.
Link reaction is the process of conversion of pyruvate from glycolysis to Acetyl CoA .It is the reaction pathway which linked glycolysis with citric acid cycle, in cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen. If no oxygen is available, link reaction does not take place; rather the pyruvate moves to fermentation
It involves decarboxylation, and dehydrogenation (with NADH) of 3Cpyruvate, and reaction with Coenzyme A to form 2C-acetyl CoA,
The 2C-acetyl Coenzyme A reacted with 4c oxaloacetate in the mitochondrial matrix to form 6C citrate. This involves decarboxylation and dehydrogenation with NADH.
The citric cycle continues on till 2ATPs are produces with each glucose molecule; until the 4 molecule oxaloacetate is reproduced. 4CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2 and 2ATPs molecules per molecule of glucose are produced.
The NADH and FADH2 fetched Hydrogen into the mitochondrial matrix where it is split to
Protons and electrons.
The electrons are transferred by protein carries in the matrix. As these electrons moved through proteins carriers of different energy levels ENEGY is released;and used to pump protons from the matrix across the intramembrane to the cytosol. The proton gradient drives protons down the concentration gradient through the hydrogen channel of ATPase synthase. The enzyme tapped the energy from the protons to synthesise ATP from ADP.
This is oxidative phosphorylation.it produces 28ATPs
The balanced sheet of ATP per molecule of glucose =
→4ATPS from glycolysis ( 2ATPs used ).
→2ATPs from Citric Acid
→28 ATPs from Oxidative phosphorylation.
⇒Total =34 - (2ATPs) used =30ATPs.
Explanation:
A client's head protrudes during a pulling assessment. Which of the following muscles should be stretched?
Answer:
Option C
Explanation:
Please see the attachment
Ling, a 75-year-old grandmother, complained that her vision was becoming obscured. Upon examination by an ophthalmologist she was told she had cataracts.
What are cataracts, how do they occur, and how are they treated?
a. A cataract is a clouding of the lens. Some cataracts are congenital, but most are due to age-related hardening and thickening of the lens, diabetes mellitus, or exposure to UV rays over time. The lens can be removed and replaced
with an artificial lens.
b. A cataract is a clouding of the cornea. Some cataracts are congenital, but most are due to age-related hardening and thickening of the lens, diabetes mellitus, or exposure to UV rays over time. A corneal transplant can be performed to replace the damaged cornea.
c. A cataract is increased intraocular pressure. This occurs when drainage of the aqueous humor is blocked. They are treated with eyedrops that increase the rate of aqueous humor drainage or decrease its production.
d. A cataract occurs when there are unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens. This is a congenital condition. Specially ground lenses or laser surgical procedures are used to correct this problem.
Answer:a. A cataract is a clouding of the lens. Some cataracts are congenital, but most are due to age-related hardening and thickening of the lens, diabetes mellitus, or exposure to UV rays over time. The lens can be removed and replaced
with an artificial lens.
Explanation:
The events in the ovarian and uterine cycles are largely controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian hormones. Before ovulation are the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the menstrual and proliferative phases of the uterine cycle. After ovulation are the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. How do hormone levels change with the phases and ovulation?
Explanation:
Menstruation is the cyclic changes taking place in women every month which involves the sloughing of the uterine walls.
The menstrual cycle involves the coordination of two-cycle: the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle.
The menstrual cycle is controlled by the gonadotrophin hormones which are the Luteinizing hormone (LH) and the Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and ovarian hormones which are: progesterone and estradiol.
The level of these hormones during each phase are:
1. Follicular phase / proliferative phases- Estradiol level increases/ FSH level declines
2. Ovulation- LH hormone level at the peak, estrogen level at the peak
3. Luteal phase/ secretory phase- Progesterone and estrogen level elevates / LH and FSH level declines
Final answer:
The hormone levels change with the different phases and ovulation. Before ovulation, estrogen levels rise during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, while the menstrual phase occurs in the uterine cycle. After ovulation, the ovarian cycle enters its luteal phase and the uterine cycle enters its secretory phase.
Explanation:
The hormone levels in the ovarian and uterine cycles change with the different phases and ovulation. Before ovulation, during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, follicles on the surface of the ovary are stimulated to grow by rising levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These follicles release estrogen as they grow. At the same time, in the uterine cycle, the menstrual phase occurs where the functional layer of the endometrium in the uterus is shed. After about five days, the estrogen levels rise, and the menstrual cycle enters the proliferative phase, when the endometrium begins to regrow.
After ovulation, the ovarian cycle enters its luteal phase when the ruptured follicle transforms into a structure called a corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and estrogen. In the uterine cycle, the secretory phase begins, during which the endometrial lining prepares for possible implantation of a fertilized egg. The progesterone from the corpus luteum facilitates the regrowth of the uterine lining and inhibits the release of further FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH). The level of estrogen produced by the corpus luteum remains steady for a few days.
Development and impact on desert areas is mainly due to Select one:
a. air conditioning.
b. roads and highways.
c. modern irrigation.
d. None of these are correct.
Answer:
Answer is C. Modern irrigation.
Explanation:
The word 'irrigation ' means the process of supplying water or watering of land in preparation for planting and watering of planted crops to survive.
Modern irrigation involves the construction of hoses, channels and canals. This is done so that water will be available through out the seasons for the crops, and water will be supplied to areas where there is scarcity of water.
Irrigation is very important because it prevents famine, improves water condition in the soil by dissolving nutrients for plant use.
Imagine you want to study one of the human crystallins, proteins present in the lens of the eye. To obtain sufficient amount of the protein of interest, you decide to clone the gene that codes for it. Assume you know the sequence of this gene. How would you go about this? In a paragraph of approximately 3 to 5 complete logical sentences, explain the technique that you would use, why, and its basic steps.
Answer: cDNA library will be created .
and mRNA from human cells to serve as source of crystallins will be used
Explanation:
To clone a gene, you would need to use a technique called gene cloning or recombinant DNA technology. The basic steps of gene cloning involve isolating the gene sequence of interest, inserting it into a vector, and then transferring the vector into a host cell.
Explanation:To clone a gene, you would need to use a technique called gene cloning or recombinant DNA technology. The basic steps of gene cloning involve isolating the gene sequence of interest, inserting it into a vector, and then transferring the vector into a host cell. In this case, since you want to clone a human crystallin gene, you would need to isolate the specific gene sequence for the human crystallin protein. Once you have the gene sequence, you can use the technique of gene cloning to obtain multiple copies of the gene, which can then be expressed and studied.