Answer:
The volume of solution B will increase
Explanation:
In a non-penetrating solute, there is denial of a solute to cross the cell membrane.This implies that the solute will not be able to cross the cell membrane. So if the biological membrane is serving as a partition between a solution A containing 400 mosmol/L non-penetrating solute and a solution B containing 600 mosmol/L non-penetrating solute, The volume of solution B will increase.
The study of psychoneuroimmunology suggests that when a stressful situation is encountered, several biological reactions occur, including all of the following EXCEPT:a) hormone secretion. b) rise in heart rate and blood pressure. c) increased respiration and sweating. d) lightheadedness or unconscious episodes.
Answer: d) lightheadedness or unconscious episodes.
Explanation:
There are several ways the body responds to stress but one method used by psychologists to measure this response is Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome. This occurs in 3 stages:
1. The alarm reaction. This occurs when the stressor is first presented resulting in the RELEASE OF HORMONES from the adrenal gland into the blood stream. The hormone in turn cause sympathetic nervous system activation and increase energy levels, INCREASE RESPIRATION, increase muscle tension, reduce sensitivity to pain, slow down the digestive system, and cause a RISE IN BLOOD PRESSURE.
2. The stage of resistance- this occurs till the stress is removed.
3. The stage of exhaustion
Answer: Option D ( lightheadness and unconscious episodes)
Explanation: When stressful situation is encountered by the body, the body system initiates some biological reactions which are symptomatic (being felt). The symptoms include:
1. Hormonal secretion: the body secrets counter-regulatory hormones (e.g epinephrine) to regulate the stress.
2. Increased heart beat and blood pressure due to constriction of vessels by stress.
3. Increased biochemical activities which will requires more intake of oxygen to breakdown glucose to produce energy (ATP) and heat is lost through sweat.
To study the effect of price on Brett's demand for rock climbing lessons economists hold his monthly income constant. This is an example of a(n) _______ assumption.
Question: To study the effect of price on Brett's demand for rock climbing lessons, we hold his monthly income constant. This is an example of a(n) _______ assumption.
a) e pluribus unum
b) ceteris paribus
c) carpe diem
d) carpe vinum
Answer:
To study the effect of price on Brett's demand for rock climbing lessons, we hold his monthly income constant. This is an example of a "ceteris paribus" assumption
Explanation:
The term is used in order to describe the phrase "all other things remaining constant". The concept is significant as in the real life it is difficult to separate variables which also effects and change the result of what we are reviewing. Example of these is the Law of the Gravity which says about the bathroom scale thrown out the window will fall to the ground.
To study the effect of price on Brett's demand for rock climbing lessons economists hold his monthly income constant. This is an example of a ceteris paribus assumption. Option 4.
Ceteris paribus is a Latin phrase meaning "all other things being equal" or "holding other things constant." This assumption is commonly used in economics to isolate the effect of one variable by controlling for other variables that might impact the outcome. For example, to determine how a change in price affects demand, economists would assume that all other factors, such as consumer income and tastes, remain unchanged.In the context of your question, by keeping Brett's income constant, economists can clearly see how changes in the price of rock climbing lessons alone affect his demand for these lessons. This isolated effect helps in understanding the direct relationship between price and quantity demanded without the interference of other changing factors.
To study the effect of price on Brett's demand for rock climbing lessons economists hold his monthly income constant. This is an example of a(n) _______ assumption.
carpe vinumepluribus unumcarpe diemceteris paribusWhich of the following features of Salmonella prevent it from being phagocytosed?
a. Flagella
b. Invasins
c. Fimbriae
Answer:
a. Flagella
Explanation:
Salmonella spp. is a motile enterobacteria with peritrichous flagella surrounding round the body of the bacterial organism. It is a type of bacterial infection that affects the walls of the gastrointestinal tracts. Movement in the gastrointestinal tracts is aided by the use of whip-like structure known as flagella and the use it as a defense mechanism from their host cells when they are about to be phagocytosized.
Phagocytosis is the action of using the plasma membrane to engulf a large partice, substance or organism in the cell.
A group of students is investigating whether silver is a better thermal conductor than copper. The students take a silver wire and a copper wire of the same length and diameter. They put equal lengths of wax on one end of each wire and dip the other end into a beaker of hot water. The length of wax left on the wires after 10 minutes is shown. Experimental Observations Silver Copper Original length of wax 3.5 cm 3.5 cm Length of wax after 10 minutes 1.2 cm 2 cm What was a control variable in this experiment?
The control variable in this experiment is the original length of wax 3.5 cm applied to both the silver and copper wires.
A control variable is described as an element of an experiment that remains constant across all test groups which allows you to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
In the experiment, the students kept the original length of wax the same for both wire which ensures that any difference in the amount of wax melted after 10 minutes is due to the differing thermal conductivity of silver and copper, not because of variations in the initial wax amount.
Variables like the temperature of the water and the diameter of the wires, were also likely kept constant to further minimize the influence of factors other than the wire material.
In conclusion, we can say that by controlling the initial wax length, the students created a fair comparison between the thermal conductivities of silver and copper, allowing them to draw valid conclusions from their experiment.
Some volcanoes have explosive eruptions, like the one at Mount St. Helens in 1980. Eruptions like these can cause abrupt changes to Earth's surface. Which of these could result from an explosive volcanic eruption? A. Part of the volcano is blasted away. B. Volcanic ash covers the surrounding area. C. A flow of ash and debris rushes down the volcano's slope. D. all of these
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Researchers are interested in studying the evolution of fur color in a population of desert mice. They have found that there is a single locus with two alleles that influence fur color.
If this population is not evolving with respect to fur color, which of the following is true?
a) The frequency of the two alleles in the population are the same.
b) The frequency of the two homozygote genotypes in the population are the same.
c) The population is in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium.
d) Half of the population is heterozygous.
Answer:
p
Explanation:
p
Brandon is interested in the field of nursing, but does not currently have a lot of time or the financial resources for training. Which of the following nursing careers would be best for him to pursue at this time?
Answer:
License vocational nurse
Explanation:
A license vocational nurse also known as a license practical nurse works under the supervision of a qualified registered nurse or a physician providing bedside care to patients. They as well collect samples for testing in the laboratory, also they can as well deliver ,care and feed infants.
A licensed practical nurse can also supervise nursing assistants or aides.
Answer:A licenced Vocational Nurse
Explanation:
A licensed vocational nurse's duties revolve around basic patient care. LVNs monitor their patients' vital signs and keep their charts up to date. They assist patients in basic hygiene and personal care, including bathing and dressing them and helping them eat if necessary.
Please help!!! Punnett squares in biology.
Answer:
She must be heterozygous for blood type B.
Monohybrid cross
Explanation:
See the two options of punnet squares attached.
The only possible way they could have a child with a type A phenotype is if the mother is heterozygous (BO), where they have a 1:4 chance.
This type of square is called a monohybrid cross, as we are looking at 1 trait
Why doesn’t Vladek tell the doctor in the hospital about his glass eye? What does this say about Vladek’s character?
Answer:
This is not a Biology question.
This is a question from the graphic novel Maus
Explanation:
Vladek didn't tell the doctor about his glass eye because he didn't want the doctor to feel embarrassed.
This indicates that Vladek was a considerate, compassionate and good-hearted man.
Cranial nerve II, the optic nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see. These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?A) sensory (afferent) divisionB) somatic nervous systemC) sympathetic divisionD) parasympathetic division
Answer:
A) sensory (afferent) division
Explanation:
The peripheral nervous system has two distinct divisions with different functions. The sensory or afferent division is one of them. The sensory or afferent division serves to deliver the sensory information from the receptors to the central nervous system. The neurons that carry sensory information are called sensory neurons. Cranial nerve II carries the sensory impulses about vision from the retina to the brain (a part of the central nervous system). This makes this nerve a component of the sensory division of PNS.
Jared was working in a hot dish room all afternoon, sweating. After his shift, he stepped out into a cold December night and got "goose bumps." What type of homeostatic regulation best describes these physiological responses?
a. receptor-mediated homeostasis
b. autoregulation
c. positive feedback
d. extrinsic regulation
Answer:
Answer is D. Extrinsic regulation.
Explanation:
Extrinsic regulation is a type of regulation involving the activity of the nervous system or the endocrine system. Their activities bring about responses environmental changes.
The nervous system work by sending electrical signal while the endocrine system work by sending chemical signal, to adjust the activities of many systems in the body to the changes in the environment.
Extrinsic control involves the activity of outside organ to control another organ in homeostasis, while intrinsic control involves the activity of the actual organ to maintain homeostasis in itself.
Note that, homeostasis is the ability to maintain internal temperature to complement the changes in the environment.
The body's responses of sweating when hot and getting goose bumps when cold are examples of extrinsic regulation, a form of homeostatic regulation carried out by the nervous and endocrine systems in response to environmental changes.
Explanation:Jared's physiological reactions—sweating when hot and experiencing goose bumps when cold—are examples of extrinsic regulation. This type of homeostatic regulation involves responses controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems. When Jared was hot, his body released sweat to cool down, and when he stepped into the cold, his body contracted muscles to create 'goose bumps' in an attempt to conserve heat. Both processes are examples of how our bodies maintain internal balance in response to external changes, a key aspect of extrinsic regulation.
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I need help with this Punnett square Practice
Answer: First answer= 2:2; Second answer= 100%; 3rd answer= 9:3:3:1; 4th picture answer= 37.5%; 5th picture answer= 1:1:1:1
Explanation: phenotype refers to physical appearance, gynotype refers to genetic composition.
A Punnett square is a diagram used in genetics to predict the possible combinations of alleles in the offspring two individuals. It helps understand genetic inheritance patterns for traits. Punnett squares are valuable tool genetics.
Explanation:A Punnett square is a diagram used in genetics to predict the possible combinations of alleles in the offspring of two individuals. It is named after Reginald Punnett, who first described in 1906. Overall, Punnett squares are a valuable tool in genetics that help us understand how traits are inherited from parents to offspring.
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A trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes, resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype, is said to be __________.
Answer: A trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes, resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype, is said to be MULTIFACTORIAL.
Explanation: Multifactorial inheritance may be presented by a model in which liability to a disorder is dependent on combination of genetic factor and environmental factor. Examples of trait with this mode of inheritance are neural tube defects, cleft lip and congenital dislocation of the hip.
A population of 100 butterflies living on an acre of land loses three-quarters of its members when a sudden freeze in the spring occurs just after they emerge as caterpillars. This population has undergone a reduction in population size due to
A. a density-independent factor.
B. natural selection.
C. an intrinsic factor.
D. a density-dependent factor.
Answer: Option A (Density-independent factor)
Explanation:
Density-independent factor is a population regulation factor that affect or influence the size of a population without considering the population density. Climate and weather are the main density-independent factors in nature.
Their effects increment is directly proportional to the increase in population size. These factors are environmental agents that checkmate the size of a population without putting the reproductive and behavioral patterns of the organisms into consideration.
A nurse is teaching parents how to use an Epi-Pen for their child, who has a peanut allergy. Which statement by the parents indicates understanding of the teaching?
a. "After using the Epi-Pen, we must go to the emergency department."
b. "The Epi-Pen should be stored in the refrigerator, because epinephrine is sensitive to heat."
c. "The teacher should call us when symptoms start so that we can bring the Epi-Pen to school."
d. "We should jab the device into the thigh until it is empty of solution."
Answer:A
Explanation:
The correct option is a. After using the Epi-Pen, we must go to the emergency department.
This statement indicates understanding because it reflects the critical action that must be taken after administering epinephrine with an Epi-Pen. The use of an Epi-Pen is for emergency treatment of a severe allergic reaction, such as anaphylaxis, and it is essential to seek immediate medical attention following its use, even if the symptoms appear to improve. This is because the effects of epinephrine are temporary, and additional treatment or observation may be necessary to ensure the individual's safety.
Let's evaluate the other options to understand why they do not indicate the same level of understanding:
b. The Epi-Pen should be stored in the refrigerator, because epinephrine is sensitive to heat. - This statement is incorrect. Epinephrine should not be refrigerated as it can lose potency when exposed to light and heat. The Epi-Pen should be stored at room temperature, away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
c. The teacher should call us when symptoms start so that we can bring the Epi-Pen to school. - While communication with the school is important, this statement suggests that the parents need to be present to administer the Epi-Pen. School staff should be trained to recognize the signs of an allergic reaction and to administer the Epi-Pen if necessary, without waiting for the parents to arrive.
d. We should jab the device into the thigh until it is empty of solution.- This statement is incorrect and potentially dangerous. The Epi-Pen should be jabbed firmly into the thigh muscle for a count of 10, which is the time it takes for the medication to be delivered. Holding it in place until it is empty is unnecessary and could cause harm. The device is designed to automatically inject the correct dose of epinephrine when used properly.
We can represent atoms by listing the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons-for example, 2p, 2n, 0, 2e - for helium. Which of the following represents the 18O isotope of oxygen?a. 6p+, 8n0, 6e-b. 8p+, 10n0, 8e-c. 9p+, 9n0, 9e-d. 7p+, 2n0, 9e-e. 10p+,8n0, 9e-
Answer:
B. 8 e-, 8p+, 10n0
Explanation:
For the Oxygen-18 isotope,
Mass number = atomic number + number of neutron
For an electrically neutral atom, the number of proton is the atomic number.
Mass number = number of proton + number of neutron
The mass of proton is the same as the mass of neutron but the mass of a electron is negligble.
For isotopes, atoms with the same atomic number but different neutron numbers, hence different mass numbers.
Mass number of O-18 = 18
Atomic number of oxygen = 8
Number of neutron = 18 - 8
= 10
Number of proton = 8
Number of electron = 8
Therefore, 8 e-, 8p+, 10n0
The 18O isotope of oxygen is represented by 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons. The 18O isotope of oxygen is represented by 8p+, 10n0, 8e-.
Explanation:The 18O isotope of oxygen can be represented as follows: 8p+, 10n0, 8e-. Here, 8 represents the number of protons and electrons, and 10 represents the number of neutrons. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons (and hence the same atomic number), but a different number of neutrons. So, in the case of 18O, the atomic mass is 18 (sum of protons and neutrons), and there are 8 protons, thus leaving 10 neutrons.
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With regard to the destruction of tropical forests, the focus is often on biodiversity and the impact to these ecosystems. What is a direct benefit to humans that helps explain why these forests need to be preserved?
Answer:
The diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers.
Explanation:
The biodiversity may be defined as the different types of the living organisms are present on this planet. The biodiversity depends on the factors like temperature and light.
The biodiversity shows unequal distribution on the earth. The biodiversity of the forests might provide the different types of flowers, fruits and wood that can directly be used by the other organisms. Different types of plant diversity may provide the different types of drug used for the disease treatment.
Thus, the answer is the diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers.
The given question is not complete as it lacks the option that are necessary to answer the question, however the appropriate options are as follows:
A) Natural and undisturbed areas are important wildlife habitats.
B) This diversity could contain undocumented insect species.
C) The diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers.
D) The plant diversity provides shade, which lowers global warming.
Answer:
The correct answer would be - option c. diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers.
Explanation:
Biodiversity is the total living organisms present in a particular ecosystem in loosely terms. The destruction of the tropical forest will be directly affected and their will be negative impact on the ecosystem.
These forests are need to be preserved because these forests are help in maintaining the ecosystem and provide several products. The one iof the direct benefits to the humans are these diversity could have various drugs that help consumers.
Thus, the correct answer is option C.
Self-insurance refers to: the practice of setting aside funds to pay for medical care expenses instead of paying premiums to an insurance company. Approximately, _______ of all employees who participate in group insurance plans work for firms that self-insure.
Final answer:
Self-insurance is a strategy where funds are set aside for medical expenses, offering an alternative to paying health insurance premiums to insurance companies. It requires significant financial stability and allows for customized healthcare coverage. A significant portion of employees in group insurance plans are with firms that self-insure.
Approximately, 60% of all employees who participate in group insurance plans work for firms that self-insure.
Explanation:
Self-insurance refers to the practice of setting aside funds to pay for medical care expenses instead of paying premiums to an insurance company. This method is an alternative to traditional health insurance plans where health insurance premiums are paid to insurance companies, which then manage the risks associated with healthcare costs. Employers especially find self-insurance an attractive option as it allows them to directly control their healthcare expenses, understand the specific health needs of their workforce, and tailor coverage accordingly. Despite its advantages, self-insurance requires significant financial stability and risk management strategies to be effective.
Regarding the proportion of employees who participate in group insurance plans and work for firms that self-insure, it's notable that a significant number choose this option. By managing their own insurance funds, firms can potentially gain savings on premiums and have greater flexibility in benefits administration.
Self-insurance refers to the practice of setting aside funds to pay for medical care expenses instead of paying premiums to an insurance company. Approximately, 60% of all employees who participate in group insurance plans work for firms that self-insure.
Self-insurance allows organizations to directly cover their employees' healthcare expenses, bypassing traditional insurance premiums.
By assuming the financial risk themselves, companies can potentially reduce costs by avoiding insurance company administrative fees and profit margins. It also provides greater flexibility in designing healthcare benefits tailored to employees' needs.
However, self-insurance also exposes companies to the risk of large medical claims, which could significantly impact their financial stability. Despite this risk, many organizations opt for self-insurance due to potential cost savings and the ability to have more control over healthcare benefits provided to employees.
The cell membrane is a double membrane made of ____________ that have their water-soluble heads facing the interior and exterior of the cell.
Answer:
Phospholipids.
Explanation:
Phospholipids are the lipids that have both polar and nonpolar components in their structure. They have a glycerol molecule to which a phosphate group is bonded. This makes their polar head. Two fatty acid chains are also linked to the glycerol of phospholipids which in turn make their nonpolar tails. The membranes have two layers of phospholipids. The polar heads of the two layers face the surroundings watery medium. On the other hand, the non-polar tails of phospholipids of a bilayer are oriented towards the inner core of the membrane.
A client is diagnosed with a mild case of an autoimmune disorder and is beginning a treatment regimen. What is the mainstay of treatment with an autoimmune disorder?
Explanation:
An autoimmune disorder occurs when the body sees it's own cells as foreign antigens and begins to attack them.
The treatment depends on the particular autoimmune disorder; however, the mainstay of treatment is the use of IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE MEDICATION. Examples include corticosteroids (such as prednisone) and nonsteroid drugs such as azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate, sirolimus, or tacrolimus.
A particular plant species can reproduce both sexually and asexually. When samples of this plant are grown in an environment where a harmful bacterial pathogen is abundant, the plants that survive are likely to have been produced primarily through what type of reproduction?
Answer:
The plant should reproduce by sexual reproduction.
Explanation:
In asexual reproduction, the chances of variation becomes limited which decreases the chances of evolution of a species but in sexual reproduction the chances of variation in species increases which increases the evolution rate in sexually reproducing organisms.
So if a plant growing in an environment where harmful bacteria pathogen is abundant then the plant should reproduce sexually which will allow the production of genetically different offspring which will have a new allele that can resist the bacterial infection which is not possible in asexual reproduction due to lack of or slow variation.
The _____ nervous system contain(s) the sensory and motor neurons connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.
Answer: The correct answer is peripheral
Explanation:
The Peripheral nervous system consists of the following:
- sensory neurons, which leads all parts of the body to the central nervous system
- motor neurons that runs the central nervous system to all parts of the body.
Thus, Peripheral nervous system is the answer
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) contains the sensory and motor neurons connecting the CNS to the rest of the body, acting as a communication relay between the CNS and the body's extremities.
Explanation:The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is the one that contains the sensory and motor neurons connecting the CNS (Central Nervous System) to the rest of the body.
The PNS basically serves as a communication relay going back and forth between the CNS and the extremities of the body. Sensory neurons send signals to the CNS from sensory organs, while motor neurons transmit commands from the CNS to the muscles and organs.
An example of this might be feeling a hot object and pulling your hand away. The sensory neuron registers the heat and sends a signal to the CNS, which then sends a command via the motor neuron to your muscles to pull your hand away.
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Which one of the following represents quantitative data? a) whether an endangered California condor successfully raises a condor chick b) offspring gender c) whether you play a college sport d) levels of nitrate pollution in local waterways
Answer:
d) levels of nitrate pollution in local waterways
Explanation: This type of data can be expressed and measured numerically.
A patient has taken levodopa [Dopar] for Parkinson's disease for 2 weeks but reports no improvement in the symptoms. Which response by the nurse is correct?
a. "Another agent will be needed to manage your symptoms."
b. "Double the dose to see whether an effect occurs."
c. "It may take several months for a response to occur."
d. "The prescriber may need to change your drug regimen."
Answer:
Option-D
Explanation:
Parkinson's diseases are a neural disorder which affects the movement of the human body. The disease is caused by the low production or no production of dopamine by the neurons which thus interfere with the impulse transfer and thus movement.
In the given question, the patient with Parkinson's disease is provided with levodopa but no improvement is observed therefore the prescriber must change the drug regimen, for example, the levodopa should be given in combination with carbidopa. These medications enter the blood-brain barrier and get converted to the dopamine.
Thus, Option-D is the correct answer.
The large size of the daughter oocyte after meiosis II results from the uneven distribution of the cytoplasm, which allows the zygote to divide mitotically before it begins growing.A) True B) False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Oogenesis includes the formation of one egg cell from a single oocyte or egg mother cell. The diploid primary oocytes in the ovaries enter into the first meiotic division and form a haploid secondary oocyte and a haploid first polar body. After fertilization, the secondary oocytes complete the meiosis-II and forms one large ovum and a second polar body. The ovum formed by meiosis-II is much larger than the second polar body due to the unequal distribution of cytoplasm during meiosis-II. This imparts enough amount of cytoplasm in the zygote to support the mitosis without any cell growth.
Imagine that you travelled back in time to the early 1940s. You meet a group of scientists, and tell them that DNA is the hereditary material. Why might the scientists refute your statement?
Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
DNA is linear and appears relatively "simple."
DNA does not appear to (directly) carry out many cellular functions.
Proteins can have intricate three-dimensional structures.
Proteins are integral parts of many cellular processes.
All of these choices are correct.
Answer:
All of these choices are correct.
Explanation:
Before the discovery of DNA as genetic material, proteins were considered to be the biomolecules that store genetic information. Proteins are present in all the cells. They are present in the form of complex secondary and tertiary structures. Proteins are involved in almost all cellular processes in the form of enzymes. Proteins present in the cell determine the phenotype of organisms. Therefore, the complex structures of proteins were supposed to be the carrier of the genetic information.
On the other hand, the linear structure of DNA was considered to be too simple to serve as a carrier of genetic information. Also, DNA molecules do not directly determine the phenotype and are not directly involved in a number of cellular processes. So, DNA was not considered to be a molecule to serve as genetic material in the early 1940s.
If you were setting up an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation in a liquid medium, which of the following would be essential to the experiment?A) supplying the liquid with nutrientsB) starting with a liquid that contains microorganismsC) adding antibiotics to the liquidD) using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganismsE) adding carbon dioxide to the liquid
Answer:
D) using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms
Explanation:
The theory of spontaneous generation states that living species could generate from a nonliving matter and that such activities is often seen in life. Take for example, it was hypothesized that specific forms like fleas may have generated from nonliving matter like dust, or that maggots generated from dead and nonliving flesh.
Francesco Redi disproved the
Theory of spontaneous generation for large organisms by proving that maggots must have generated from meat mainly when flies happen to lay eggs in the meat.
From the Francesco Redi experiment, we can infer that using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms will surely disprove spontaneous generation in a liquid medium.
In North American society, categories such as age, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, disabilities, and religion are all considered ____________.
Answer:
social constructs
Explanation:
however it is not true that gender is actually a social construct
Prior to entering the Krebs Cycle, each pyruvate molecule loses electrons, hydrogen ions, and a carbon, forming an energy-rich molecule of
a. Acetyl-CoA
b. Citrate
c. Oxaloacetate
d. Malate
Answer:
a. Acetyl-CoA
Explanation:
Pyruvate is decarboxylated in the matrix of mitochondria and loses its carbon as CO2. This decarboxylation is accompanied by its oxidation as well. This process of oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate is catalyzed by an enzyme complex. It is called the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex. NAD+ accepts the released electrons and pyruvate is converted into energy-rich acetyl CoA which in turn enters into the Kreb's cycle.
After glycolysis, each pyruvate molecule is converted into Acetyl-CoA, losing a carbon in the process, before entering the Krebs Cycle.
Explanation:The Krebs Cycle, also known as citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and is a key component of cellular respiration in eukaryotes. After the process of glycolysis, which breaks down glucose into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules, each pyruvate is converted into an energy-rich molecule of Acetyl-CoA before entering the Krebs cycle. During this conversion, pyruvate loses a carbon (which is released as CO2), and the remaining two carbons are transferred to Coenzyme A, resulting in the formation of Acetyl-CoA.
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Peptidoglycan is a polymer of millions of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) sugars based on glucose molecules linked together in long chains cross-braced with four amino acids that link individual polymer chains together in a chain-link fence pattern. Layers of cross-braced NAG and NAM sheets are stacked vertically and held together by proteins with lipid anchors attached to the cell’s cytoplasmic membrane to form a scaffold of sugars and proteins that is able to hold the bacterial cell’s shape, even in response to extreme osmotic pressures. How would you expect a microbiology student to be able to describe the composition of peptidoglycan? What is the composition of the peptidoglycan layers found in the cell wall of bacteria?
Answer:
NAG, short amino acid chains,NAM, lipid and proteins.
Explanation:
The cell wall is the outer covering of the cell lies on the adjacent of the plasma membrane. The cell wall is present in the archaea, bacteria, plants, fungi and absent in the animal cells.
As the inofrmation given in the question, the cellwall consists N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG). These sugar residues helps n the cross linking with the proteins. The lipids and proteins are the important component of the cell membrane that maintains the shape and function of the cellwall.
Thus, the answer is NAG, short amino acid chains,NAM, lipid and proteins.