Which central atom hybridization would you expect in the series bh−4, ch4, nh+4?

Applied chemistry is key in making ice cream, particularly through managing the crystallization process and emulsion stability. Adjusting the mixture with substances like glucose or corn syrup helps maintain a smooth texture by preventing large ice crystals. Hydrocolloid stabilizers are used to improve emulsion stability, ensuring a creamy consistency.

Applied chemistry plays a crucial role in making ice cream, a process filled with fascinating chemical reactions and principles. Making ice cream involves understanding the behavior of mixtures, the crystallization process, and the effects of temperature changes. Particularly, the process of crystallization is central to achieving the smooth texture of ice cream. As the ice cream mixture cools, small ice crystals form. To ensure these crystals remain small, preventing coarse texture, substances like glucose or corn syrup can be added as interferents. These substances disrupt the crystallization of water and fats, maintaining a smooth texture.

In addition to crystallization, emulsion stability is also crucial. The ice cream mix is an emulsion of fat in water, and maintaining this emulsion is key to preventing separation and ensuring a creamy consistency. Hydrocolloid stabilizers, such as locust bean gum, are often added to improve this stability. Therefore, applied chemistry in ice cream making involves manipulating the properties and interactions of ingredients to achieve the desired texture, appearance, and taste of the final product.

1-b

2-c

3-a

4-d

5-d

6-b

7-a

Hi,

Gases are most soluble in water under high pressure and low pressure.

Answer:

4.921.

Explanation:

∵ pH = pKa + log[salt]/[acid].

∴ pH = - log(1,8 x 10⁻⁵) + log[0.75/0.50] = 4.745 + 0.1761 = 4.921.

The pH of a solution that is 0.75 M in sodium acetate and 0.50 M in acetic acid can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, resulting in a pH of approximately 4.916.

The pH of a solution that is 0.75 M in sodium acetate (CH3COONa) and 0.50 M in acetic acid (CH3COOH) can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, which relates the pH, pKa, and the ratio of the concentrations of the anion of the acid to the acid itself. Since sodium acetate is a salt that dissociates completely in solution, the concentration of acetate ions (CH3COO-) will be the same as the concentration of sodium acetate, which is 0.75 M. The pKa is the negative logarithm of the Ka value for acetic acid, which is given as 1.8 × 10-5. Calculating pKa gives us:

pKa = -log(1.8 × 10-5) = 4.74

Now, applying the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log(·])

pH = 4.74 + log(·(0.50))

Upon calculating the logarithmic term, we find that the pH of the solution is:

pH = 4.74 + log(1.5)

pH = 4.74 + 0.176

pH = 4.916

The pH of this acetate buffer solution is approximately 4.916.

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About 234 grams .nA 2M NaCl solution contains approximately 58.5g of salt. So to make two liters of a 2M solutions you would need 117g of salt dissolved in 2 liters of water.

5e earth holds many answers to things we don’t know about.

Scientists study the natural world to find solutions to human problems as the earth has different ecosystems which can provide various natural resources as solutions to the problems of humans.

Ecosystem is defined as a system which consists of all living organisms and the physical components with which the living beings interact. The abiotic and biotic components are linked to each other through nutrient cycles and flow of energy.

Energy enters the system through the process of photosynthesis .Animals play an important role in transfer of energy as they feed on each other.As a result of this transfer of matter and energy takes place through the system .Living organisms also influence the quantity of biomass present.By decomposition of dead plants and animals by microbes nutrients are released back in to the soil.

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Answer: 1.30

Explanation:

pH or pOH is the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

pH is calculated by taking negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.

[tex]pH=-\log [H^+][/tex]

[tex]pH+pOH=14[/tex]

Given: 0.050 M [tex]HNO_3[/tex]

[tex]HNO_3\rightarrow H^++NO_3^-[/tex]

Concentration of [tex]H^+[/tex] = 0.050 M

[tex]pH=-log[0.050M][/tex]

[tex]pH=1.30[/tex]

Thus pH of 0.050 M of [tex]HNO_3[/tex] is 1.30.

Answer:

1.30 is the pH balance

Explanation:

Answer:

D

Explanation:

The inner core (which is solid) is the hottest layer of the earth. It, therefore, contributes to heating up the outer core. The outer core is liquid and rotation of the earth (Coriolis effect) causes the molten rocks to swirl like a tornado. Because the outer core is mostly made of metals, that have lost electrons and hence charged (due to the enormous heat), the swilring effect causing an electric effect. This consequently causes the dynamo effect that creates a magnetic field. This magnetic field covers the earth and protects it from harmful radiation from the solar storms.  

Answer:

the answer is d

Explanation:

;-;

Plants and animals RE a carbon source during respiration. they take in Oxygen and give out Carbon (IV) oxide as a by product.  Combustion of fossil fuels is also source of carbon (IV) Oxide.

Formation of fossils from dead plants and animals is a carbon sink. photosynthesis is also a carbon sink as plants take in carbon (IV) Oxide that is used to make food.

Answer: According to the given diagram.

Atmosphere- source

Factories, power stations and vehicle emissions- source

Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)- source

Plants- sinks

Animals- source

Explanation:

According to the given diagram.

Atmosphere- source

The atmosphere is the mass of different gases. The carbon dioxide is the gas which is also present in the atmosphere. The atmosphere is the source of carbon dioxide.

Factories, power stations and vehicle emissions- source

The factories, power stations and vehicle emissions emit the carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere as they use the fossil fuel as a source of thermal energy.

Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)- source

When the fossil fuel burns they emit immense amounts of gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxides in the atmosphere. Hence, they are the source of carbon.

Plants- sinks

Plants require carbon dioxide as reactant for the purpose of photosynthesis. Therefore, they absorb the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Hence, they called as carbon sinks.

Animals- source

The animals release carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which is a byproduct of the process of respiration.

Answer:

The volume of water vapor increases.

Explanation:

Pressure, concentration, and temperature all affect the equilibrium position of chemical reactions in a closed system such as this one. Increasing HCl increases the pressure in the system. It favors the forward's reaction because this favors a reduced overall pressure in the system. The products have a combined 3 moles of gases while the reactants have a combined 5 moles of gases.

Answer:

The concentration of water vapor increases

Explanation:

I just got this right on the test

a catabolic pathway. Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway.  

1) moles = mass/mR

CaCO3 Mr = 40 + 12 + (16×3)

= 52 + 48

= 100

mass = 15

so the moles would be 15 ÷ 100

which is 0.15 moles of CaCO3

2) moles = mass ÷ Mr

Mr of Al2O3 = 27 + (16×3)

= 27 + 48

= 75

mass = 204

so the moles would be 204/75 which is 2.72 moles of Al2O3

There are 0.15 moles in 15 grams of CaCO₃ and 2 moles in 204 grams of Al₂O₃.

To determine the number of moles in a given mass of a substance, you can use the formula:

 moles = mass (grams) / molar mass (g/mol)

We know the molar mass of CaCO₃ is 100 g/mol

(Ca: 40.0, C: 12.0, O: 16.0 × 3).

Given mass of CaCO₃ is 15 grams.

Apply the formula: moles = 15 g / 100 g/mol

                                           = 0.15 moles

We calculate the molar mass of Al₂O₃:

 Al: 27.0 × 2 = 54.0

O: 16.0 × 3 = 48.0

Total molar mass of Al₂O₃ = 54.0 + 48.0 = 102 g/mol

Given mass of Al₂O₃ is 204 grams.

Apply the formula: moles = 204 g / 102 g/mol = 2 moles

Complete question.

How many moles are there in :

3. H2 (g) has a standard gibbs free energy of 0

The standard Gibbs free energy of formation is zero for substances in their standard states. Hence, it would be zero for Sodium (Na) as a solid and Hydrogen (H2) as a gas. However, for water (H2O), it is not zero as it is a compound formed from hydrogen and oxygen.

The subject of your question pertains to the standard Gibbs free energy of formation. By definition, the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of an element in its most stable form is zero under standard conditions. In your question, you offer three options: water (H2O), sodium (Na), and hydrogen (H2).

Since the standard Gibbs free energy of formation is the change that happens when one mole of a substance forms from its elements in their standard states, the standard Gibbs free energy of formation for an elemental substance in its standard state, is zero. Therefore, Sodium (Na) in its standard state as a solid (s) and Hydrogen (H2) in its gaseous state (g) both have a standard Gibbs free energy of formation of zero.

In contrast, water (H2O) is a compound, not an element. Thus, its standard Gibbs free energy of formation is not zero because it does not exist in nature in its elemental form but is formed via reactions between hydrogen and oxygen.

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Answer:

D

Explanation:

Volcanic eruptions spew large amounts of dust particles from their surroundings into the atmosphere. Accompanying eruptions are also materials like volcanic ash and gases. These gases contribute immensely to the reserve of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Gases in volcanoes are responsible to a large extent for their explosivity when an eruption occurs. The more the gases, the more explosive a volcano can be. These gases are rich in carbon dioxide, methane, etc. A vast number of them are greenhouse gases.

Dust particles also accompany an eruption. These dust can be suspended for an extended period in the atmosphere by the wind.

the best choice is the letter D. Volcanic eruptions add green house gases and  fine dust particles to the atmosphere.

i toke the quiz on gradpoint and the answer was correct

Answer:

Explanation:

The percent ionization of a weak acid is the percent of the original acid that ionizes.

You may calculate the percent ionization of an acid of known concentration, from the equilibrium constant.

So, to determine the percent ionization of a 0.215 M solution of benzoic acid, you must look for the equilibrium (dissociation or ionization) constant.

Equilibrium constants depend on temperature. So, you must know the temperature.

For this question, I will assume 25°C, for which you can find that the dissociation constant, Ka, for benzoic acid is 6.25×10⁻⁵.

With that, you follow these steps:

1. Write the ionization equation:

2. Calculate the concentration of the ion C₆H₅CO₂⁻ at equilibrium

                    C₆H₅CO₂H ⇄ C₆H₅CO₂⁻ + H⁺

       I           0.215                  0              0

      C            - x                   + x           + x

      E          0.215 - x              x              x

        Ka = x² / 0.215 - x =  6.25×10⁻⁵

           x² = 0.215 × 6.25×10⁻⁵ = 0.0000078125

           x = 0.00367 M

           If you do not make the assumption but solve the quadratic equation you will get x = 0.00363 M

3. Calculate the percent ionization:

With x = 0.00363 M (exact calculation)

With x = 0.00367 M

The percentage ionization is equal to 1.74%

Data;

                [tex]HC_7H_5O_2 + H_2O \to C_7H_5O_2^- + H_3O^+\\[/tex]

initial           0.215           -             -                -

change        -x                               +x             +x

equilibrium   0.215 - x                    x                x

The equilibrium concentration of the acid

[tex]K_a = \frac{[C_7H_5O_2^-][H_3O^+}{[HC_7H_5O_2]}[/tex]

Let's substitute the value in this

[tex]K_a = \frac{x.x}{0.215-x}\\ K_a = \frac{x^2}{0.215-x} \\[/tex]

The Ka for benzoic acid is 6.5*10^-5

[tex]6.5*10^-^5 = \frac{x^2}{0.215 - x} \\[/tex]

since the value of Ka is very small.

0.215 - x = 0.215

[tex]x^2 = 6.5*10^-^5 * 0.215\\x = \sqrt{1.3975*10^-^5} \\x = 3.738*10^-^3[/tex]

[tex][H_3O^+] = x = 3.738*10^-^3[/tex]

The percentage ionization would be

[tex]\frac{[H_3O^+}{[HC_7H_5O_7]} * 100= \frac{3.738*10^10^-^3}{0.215} * 100 = 1.74 \%[/tex]

The percentage ionization is equal to 1.74%

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A chemical reaction is considered spontaneous if A) the reaction releases heat, and B) if the entropy of the system increases. There is a formula known as the Gibbs Free Energy equation that predicts whether or not a reaction will be spontaneous; this formula considers the enthalpy side (heat) and the entropy side (disorder) of the reaction when making the prediction.

Hope this helps!

A reaction is spontaneous if it can occur without external input, determined by the changes in enthalpy and entropy of the system. This is calculated using the Gibbs free energy equation. An example is the combustion of gasoline.

A reaction is considered spontaneous if it can proceed without any outside intervention. This is determined by two key factors: change in enthalpy (∆H) and change in entropy (∆S). The Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) equation, ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, is used to determine spontaneity. For a reaction to be spontaneous, ΔG has to be negative (exergonic reaction).

For instance, the combustion of gasoline is an example of a spontaneous reaction. When gasoline is ignited, it combusts (reacts with oxygen) to create water and carbon dioxide, releasing heat and expanding gases, driving your car forward. This reaction is spontaneous because it releases energy (∆H is negative) and the products are more disordered than the reactants (∆S is positive), making ∆G negative.

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1.The effective nuclear charge (Zeff or Z*) is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom. The term “effective” is used because the shielding effect of negatively charged electrons prevents higher orbital electrons from experiencing the full nuclear charge.

Equation:  Zeff = Z – S

2.where Z is the number of protons  

3. S is the number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron in question.

Decreasing order  effective nuclear charge:

F>N>B>Be>Li

Answer: F>N>B>Be>Li

Explanation: Electrons are attracted towards the nucleus due to the positive charge present in the nucleus and negative charge on the electrons. This nucleus charge for all the electrons present in different shells of an atom is not same. Inner electrons decreases the nuclear charge felt by the outer shell electrons and its known as shielding effect.

Effective nuclear charge is calculated using the formula:

[tex]Z_e_f_f=Z-S[/tex]

where, [tex]Z_e_f_f[/tex] stands for effective nuclear charge, Z is the atomic number and S is the shielding constant value which is calculated using Slater's rule.

As per Slater's rule, the contribution by the electrons in nth shell is 0.35 and

the contribution by the electrons present in n-1 shell is 0.85 and for rest of the shells like n-2, n-3 etc it is 1.00. It is also 1.00 for the n-1 shell electrons that are present in d and s.

Electron configurations for all the elements we have are:

Li = [tex]1s^22s^1[/tex]

Be = [tex]1s^22s^2[/tex]

B = [tex]1s^22s^22p^1[/tex]

N = [tex]1s^22s^22p^3[/tex]

F = [tex]1s^22s^22p^5[/tex]

The number of inner shell electrons is equal for all these elements so for the valence electrons the shielding constant would almost be same.

So, effective nuclear charge will be greater for the element to which the atomic number is higher.

The order of atomic numbers is F>N>B>Be>Li . So, the highest to lowest order of effective nuclear charge will also be F>N>B>Be>Li .

Answer:

This is a form of peer review

Explanation:

This is used to validate the work of the other scientists and add veracity to findings or question the findings. This peer review is used to improve the quality of research in science. Peer-reviewed articles provide a trusted form of scientific communication.

Answer:

Reproducibility

Explanation:

Reproducibility or replication means that the results of scientific studies can be exactly obtained by other scientists working independently but following the same procedure as described in a previous scientific study.

Scientific research is generally expected to be utterly reproducible in all ramifications.

However, due to insufficient information regarding research methodologies,bias in reportage of research findings and poor experimental design, some scientific studies may not be readily reproducible.

The molecule PF₅ cannot have a Lewis structure drawn without its central atom, phosphorus, violating the octet rule since it requires phosphorus to have ten electrons in its valence shell.

The Lewis structure that cannot be drawn without violating the octet rule for its central atom is that of PF₅ (phosphorus pentafluoride). Phosphorus in PF₅ forms five covalent bonds, which results in it having ten electrons in its valence shell instead of the usual eight, thus violating the octet rule.

This phenomenon is known as an expanded valence shell, which can occur for central atoms in the third row of the periodic table and beyond that can utilize empty d orbitals for bonding. Other molecules such as PCl₃, SO₃, CCl₄, and CO₂ do not violate the octet rule in their preferred Lewis structures.

PF₅ is an example of a molecule that demonstrates the third violation of the octet rule - compounds with more than eight electrons assigned to their valence shell. These expanded valence shell molecules are formed by central atoms with access to empty d orbitals, allowing them to accommodate more than eight valence electrons. PF5, with phosphorus as the central atom, is able to hold extra electrons using its d orbitals.

Answer:

1038.96 kPa

Explanation:

We’ll use the ideal gas law; P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

P1*14.8/75.5 = 101.3*16.5/70.2

P1 = (101.3 * 16.5 * 75.5) / (70.2 *14.8)

P1 = 1038.96

A scientist hunting for an ancestor of a modern badger species from the Pleistocene epoch should search for fossils in geologic deposits known to be from that period, usually found within sedimentary rocks. Using dating techniques like radiometric dating, the age of these fossils can be determined. Despite the gaps in the fossil record, new discoveries and advanced technologies aid in understanding the evolution of species.

In order to find a fossil of an ancestor of the modern badger species from the Pleistocene geologic epoch, the scientist should look for fossil deposits associated with the Pleistocene era. The Pleistocene epoch, ranging from about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago, was the most recent epoch of the Ice Age. During this time, many large, cold-adapted mammals thrived. Finding a fossil includes factors such as the location, type of rock sediments and the dating technique used.

Fossils can often be found within sedimentary rocks. To locate these fossils, the scientist will typically focus on regions known for their easily eroded rocks, such as river valleys or cliffs, and drill core samples to search for fossils. Dating techniques, such as radiometric dating and relative dating, can help pinpoint the age of the fossils to the Pleistocene era.

While the fossil record is incomplete, the constant endeavor of paleontologists, archaeologists, and other scientists continues to fill in gaps with every new discovery. They use a range of methodologies including stratigraphic correlation and paleomagnetic studies to locate and accurately date fossils, shedding light on the evolution and ancestry of species like the badger.

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To find an ancestor from the Pleistocene epoch, the scientist should look in a layer of rock below the Holocene layer where the modern badger fossil was found. Lower layers are older due to being buried for a longer time. The correct answer is A.

The correct answer is A. in a layer of rock below the badger fossil, since lower layers are usually older.

Fossils found at the lowest layer of rock would be the oldest, as these would have been buried for the longest time, whereas fossils found closer to the surface would be buried more recently and therefore be younger. The Pleistocene epoch predates the Holocene epoch, so earlier ancestors likely lived during that time and would be found in lower geological layers.

In summary, if the scientist wanted to locate an ancestor from the Pleistocene epoch, she should look in lower layers of sedimentary rock beneath the Holocene layer where the modern badger fossil was found.

Complete question :-

A scientist found the fossilized remains of a modern badger species in a new layer of sedimentary rock. The fossil was dated to the Holocene geologic epoch. If the scientist wanted to find an ancestor of this species from the Pleistocene geologic epoch, where should she look?

A. in a layer of rock below the badger fossil, since lower layers are usually older

B. in a layer of rock known to be from the Eocene geologic epoch that is at another location

C. in a layer of rock above the badger fossil, since younger layers are usually higher

D. in the same layer of rock in which the badger fossil was found, since related organisms are usually together

D. The higher the temperature the more the atoms are shifting and shaking around

Answer:  [tex]65.4^0C[/tex]

Explanation:

Average kinetic energy is defined as the average of the kinetic energies of all the particles present in a system. It is determined by the equation:

[tex]K=\frac{3RT}{2}[/tex]

R= gas constant

T= temperature in kelvin

From above, it is visible that kinetic energy is directly related to the temperature of the system. So, if temperature is more, average kinetic energy of the system is more and vice-versa.

a. [tex]18^0C=18+273=291K[/tex]

b. [tex]20.4^0C=20.4+273=293.4K[/tex]

c. [tex]36.2^0C=36.2+273=309.2K[/tex]

d. [tex]65.4^0C=65.4+273=338.4K[/tex]

Thus substance at [tex]65.4^0C[/tex] will have greatest kinetic energy.

Answer: A. To convert the chemical energy of sugars into the chemical energy that fuels life's processes

Explanation:

The main role of cellular respiration is to convert the chemical energy of sugars into the chemical energy that fuels the processes of life.  

• The main function of cellular respiration is to offer the cells with the energy, which they need to work appropriately.  

• It is the process in which catabolic reactions are used to dissociate down the food into usable energy so that the cells and the living species can use them and survive.  

• It is the process by which the living things combine oxygen with the molecules of  the food, and convert the chemical energy present in that substances into the the form of energy that helps in sustaining life.  

Thus, the main function of cellular respiration is to convert the chemical energy of sugars into the chemical energy that fuels the processes of life.  

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Answer: calorimeter.

A calorimeter is a device used to measure the absorption or release of heat in chemical and physical processes.

Explanation:

The word calor means heat in latin. So, the technique or science to measure the  transfered (absorbed or released) heat in a chemical or physical process is called calorimetry and the apparatus (device) used is named calorimeter.

The physical principle on which this science is based is the conservation of energy or first principle of thermodynamic.

Heat realeased by a component = heat absorbed by other component.

H₂S donates a proton, therefore it is a Brønsted-Lowry base and  CH₃NH₂ accepts a proton, so it’s a Brønsted-Lowry base.

In the Brønsted–Lowry definition of acids and bases, an acid is a proton (H⁺) donor, and a base is a proton acceptor.

When a Brønsted–Lowry acid loses a proton, a conjugate base is formed. Similarly, when a Brønsted–Lowry base gains a proton, a conjugate acid is formed.

Given reaction ;

H₂S(aq)+CH₃NH₂(aq)⇋HS⁻(aq)+CH₃NH⁺³(aq)

In the above reaction, H₂S donates a proton, therefore it is a Brønsted-Lowry base and  CH₃NH₂ accepts a proton, so it’s a Brønsted-Lowry base.

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Noble gases is the answer, located on the far left of the periodic table; hopes this helps.

The ionization process that requires the most energy is process d (p3+ → p4+ + e-), as it involves the removal of an electron from an already very positively charged ion. The more positively charged an ion, the more energy is needed to remove another electron due to the increased attraction between the positively charged nucleus and the electrons.

The process of ionization involves the removal of one or more electrons from an atom or a positive ion. Based on the increasing positive charge, the process that would require the most energy is:d. p3+(g) → p4+(g) + e-

This is due to the concept of ionic radius and effective nuclear charge. As we continue to remove electrons, the atom/ion becomes smaller in size and the positive charge on the nucleus becomes more direct on the remaining electrons which makes it harder to remove the next electron.

Therefore, the more positively charged the ion is already, the more energy is required to remove another electron due to the increased attraction of the positive charge of the nucleus for the negatively charged electrons. Thus, option d would require the most energy as it involves the transformation of a very positively charged ion (p3+) to an even more positively charged ion (p4+), by removal of an electron.

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Final answer:

Option d, [tex]p3+(g) - p4+(g) + e?[/tex] which is the process of removing an electron from a triply positive ion to form a quadriply positive ion, requires the most energy.

Explanation:

The ionization process that requires the most energy is the one in which an electron is removed from an ion already possessing a high positive charge. As we know from chemistry, the ionization energy increases for successive electrons that are removed. This is because each removed electron results in a cation that is more positively charged, thus increasing the electrostatic attraction between the remaining electrons and the nucleus and making it harder to remove another electron.

Therefore, amongst the options provided, [tex]p3+(g) - p4+(g) + e-[/tex] (option d) is the process that requires the most energy. This corresponds to the fourth ionization energy which involves removing an electron from a triply positived ion to form a quadriply positive ion. The higher positive charge on the ion makes the removal of an additional electron require more energy than the removal from ions with a lower positive charge or from a neutral atom.

Answer:

Electromagnetic:

Infrared light

Visible Light

Both:

Transfers energy

Transverse wave

Can be reflected

Speed dependent upon the medium they are traveling through

Mechanical:

Requires a medium

Ocean wave

Longitudinal wave

Sound

Explanation:

yeah