1) It means that the ratio [tex]\frac{\Delta L}{L}[/tex], where [tex]\Delta L[/tex] is the change in length of the material and L is the original length, change by 0.000017 units for an increase in temperature of 1 Kelvin.
2) The safety gap between two successive bars is 0.33 mm
Explanation:
1)
When a solid material is heated and its temperature increases, the material expands. The linear expansivity of the material gives a measure of how much the length of the material increases per unit temperature change.
For instance, the linear expansivity of copper is
[tex]\alpha = 0.000017/K[/tex]
which means that the ratio [tex]\frac{\Delta L}{L}[/tex], where [tex]\Delta L[/tex] is the change in length of the material and L is the original length, change by 0.000017 units for an increase in temperature of 1 Kelvin.
In formula, this can be rewritten as
[tex]\frac{\Delta L}{L} = \alpha \Delta T[/tex]
where [tex]\Delta T[/tex] is the change in temperature of the material.
2)
To solve this part of the problem, we can use the formula given in the previous part:
[tex]\frac{\Delta L}{L} = \alpha \Delta T[/tex]
Which can be rewritten as
[tex]\Delta L =L \alpha \Delta T[/tex]
where in this case, we have:
L = 3 m is the original length of the steel bar
[tex]\alpha = 1.0\cdot 10^{-5} /K[/tex] is the linear expansivity of steel
[tex]\Delta T = 40^{\circ}C-29^{\circ}C=11^{\circ}C[/tex] is the increase in temperature of the steel bar
Therefore, by solving the formula for [tex]\Delta L[/tex], we find the increase in length of the steel bars when the temperature increases to 40 degrees:
[tex]\Delta L = (3)(1.0\cdot 10^{-5})(11)=3.3\cdot 10^{-4} m = 0.33 mm[/tex]
This means that the safety gap between two successive bars must be 0.33 mm.
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A kettle heats 1.75 kg of water. The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 3.34 x 106 J/kg. How much energy would be needed to boil off the water? Write the answer out in full (i.e. not in standard form).
The amount of energy needed to boil off the water is 5,845,000 J
Explanation:
The amount of thermal energy needed to completely boil a certain amount of a liquid substance already at boiling temperature is given by
[tex]Q=m\lambda_v[/tex]
where
m is the amount of the substance
[tex]\lambda_v[/tex] is the specific latent heat of vaporization of the substance
In this problem, the substance is water, and its mass is
m = 1.75 kg
Its specific latent heat of vaporization is
[tex]\lambda_v = 3.34\cdot 10^6 J/kg[/tex]
Assuming that the water is already at boiling temperature, therefore, the thermal energy needed to boil off the water is
[tex]Q=(1.75)(3.34\cdot 10^6)=5,845,000 J[/tex]
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A girl is riding her bike at as speed of 12 m/s. She weighs 55 kg and her bike weighs 22kg. What is the kinetic energy of the girl and her bike?
Answer:
Kinetic energy of the girl and her bike is 5.544 kJ
Explanation:
Given that a girl is riding bike at speed of 12m/s
Also, mass of Girl is 55kg and mass of bike is 22kg
Let, Total mass of girl and bike be M=22+55=77kg
Now, Kinetic energy is given by K=[tex]\frac{1}{2} Mv^{2}[/tex]
Hence, Kinetic energy of the girl and her bike will be
K=[tex]\frac{1}{2} Mv^{2}[/tex]
K=[tex]\frac{1}{2} (77)(12)^{2}[/tex]
K=5544J
Thus, Kinetic energy of the girl and her bike is 5.544 kJ
What do human beings get from forest?
Answer:
Oxygen. When trees "breathe" they release oxygen and take in the carbon dioxide. On the other hand, when humans breathe we take in that oxygen and release carbon dioxide. In this way, we have a relationship that is mutually beneficial.
Skateboard falls with force of weight pulling downwards with 53 Newton’s accelerating at a rate of 9.81m/s what’s the mass of the skateboard
Point of correction, acceleration is 9.81 m/s2
Answer:
5.4 Kg
Explanation:
We know that F=ma and making m the subject of the formula then
[tex]m=\frac {F}{a}[/tex] where m is the mass of the skateboard, F is the pulling force and a is the acceleration of the body
Substituting 53 N for F and 9.81 m/s2 for a then
[tex]m=\frac {53 N}{9.81 m/s2}=5.40265 Kg\approx 5.4 Kg[/tex]
jessica stretches her arms out to 0.6m from the center of her body while holding a 2 kg mass in each hand She then spins around on an ice rink at 1.1m/s.
If she pulls her arms in to .15 m, what is her linear speed if the angular momentum remains constant?
Answer:
4.4 m/s
Explanation:
Angular momentum is:
L = Iω
For a point mass, this can also be written as:
L = mvr
Angular momentum is conserved, so:
L₁ = L₂
m₁ v₁ r₁ = m₂ v₂ r₂
(2 kg) (1.1 m/s) (0.6 m) = (2 kg) v (0.15 m)
v = 4.4 m/s
A 2 kg book sits in the same room as a 5 kg vase. If the force of gravity between them is 7.41 x 10^-11 N, how far apart are they
The distance between the two objects is 3.0 m
Explanation:
The magnitude of the gravitational force between two objects is given by the following equation:
[tex]F=G\frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}[/tex]
where :
[tex]G=6.67\cdot 10^{-11} m^3 kg^{-1}s^{-2}[/tex] is the gravitational constant
[tex]m_1,m_2[/tex] are the masses of the two objects
r is the separation between the objects
In this problem, we have:
[tex]m_1 = 2 kg[/tex] is the mass of the book
[tex]m_2 = 5 kg[/tex] is the mass of the vase
[tex]F=7.41\cdot 10^{-11}N[/tex] is the force between the two objects
Re-arranging the equation and solving for r, we find the distance between the two objects:
[tex]r=\sqr{\frac{Gm_1 m_2}{F}}=\sqrt{\frac{(6.67\cdot 10^{-11})(2)(5)}{7.41\cdot 10^{-11}}}=3.0 m[/tex]
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Answer:
3.00 m
Explanation:
Suppose you throw a rock off a cliff on Earth with an initial horizontal velocity of 3 m/s. Assuming minimal drag and no wind, the horizontal velocity of the rock A. increases as it falls. B. decreases as it falls. C. is 0 m/s just before it lands. D. remains constant throughout the fall.
The horizontal velocity D. remains constant throughout the fall.
Explanation:
The motion of the rock off the cliff is a projectile motion, which consists of two independent motions:
A horizontal uniform motion. Since there are no forces acting along the horizontal direction (we consider the air drag to be negligible), the acceleration along this direction is zero, so the horizontal component of the velocity is constantAn accelerated motion with constant acceleration. There is one force acting along the vertical direction, the force of gravity, which is constant so the rock experiences a constant acceleration (downward) of magnitude [tex]g=9.8 m/s^2[/tex] (acceleration of gravity). This means that the vertical component of the velocity keeps changing.Here in this problem, we are only interested in the horizontal velocity. We said that the horizontal acceleration of the rock is zero: therefore, the horizontal velocity of the rock remains constant during the fall. (if the air drag was not negligible, then it would affect the horizontal velocity, which would decrease as the rock falls).
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The psychologist known for latent learning and cognitive maps is _________. A. Robert Rescorla B. Edward Tolman C. William James D. B. F. Skinner
Answer:
B
Explanation:
B. Edward Tolman
The psychologist known for latent learning and cognitive maps is B. Edward Tolman
Explanation:The psychologist known for latent learning and cognitive maps is Edward Tolman. Tolman's various experiments with rats demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement, suggesting a cognitive aspect to comprehensive learning.
In some specific experiments, hungry rats were placed in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it. As they explored the maze, they developed a cognitive map or a mental picture of the maze layout. This is known as latent learning, which is learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it.
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A girl runs 20.9 m/s East for 13.7s. How far does she go?
Answer: 286.33
Explanation:
multiplay them
A light wave traveling through an unknown medium strikes the boundary with
water at a 45° angle and then refracts toward the boundary. What could the
If light refracts toward the normal when passing from water to an unknown medium, it indicates that the unknown medium has a higher index of refraction than water.
Explanation:When light waves travel through water and encounter a boundary with another medium at a non-normal angle, they undergo refraction. If the medium has an index of refraction higher than that of water, the light waves slow down, bending toward the normal due to the change in speed. According to Snell's law, the path of light is dependent on the indices of refraction of the two media and the angle of incidence. In this case, if the angle of refraction is closer to the normal compared to the angle of incidence, it indicates that the unknown medium has a higher index of refraction than water.
A weight of 20.0 N hangs motionless from a spring, with a spring constant of 65.0 N/m. How far is the spring stretched from its original length?
0.130 m
0.308 m
0.769 m
3.25 m
Answer:
0.308 m
Explanation:
Force = spring constant * change in length
F = k * Δx
F = 20 N
k = 65 N/m
Δx = ? m
20 = 65 * Δx
20/65 = Δx
Δx = 0.308 m
According to the question,
Spring constant, k = 65 N/mForce, F = 20 NThe force will be:
→ [tex]Force =Spring \ constant\times Change \ in \ length[/tex]
or,
→ [tex]F = k\times \Delta x[/tex]
then,
→ [tex]\Delta x = \frac{F}{k}[/tex]
By putting the values,
[tex]= \frac{20}{65}[/tex]
[tex]= 0.308 \ m[/tex]
Thus the above answer is right.
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1. A projectile is launched into the air with an initial speed of vi = 40 m/s at a launch
angle of 20° above the horizontal. The projectile lands on the ground 5.0 seconds
later.
Neglecting air resistance, calculate the projectile's range and draw projectile
path
Answer:
range = x = 188 [m]
Explanation:
First we must find the velocity component on the horizontal axis or x-axis
[tex](v_{x})_{0} = 40*cos(20) \\(v_{x})_{0} = 37.58[m/s]\\[/tex]
Then using the kinematic expression that relates velocity with time, we can find the range of the projectile or the distance x.
[tex]x=(v_{x} )_{0}*t\\ x=37.58*5\\x=188[m][/tex]
If a car goes from 20 miles per hour in 5 seconds, find its acceleration
Answer:
The acceleration of the car, is a = 4 m/s²
Explanation:
Given data,
The final velocity of the car, u = 0
The final velocity of the car, v = 20 miles/h
The time period of travel, t = 5 s
The acceleration of an object is defined as the rate of change of velocity.
From first equation of motion,
a = (v-u)/t
= (20 - 0)/5
= 4 m/s²
Hence, the acceleration of the car, is a = 4 m/s²
Carbon-12
Carbon-13
Carbon-14
Which BEST describes the difference between
carbon-12 and carbon-14?
A. Carbon-12 has one more neutron than carbon-14.
B. Carbon-12 has two less protons than carbon-14.
C. Carbon-14 has one less proton than carbon-12.
D. Carbon has two more neutrons than carbon-12.
Answer:
A.Carbon-13
B.Yes of course
C.No
D.Not sure
Answer:
B. Carbon-12 has two less protons than carbon-14.OAmalOHopeO
How is force defined?
Answer:
In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull.
HELP ASAP! A certain wave has a frequency of 200 Hz and a wavelength of 2 meters. Calculate the wave speed. SHOW WORK! Question 13 options:
Answer:
400 m/s
Explanation:
From the question;
The frequency of the wave is 200 Hz Wavelength of the wave is 2 metersWe are required to calculate the speed of the wave;
We need to know that the speed of the wave is calculated by multiplying frequency by the wavelength of the wave.That is, speed = wavelength × frequency In this case;Speed of the wave = 200 Hz × 2 m
= 400 m/s
Thus, the speed of the wave is 400 m/s
What station broadcasts waves with more energy? (WIL-92.3 OR KSHE-94.7)
Answer:
KSHE [tex]94.7[/tex]
Explanation:
Given stations WIL [tex]92.3[/tex] and KSHE [tex]94.7[/tex]
The station number represents the frequency that waves of radio emit. They are measured in megahertz (MHZ).
Using the formula
[tex]E=h\nu[/tex]
Where [tex]E[/tex] is energy.
[tex]h[/tex] is Planck's constant.
[tex]\nu[/tex] is frequency.
We can see energy is directly related to frequency. A higher frequency will give higher energy.
As channel KSHE [tex]94.7[/tex] has more frequency than channel WIL [tex]92.3[/tex].
So, channel KSHE [tex]94.7[/tex] will have more energy.
SECTION B
THEORY QUESTIONS
(1a) Define the following
(a) Work:
Work is the amount of energy transferred
Explanation:
In physics, work is a measure of the energy transfer occurring in a process. Typically, we talk about work when energy is converted from one form into another.
For instance, work is done when a force is applied on an object. The work done on the object is given by:
[tex]W=Fd cos \theta[/tex]
where
where
F is the magnitude of the force
d is the displacement
[tex]\theta[/tex] is the angle between the direction of the force and of the displacement
We notice the following:
No work is done when the force is perpendicular to the displacement ([tex]cos 90^{\circ}=0[/tex])The work is maximum when the force is parallel to the displacementWhenever work is done, there is also an energy transfer taking place. For instance, in the previous example, when the force is applied to the object, the object will accelerate (assume there is no friction), and will gain kinetic energy: therefore, there is a transfer of energy to the object.
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Hurricanes, thunderstorms, and blizzards are all meteorological disasters. What does "meteorological" mean?
AOcean-based incorrect answer
BCaused by meteors incorrect answer
CRelated to the weather incorrect answer
DUnpredictable
Meterological means related to the weather.
Option C
Explanation:
Meteorological phenomenon is defined as a process taking place on earth’s surface that is related to weather, its changes and modifications. Meteorology has nothing to do with meteorites. Both land and oceans contribute equally in meteorology.
Changes in atmosphere is basically responsible for the changes in weather. Thunderstorms, blizzards, hurricanes, tornados all are within this disaster. Earthquakes etc are actually not included in this meteorology as there’s nothing related to weather that can trigger an earthquake. So earthquakes are excluded.
There are two planets. Planet 1 is three times the mass of Planet 2. However, a person standing on the surface of Planet 2 experiences a force that is 12 times stronger than on Planet 1. How is this possible? Explain in terms of physics phenomena and terminology.
The radius of planet 1 is [tex]\sqrt{3}[/tex] the radius of planet 2.
Explanation:
The gravitational force experienced by a person standing on the surface planet is given by
[tex]F=\frac{GMm}{R^2}[/tex]
where
G is the gravitational constant
M is the mass of the planet
m is the mass of the person
R is the radius of the planet
In this problem, we know that:
The mass of planet 1 is 3 times the mass of planet 2, so [tex]M_1 = 3 M_2[/tex] (1), where [tex]M_1[/tex] is the mass of the first planet and [tex]M_2[/tex] the mass of the second planetThe force experienced by the person on the two planets is the same, [tex]F_1 = F_2[/tex]Expliciting the two forces, we can write
[tex]F_1 = F_2\\\frac{GM_1 m}{R_1^2}=\frac{GM_2 m}{R_2^2}[/tex]
where [tex]R_1, R_2[/tex] are the radii of the two planets.
Substituting eq.(1) and re-arranging, we find:
[tex]\frac{G(3M_2) m}{R_1^2}=\frac{GM_2 m}{R_2^2}\\R_1^2 = 3R_2^2\\R_1 = \sqrt{3} R_2[/tex]
Which means that the radius of planet 1 is [tex]\sqrt{3}[/tex] the radius of planet 2.
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So I answered this question and I got it wrong. The correct answer is in red. Can someone explain me why the correct answer is 140s/the temperature starts to rise? I don't understand it.
i) The lowest temperature recorded is [tex]12^{\circ}C[/tex]
ii) All the liquid has evaporated after 140 seconds
Explanation:
i)
In this part of the problem, we have to find the lowest temperature recorded as the liquid evaporates.
In order to do that, we have to look at the graph, where we have:
- The time (in seconds) represented on the x-axis
- The temperature (in Celsius degrees) represented on the y-axis
The lowest temperature recorded corresponds to the minimum value of the variable on the y-axis. By looking at the graph, we see that the temperature starts from [tex]20^{\circ}[/tex] at time [tex]t=0[/tex], then it reaches a minimum of approximately [tex]12^{\circ}C[/tex] at about [tex]t=140 s[/tex], then it increases again. Therefore, the lowest temperature recorded is [tex]12^{\circ}C[/tex].
ii)
In this part, we have to determine how long it takes for all the liquid to evaporate.
The process of evaporation of a liquid takes place when the molecules located on the surface of the liquid, which have more kinetic energy than the other molecules, "escape" the liquid. When these molecules escape the liquid, they remove heat from the liquid (because they carry away energy): therefore, the temperature (which is a measure of the kinetic energy) at the surface of the liquid decreases. This effect is known as cooling effect of evaporation.
When this decrease in temperature stops, it means that the liquid has completely evaporated. From the graph, we see that this occurs when the time is approximately about 140 seconds.
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Susan goes out to exercise. She runs for one hour at a constant speed and velocity. What is the overall net force acting on
Susan?
Answer:
Overall net force is zero.
Explanation:
Given:
Susan exercise for 1 hour at constant velocity and constant speed.
So, there is no change in the velocity for 1 hour.
We know that, acceleration is the quantity that measures the change in velocity over a given time interval. If there is no change in velocity or if velocity remains constant for a given time interval, then the acceleration of the body is zero.
Now, from Newton's second law, we know that, the net force acting on a body is directly proportional to its acceleration. Therefore, for a body to experience zero acceleration means that the body will have zero net force.
Susan here exercises at constant velocity and so, her net acceleration is zero. Therefore, the overall net force acting on her will also be zero as net force is directly proportional to the acceleration.
Final answer:
In an ideal scenario ignoring external factors, the overall net force acting on Susan while she runs at a constant speed and velocity is zero, as per Newton's first law of motion.
Explanation:
The question is concerned with a scenario where Susan is running at a constant speed and velocity, implying that she is not accelerating. According to Newton's first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia, an object in motion at a constant velocity will remain in motion at that velocity unless acted upon by a net external force. Since Susan is running at a constant speed and velocity, this means there is no net external force acting on her because all forces are balanced.
Based on Newton's second law, which states that the net force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration (Fnet = ma), and given that Susan is not accelerating (acceleration is zero), the net force acting on her is also zero. This assumes ideal conditions where external factors like air resistance and friction are negligible or perfectly balanced by Susan’s forward force.
A boy standing on the top of a cliff projects an object upwards with a velocity of 60m/s.
After 10s he releases anothe object from the cliff so that the 2 obects meet at a specific point. Find the distance from the top of the cliff to the point these objects meet with the correct explanation .
(Ans. 31.25m)
please i need help in this
Explanation:
For projectile motion, use constant acceleration equation:
Δx = v₀ t + ½ at²
where Δx is the displacement,
v₀ is the initial velocity,
a is the acceleration,
and t is time.
For the first object:
Δx = 60 t + ½ (-10) t²
Δx = 60 t − 5 t²
For the second object:
Δx = 0 (t−10) + ½ (-10) (t−10)²
Δx = -5 (t−10)²
When they meet, they have the same displacement, so:
60 t − 5 t² = -5 (t−10)²
60 t − 5 t² = -5 (t² − 20t + 100)
60 t − 5 t² = -5 t² + 100 t − 500
60 t = 100 t − 500
40 t = 500
t = 12.5
Plug into either of the original equations to find the displacement.
Δx = -5 (t−10)²
Δx = -5 (12.5−10)²
Δx = -31.25
The distance from the top of the cliff to the point where the objects meet is 31.25 meters.
A 2498 kg car is moving at 17.1 m/s slams on its brakes and slows to 2.6 m/s. What is the magnitude (absolute value) of the impulse the car experiences during this time?
Answer:
J=36221 Kg.m/s
Explanation:
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
These two magnitudes are related in the following way. Suppose an object is moving at a certain speed [tex]v_1[/tex] and changes it to [tex]v_2[/tex]. The impulse is numerically equivalent to the change of linear momentum. Let's recall the momentum is given by
[tex]p=mv[/tex]
The initial and final momentums are, respectively
[tex]p_1=mv_1,\ p_2=mv_2[/tex]
The change of momentum is
[tex]\Delta p=p_2-p_1=m(v_2-v_1)[/tex]
It is numerically equal to the Impulse J
[tex]J=\Delta p[/tex]
[tex]J=m(v_2-v_1)[/tex]
We are given
[tex]m=2498\ kg,\ v_1=17.1\ m/s,\ v_2=2.6\ m/s[/tex]
The impulse the car experiences during that time is
[tex]J=2498(2.6-17.1)=2498(-14.5)[/tex]
J=-36221 Kg.m/s
The magnitude of J is
J=36221 Kg.m/s
what is the maximum weight a boat can hold if a boat can displace 60.5ml?
a. 60.5 kg
b. 30.25 grams
c. 60.5 grams
d. 30.25 kg
Answer:
a. 60.5 kg
Explanation:
Given data,
The maximum water a boat can displace is, 60.5 ml
According to the principle of buoyancy, the weight of the floating body is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced.
Under standard temperature and pressure, a unit mass of water equals one liter.
If a boat can displace a maximum of 60.5 ml of water, then it can hold a mass of a maximum of 60.5 kg of mass.
ABO blood group is a classification of blood depending on the presence of 4 different antigens.
A.
True
B.
False
Answer:
A
Explanation:
i feel it is correct
in the sense that it dwpends on the presence of 4different antigens
In your own words, and using scientific vocabulary, answer the following question.
What is a wave?
Definition - Wave:
The wave is a type of vibration (disorder) that moves in space and matter. Wave motions pass energy from one point to other.
Explanation:
A wave is a disorder or change that gradually transfers energy from one point to another in a medium and can take the form of a flexible distortion or change in pressure, electric or magnetic current, electric potentials or temperature.
A medium passing through a wave may experience local vibrations when it passes through a wave, but the particle in the medium does not move with the waves. The disorder can take many forms, from a limited wide pulse to an infinitely long sinusoidal wave.
What is DC in electricity mean?
Answer:
Direct Current
Explanation:
The electricity only flows in one direction.
Two cars start a race with initial velocity 7ms-1 and 4ms-1 respectively.Their acceleration are 0.4ms-2 and 0.5ms-2 respectively.If the two cars finish the race at the same time,what is the distance of the track?
The distance of the track is 600 m
Explanation:
The two cars move by uniformly accelerated motion, so we the distance they cover after a time t is described by the following suvat equation
[tex]d=ut+\frac{1}{2}at^2[/tex]
where
u is the initial velocity
a is the acceleration
For car 1, we have
[tex]d_1 = u_1 t + \frac{1}{2}a_1 t^2[/tex]
where
[tex]u_1 = 7 m/s[/tex] is the initial velocity of car 1
[tex]a_1 = 0.4 m/s^2[/tex] is the acceleration of car 1
So the equation can be rewritten as
[tex]d_1 = 7t + 0.2t^2[/tex]
For car 2, we have
[tex]d_2 = u_2 t + \frac{1}{2}a_2 t^2[/tex]
where
[tex]u_2 = 4 m/s[/tex] is the initial velocity of car 2
[tex]a_2 = 0.5 m/s^2[/tex] is the acceleration of car 2
So the equation can be rewritten as
[tex]d_2= 5t + 0.25t^2[/tex]
The two cars finish the race at the same time: this means that they cover the same distance in the same time t, so we can write
[tex]d_1 = d_2\\7t + 0.2t^2=5t + 0.25t^2[/tex]
And solving for t, we find
[tex]2t - 0.05t^2= 0\\t(2-0.05t)=0[/tex]
Which gives two solutions:
t = 0 (initial instant)
t = 40 s
Therefore, the distance of the track is
[tex]d_1 = 7t +0.2t^2 = 7\cdot 40+0.2\cdot 40^2=600 m[/tex]
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bubba approach billie and gives him a swift shove.timid little billie keeps his hands in his pocket during this interaction.subsequently, while bubba places a force upon billie,billie does not place a force upon bubba
Answer:
Bubba like Billie :)
Final answer:
Newton's Third Law of Motion dictates that a force exerted on Billie by Bubba results in an equal and opposite force exerted back on Bubba, regardless of Billie's actions.
Explanation:
The scenario described involves Newton's Third Law of Motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Despite Billie keeping his hands in his pockets, when Bubba pushes Billie, there is a force exerted back on Bubba, even if Billie does not actively push back. This interaction is involuntary and happens naturally due to the laws of physics.