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What causes the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata of the brain to increase the rate of respirations?
Answer:
decreased amount of oxygen or increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
Explanation:
The medulla oblongata and the pons are involved in the regulation of the ventilatory pattern of respiration.
The decrease in blood pH result from the decreased amount of oxygen, Hypoxemia refers to insufficient oxygen in the blood. Thus any cause that influences the rate or volume of air entering the lungs (ventilation) or any cause that influences the transfer of air from the lungs to the blood may cause hypoxemia.
In response to a decrease in blood pH, the respiratory center (in the medulla ) sends nervous impulses to the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm, to increase the breathing rate and the volume of the lungs during inhalation.
Also, Let take a look at a situation of an individual suffering from an anxiety attack(i.e hyperventilating). The increased ventilation rate will remove too much carbon dioxide from their body, (this implies that there is increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood). Without that carbon dioxide, there will be less carbonic acid in blood, so the concentration of hydrogen ions decreases and the pH of the blood rises.
In response, the respiratory chemoreceptors detect this change, and send a signal to the medulla, which signals the respiratory muscles to decrease the ventilation rate so carbon dioxide levels and pH can return to normal levels.
Final answer:
The medulla oblongata controls breathing through the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups, which react primarily to CO₂ levels in the blood. Chemoreceptors in the brain and body detect these changes and adjust breathing accordingly. Disruptions can occur due to irritants, medical conditions, or drugs like opioids.
Explanation:
What Activates the Respiratory Centers in the Medulla Oblongata?
The medulla oblongata controls pulmonary ventilation through specific groups of neurons. The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is responsible for the maintenance of a constant breathing rhythm by inducing the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, facilitating inspiration. When the DRG's activity ceases, these muscles relax, leading to expiration. On the other hand, the ventral respiratory group (VRG) governs forced breathing by stimulating accessory muscles to contract during periods of high demand, such as during exercise.
Regulation of breathing is primarily responsive not to oxygen levels but to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. An increase in carbon dioxide results in a stronger stimulus to the respiratory centers, which in turn increase the rate and depth of breathing to expel the excess CO₂. In addition to chemoreceptors in the brain (central chemoreceptors), there are also peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood chemistry and contribute to respiratory regulation.
Factors such as irritants in the airways, medical conditions affecting the brainstem, and certain drugs can disrupt the normal function of the respiratory centers. For instance, opioids acting on mu receptors can suppress breathing, and conditions like stroke or heart failure may impair the proper response of the respiratory centers, as seen in central sleep apnea.
For young and middle age adults, ________ is the single most important physical fitness component for enhancing and maintaining good health.a. body compositionb. cardiorespiratory endurancec. monitor daily physical activityd. research exercise facilities and equipmente. stop negative behavior that hinders activeness
Answer:
The answer is B.
Explanation:
For just about everyone but especially for young and middle aged adults, because of their expected level of physical fitness, the single most important physical fitness component is "Cardiorespiratory Endurance" which is the term to measure how one's lungs, muscles and heart keep up together with intense exercise over a long period of time. Cardiorespiratory Endurance can be increased by correct nutrition and regular work-out sessions.
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Which organism in the food web below gets energy directly from ants?
Answer: a wattle tree
Explanation:
Which term describes the length of time a microbial species needs in order to divide?
Answer:
The correct answer is - generation Time.
Explanation:
Generation time is the average time between 2 generations that are come one after another in the ancestry of a species or population. In microbiology, the generation time is also similar but define as the time a microbe such as bacteria takes for the population or species to divide to double or doubling time.
The generation time of the microbes like bacteria varies from 12 minutes up to 24 hours whereas generation time of coliform's generation time is 12 to 24 hours.
Thus, the correct answer is - generation time.
Answer: Generation time or doubling time
Explanation:
The generation time or the doubling time is the time by which the bacterial population doubles.
Binary fusion can be defined as the method by which the population of the bacteria gets double in number or value.
It is very helpful in case of extraction of resources and consumption of resources and many more.
This length of time is known as doubling time or generation time.
The protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of the T2 phage is termed the:______
A) Capsid.
B) Envelope.
C) Nucleoid.
D) Membrane.
E) Cell wall.
Answer:
Th correct answer is A. Capsid
Explanation:
T-2 phage is a bacteriophage which is virulent to E.coli which means T2 phage infects E.coli. The genetic material of T2 phage is linear DNA which is double-stranded. The genetic material of T2 phage is enclosed in a protein coat which is called capsid.
This capsid protects the genetic material of bacteriophage by any enzymatic digestion, helps the virus to attach the host cell and helps the virion to penetrate the cell membrane of the host cell and inject its genetic material in the host cell. Therefore capsid is the correct answer.
The stop codon is recognized by
A. GTP
B. a special aminoacyl tRNA
C. eRF1 and eRF2
D. a molecular chaperone
Answer:
C. eRF1 and eRF2
Explanation:
A release factor is a protein that can recognize a terminal codon in order to end the translation. In eukaryotes the release factors is eRF1 and in bacteria there are two release factors, eRF1 and eRF2.
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All life depends on the availability of usable energy. This energy is released when
(1) organisms convert solar energy into the chemical energy found in food molecules(2) respiration occurs in the cells of producers and high-energy molecules enter the atmosphere(3) cells carry out the process of respiration(4) animal cells synthesize starch and carbon dioxide
Answer:
3 (Cells carry out the respiration process)
Explanation:
Cellular respiration is a metabolic (catabolic) process common to all living things as all living things need energy for their life processes.
Respiration is the biochemical process in which the cells of an organism obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules in presence or absence of oxygen (aerobic or anaerobic) resulting in the release of Carbondioxide (CO2), water and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Food molecules (containing stored energy in their chemical bonds) absorbed after digestion are broken down and the energy within their molecules are freed. This freed energy in form of ATP, is used to power the organism's movement and physiological functions.
Note that, ATP is an energy carrying molecule and a usable form of energy by cells. This is so because ATP releases energy quickly. Energy is released from ATP when the end phosphate (Pi) is removed to become ADP (adenosine diphosphate), which is a low energy molecule.
Aerobic cellular respiration consists of Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation. A total of 38 ATP molecules is produced in the cytosol of prokaryotes while a total of 36 ATP molecules is produced in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
Identify the pairs of rates as equivalent or not equivalent.
Answer:
These fractions are equivalent:
3/14= 21/98, 9/12= 21/28, 2/14= 1/7 and 3/21= 1/7.
These fractions are not equivalent:
3/7 is not equivalent to 1/7, 2/5 is not equal to 1/4.
Explanation:
Fractions are said to be equivalent if when the numerator of one is divided by the its denominator and the answers are the same when same is done.
Fractions are said not to be equivalent if when the numerator is divided by the denominator of one, then, the result is different from the other fraction when same is done.
Which group of prokaryotes aids digestion in cattle, deer, and other animals that obtain nutrition from cellulose?
Answer:
Methanogens are group of prokaryotes that aids digestion in cattle, deer, and other animals that obtain nutrition from cellulose.
Explanation:
Methanogens are microorganisms capable of methane production. They belong to the domain Archaea. Methanogenic archaea which reside primarily in the rumen produces methane through the reduction of methanol with hydrogen. Methane produced by the methanogens aids in keeping the hydrogen concentrations low in the rumen, this allows the growth of other species which in turns enable more efficient fermentation.
The majority of the anaerobic microbes which occupy the rumen initiate the fermentation process thereby assisting the cellulose breakdown. Methanogens uses the end products of fermentation as substrates to reduce carbon dioxide, formic acid, or methylamines to methane.
Some terms explained:
Prokaryotes: are unicellular organisms and they do not have nucleus that houses their genetic material. Examples are organisms like bacteria, methanogens.
Ruminant: They include cattle, deer, goat. They have a unique digestive system which comprises of four-compartment stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum). With the help of microbes in the specialized somach, they are able to ferment ingested forages to aquire nutrients.
What mass of glucose can be produced from a photosynthesis reaction that occurs using 10 mol CO2?
Answer: 21
Explanations: because 9+10 =21
Gene knockouts often result in embryonic lethality. What strategy do investigators often use to make it possible to study a gene’s role later in development?
Answer:
Explanation:Genes are picked by investigators through hand picked
: Based on scientific interest.
or based on chromosomal position.
: I.e as Functional candidates or positional candidates.
After then, The results will be summarized in several review.
In 1988, a biologist named Richard Lenski introduced 12 genetically identical populations of E. coli to test tubes and subjected them to the same conditions: a period of growth followed by starvation. After several years, all 12 strains had adapted to the conditions in similar ways; however, their genetic sequences were very different. Which of the following conclusions from this experiment is CORRECT
Answer:
Let's add the options in order to make it a correct question
a. Similar phenotypes may result from a variety of underlying genotypes
b. Similar selective pressures on genetically identical organisms can
have different effects at the level of the genome.
c. Evolution by natural selection can be directly observed in organisms with short generation times.
d. The 12 E. coli populations underwent convergent evolution resulting from similar environmental
conditions
e. All of the above are
correct conclusions drawn
from Richard Lenski's
experiments.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS E.
e. All of the above are correct
conclusions drawn fram Richard
Lenski experiments
Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his
a. brainstem.
b. cerebellum.
c. hypothalamus.
d. hippocampus.
e. motor cortex.
Answer:
d. hippocampus.
Explanation:
The hippocampus is where episodic memories are formed and stored to use later. This kind of memories are autobiographical, this means that they are formed from our experiences, for example Mr. Yanagita learning to play poker. We conclude the hippocampus is damaged because Mr. YAnagita can't recall the experience of having played poker before.
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Mr. Yanagita likely has damage to his hippocampus, resulting in his inability to form conscious memories of playing poker.
Explanation:Mr. Yanagita's inability to consciously remember playing poker despite being good at it suggests damage to his hippocampus, which is responsible for forming new explicit memories. This is supported by the case of H.M., who had his hippocampi removed and experienced significant memory loss. However, his implicit memory, which is controlled by the cerebellum, remained intact. The cerebellum also plays a role in coordinating movement, but it is not directly involved in memory formation.
A bacterial cell that is resistant to a particular antibiotic may spend a large amount of energy producing the modified proteins that are needed for resistance. In such a case, what would be the effect on this cell's fitness if no antibiotic was present?
Answer:
Its fitness would be lower than other strains that lack resistance because it is spending energy that the resistant strains can use for other purposes, such as reproduction.
The inactive form of a vitamin that can be converted into an active form upon absorption or in the liver is called a(n) __________. __________ is an example of this.
Answer:
provitamin, beta-carotene
Explanation:
Beta-carotene is an example of a provitamin. It is a less active form of retinol (Vitamin A) that is synthesized by plants. Animals i.e. humans, cannot synthesize or make use of this form of Vitamin A. It can only be made available for use in humans through normal metabolic processes. Humans can access this provitamin by consuming food that is rich in beta-carotene. When beta-carotene undergoes normal metabolic processes in the body, it is transformed into retinol, which is an active form of Vitamin A. Vitamin A is needed by humans for healthy skin, good vision and eye health, as well as maintaining strong immune system.
A client has had cholestyramine added to his or her treatment plan for dyslipidemia. What effect will cholestyramine have on the pharmacokinetics of the thiazide diuretic that the client is currently prescribed?
Answer:
decrease absorption
Explanation:
Cholestyramine has been discovered to cause serum aminotransferase elevations in some cases when combined with thiazide diuretics. This is because the cholesyramine is not absorbed, hence it becomes surprising that it have been discovered to cause asymptomatic serum enzyme elevations.
Indications for use of anticholinergic drugs in the treatment for Parkinsonism include to?
Answer:
decrease salivation, spasticity, and tremors.
Explanation:
Parkinson's disease is a nervous system disorder in which body movements starts slowing down. In early stages, involuntary movements like the shaking of a hand occur which is called tremors and it gets worse over time which includes symptoms like salivation, loss of automatic movements, spasticity, etc.
Anticholinergic drugs block the action neurotransmitter like acetylcholine which helps in transferring signals among different cells. It is used in the treatment of parkinsonism because it decreases and block involuntary muscle movement thereby decrease salivation, spasticity, and tremors.
The instantaneous and automatic fear response we experience when unexpectedly stumbling upon a snake illustrates the importance of the
Which of the following best describes an advantage that eukaryote organisms have over prokaryote organisms?A) Prokaryotes lack a cell membrane and therefore are unable to control what enters or exits the cell.B) Eukaryotes have a nuclear envelope separating their DNA from the rest of the cell, which increases the likelihood of advantageous mutations.C) Eukaryotes have mitochondria and chloroplasts that contain their own genome, which allows the cells to reproduce more rapidly.D) Eukaryotes have organelles that allow for compartmentalization of cellular processes, which increases the efficiency of those processes.
Answer:
Answer is D.
Explanation:
Eukaryotic organisms are organisms that possess nucleus and membrane -bound organelles. They derived their name from the word eukaryote, which means true nucleus. They can be single-celled or multi-celled. Examples are fungi, some unicellular organisms, plants and animals.
Prokaryotic organisms are all other organisms that lack membrane -bound organelles and nucleus. Examples are viruses, bacteria and certain algae.
Eukaryotes have organelles that compartmentalize cellular processes, which increases their efficiency. Further complexity comes from the eukaryotic cells' true nucleus housing DNA, absent in prokaryotic cells. This compartmentalization and overall organization contribute to eukaryotes' capability to engage in more complex functions.
Explanation:The best answer choice to the student's question is D) Eukaryotes have organelles that allow for compartmentalization of cellular processes, which increases the efficiency of those processes.
Eukaryotic cells, found in multicellular organisms such as plants and animals, have a variety of membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and others. These organelles perform specialized functions that allow for compartmentalization of cellular processes, increasing the efficiency of these functions.
Likewise, the nucleus, which houses the cell's DNA, is separated by a nuclear membrane, a feature absent in prokaryotic cells. Additionally, eukaryotic cells are typically larger, capable of performing more complex functions thanks to their organelles, and have a true nucleus, meaning its DNA is surrounded by a membrane. This organization and segregation of functions within the cell contribute towards the organism's overall efficiency and complexity.
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Jezelyn needs to create a project that shows reproductive isolation in action and decides to make a video. Which of the following would make the best project?
1. a video that shows a large river that has penguin populations on both sides
2. a video that shows penguin species that have different mating dances
3. a video that shows a penguin that is laying eggs
4. a video that shows penguins in a tidal pool and an open ocean
Answer: 1. a video that shows a large river that has penguin populations on both sides.
Explanation:
Reproductive isolation is a phenomena which occurs when members of the same species becomes separated due to a geographical, physical or behavioral barrier. The members of the same species after separation adapt to changes and this is the basis of speciation or development of new species.
Option 1 is the correct option as the river is the geographical barrier, between the two separated penguin populations.
Answer:
The answer is B
Explanation:
i got this one good.
In late adulthood, Mr. Klondike has become increasingly likely to make a socially impolite remarks about other people's appearance or mannerisms. His blunt comments are most likely to indicate late life atrophy of the _____ lobes.
Answer:
frontal
Explanation:
In a mammalian brain, there are four major lobes that are present and one of them is the frontal lobe.The frontal lobe is mainly rich in dopaminergic neurons and thus, it is mainly concerned with functions such as memory, reward, motivation, planning, attention, etc.The process of break down of tissues and cell death in the tissues is referred to as atrophy and since the frontal lobe is associated with the functions as mentioned above its atrophy would lead to a slow decline in these functions.Since Mr. Klondlike behavior is changing his blunt comments are most likely a result of atrophy of the frontal lobe.Which statement correctly identifies an enzyme involved in DNA replication and describes its primary function?
A. Ligase catalyzes the binding of RNA primers to DNA via phosphodiester bonds.
B. Primase catalyzes the replacement of RNA primer nucleotides with DNA nucleotides.
C. Helicase catalyzes the separation of the parent DNA strands at the origin of replication.
D. Topoisomerase catalyzes the joining of adjacent Okazaki fragments into a continuous strand of DNA.
Answer:
C. Helicase catalyzes the separation of the parent DNA strands at the origin of replication.
Explanation:
DNA is a double-stranded structure which must be converted into single-stranded to be replicated. So the two parent strands must be separated at the origin of replication by an enzyme and that enzyme is called DNA helicase.
This DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bond between two DNA strands and creates a replication fork between the two strands of DNA which helps in converting the double-stranded DNA into a single strand.
The Single-stranded binding protein attaches to each strand and so that the two separated parent strand do not get annealed again. So the right answer is C.
Which of the following is related to the likelihood that a mother develops postpartum depression?
a. Symptoms of depression during or after a previous pregnancy
b. Previous experience with depression or bipolar disorder at another time in her life
c. A family member who has been diagnosed with depression or other mental illness
d. A stressful life event during pregnancy or shortly after giving birth, such as job loss, death of a loved one, domestic violence, or personal illness
e. All of the above
Answer:
Option D
Explanation:
Postpartum depression is majorly experienced in woman who has recently entered into motherhood. This form of depression arises because of the complications involved in a child birth. It is strongly driven by sudden changes that come up in the life of a woman after becoming mother such as – loss of job, responsibility of child, tight life schedule etc. some common symptoms of this problem include – mood swing, anxiety, sleeplessness, crying etc.
Hence, option D is correct
Cell communication is critical for the function of both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Which of the following is likely true of cell signaling?
(A) Cell signaling uses the highest molecularweight molecules found in living cells.
(B) Cell signaling has largely been replaced byother cell functions in higher mammals.
(C) Similar cell signaling pathways in diverseeukaryotes are evidence of conservedevolutionary processes.
(D) Cell signaling functions mainly during earlydevelopmental stages.
Answer:
Similar cell signaling pathways in diverse eukaryotes are evidence of conserved evolutionary processes.
Explanation:
Cells communicate by signaling one another using chemical compounds. A signaling molecule binds to a receptor molecule on the cell surface or within the target cell to transduce the signal and to generate the desired cellular response. Cell signaling pathways are important for cell-cell communication in both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Several signaling pathways are conserved and are exhibited by diverse groups of eukaryotes.
For example, cAMP serves as a second messenger in both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes and serves to relay a signal from the plasma membrane to protein in the cytosol. The cAMP serves as the second messenger in amoeba-like cellular slime mold such as Dictyostelium under the conditions of food scarcity and directs the movement of several slime molds to form a multicellular slug-shaped colony.
The cell accepts, processes and transfers signal to connect the outer and inner environment through cell communication and signalling. It is a necessary attribute in living organisms.
The correct answer is:
Option C. Similar cell signalling pathways in diverse eukaryotes are evidence of conserved evolutionary processes.
In a cell signalling groups of molecules work together to bring about a chemical reaction that controls the cell functioning.Cell surfaces have receptors for binding of the signalling molecules that induce the signal and produces the cellular responses. Cell signalling is very important for cell communication in majorly all types of eukaryotes.For example, cell signalling in the yeast uses an endocrine pathway that is similar to the insulin signalling pathway of humans.Therefore, similar signalling pathways in diverse bare evidence of conserved evolutionary processes.
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The "central dogma" of biology explains how life arose on this planet? A) The union of sperm and egg creates the next generation. B) New species evolve. C) Information stored in DNA comes to life in two fundamental steps. D) DNA is replicated
The question is incorrect. The correct question is:
Question: The "central dogma" of biology explains how
a) life arose on this planet
b) The union of sperm and egg creates the next generation.
c) New species evolve.
d) Information stored in DNA comes to life in two fundamental steps.
e) DNA is replicated
Answer:
d) Information stored in DNA comes to life in two fundamental steps.
Explanation:
According to the central dogma, the genetic information is stored in the nucleotide sequence of DNA molecules. The genetic information of DNA is copied into RNA molecules by the process of transcription. The process of transcription includes the formation of RNA molecules having a nucleotide sequence complementary to that of the template DNA strand.
The mRNA molecule then serves as a template for protein synthesis. The nucleotide sequence of mRNA is read in the form of triplet codons and each codon specifies a particular amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. Therefore, the genetic information stored in DNA is converted into amino acid sequences of specific proteins in two steps: transcription and translation.
What is the recommended protein intake for masters-level athletes engaged in muscle strengthening exercises?
Answer:
40 grams per kg of body weight
Explanation:
Protein are known as the building blocks of muscle and hence are responsible for its building and strengthening. Therefore researchers suggest taking protein after any rigorous exercise or workouts. The standard quantity of protein recommended is 20 grams after 1 hour of exercise. However, high strength athlete must take not less than 40 grams per kg of body weight.
Proteins are essential for muscle repair after intense exercise session.
What main etiology would we be concerned about with Pleuritic CP and Tachycardia?
Answer:
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
Explanation:
A pulmonary embolism is a condition where one of the main arteries in the lungs is blocked by a substance that has moved from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream.
This would be a cause for concern for patients with pleuritic CP because patients with PE's usually present with shortness of breath, chest pain particularly upon breathing in and coughing up blood and due to its position in the lungs, it can also be life-threatening. This symptoms are also very similar and can result in a PE being missed completely on examination causing it to be a high risk
Organisms that live in the rainforest have developed unique adaptations that aid in their survival. The greater yellow-headed vulture is found in undisturbed lowland tropical forests of the Amazon basin. It tracks down carrion to feed on by detecting the production of ethyl mercaptan, a gas that is produced at the beginning of animal decay.
Answer:
Acute sense of smell.
Explanation:
Rain forests are the forests that are characterized by their continuous and highest rainfall. Two main types of rain forest are tropical rain forest and temperate run forest.
The living organisms live in the rain forest gets adapt well in their environment. The organisms have well adapted sense of smell that helps to protect themselves from their enemies and increase their chances of survival. The organisms have well developed scent glands to smell the gas ethyl mercaptan.
Thus, the answer is acute sense of smell.
Answer:
a
Explanation:
Which drug is derived from a natural source and may be prescribed for the treatment of osteoporosis?
Answer:
Teriparatide and
Calcitonin
Explanation:
Teriparatide drug is extracted from the naturally occurring parathyroid hormone and is also approved by the FDA. This anabolic is taken through injection to promote the growth of bones and increase its density as well.
Along with Teriparatide, Calcitonin is a natural hromone produced by thyroid and is given to patient with osteoporosis. Calcitonin increases the bone mass and density.
Consider a cross between individuals that are: AaBbCcDd and AAbbccDD in which all genes segregate independently. What frequency of progeny will have the same genotype as the AAbbccDD parent?
Answer:
1/16
Explanation:
The genotype of parents: AaBbCcDd and AAbbccDD
To calculate the frequency of a child with a specific genotype, we can calculate the individual frequencies for each gene and apply the product rule to calculate the overall frequency.
Aa x AA = 1/2 Aa: 1/2 AA
Bb x bb = 1/2 Bb: 1/2 bb
Cc x cc = 1/2 Cc: 1/2 cc
Dd x DD= 1/2 DD: 1/2 Dd
Therefore, the frequency of a progeny with genotype AAbbccDD = 1/2 AA x 1/2 bb x 1/2 cc x 1/2 DD = 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/16 or 0.0625 .
Cell signaling involves converting extracellular signals to specific responses inside the target cell. Different molecules are involved at each stage of the process. In this activity, you will sort items based on which stage they are involved in:
a) reception.
b) transduction.
c) response.
Answer:
Each cell can receive and respond to signals that they get from their surroundings. The three stages involved in transduction are reception, transduction, and response.
Reception: It involves receptor molecules and inducers. Receptors can be intracellular or extracellular. Receptors like G- protein-coupled receptor, receptor tyrosine kinase, and signaling molecules are the items that come under reception.
Transduction: In transduction, signals are transferred from outside of the cell to the inside of the cell. Secondary messengers are majorly involved in signal transduction like cAMP, cGMP, IP3, Ca2+, nitric oxide, etc.
Response: The response of cell signaling includes processes like protein synthesis, cell division, cell growth, etc.