Answer:
I2; I–I bond length = 266 pm
Explanation:
Bond length is inversely related to bond strength. The longer the bond length, the weaker the bond. The shorter the bond length the stronger the bond. A large bond distance implies that there is poor interaction between the atoms involved in the bond. A long bond distance or bond length may even indicate the absence of covalent interaction between the atoms involved.
Exactly 20.0 mL of water at 32.0 °C is added to a hot iron skillet. All of the water is converted to steam at 100.0°C. The mass of the skillet is 1.15 kg. What is the change in temperature of the skillet?
To calculate the change in temperature of the skillet, the heat absorbed by the water as it is heated and evaporates needs to be calculated first. This heat will be equal to the heat lost by the skillet. However, without the specific heat of iron, the exact change in temperature cannot be calculated.
Explanation:The subject of this question is the calculation of the change in temperature of the skillet in a situation where hot water is poured onto it. This is a typical problem in thermodynamics, a branch of physics. The key principles to solve this problem are the conservation of energy and the specific heat of water and iron.
To do this, we first calculate the heat absorbed by the water as it is heated from 32.0 °C to 100.0 °C and then as it evaporates. The sum of these heats will be the heat lost by the skillet because of the principle of conservation of energy.
However, to calculate the exact change in temperature of the skillet, we need the specific heat of iron, which is not provided in the question. Therefore, we cannot calculate the exact temperature change of the skillet given the provided data.
In general, for similar problems, you would use the formula q = m * c * ΔT where q is the heat absorbed or released, m is mass, c is specific heat and ΔT is the change in temperature.
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To determine the change in temperature of the skillet, calculate the heat absorbed by the water and use it to determine the change in temperature of the skillet. The change in temperature of the skillet is approximately 10.9 °C.
To determine the change in temperature of the skillet, we need to calculate the heat absorbed by the water and then use that to determine the change in temperature of the skillet. We can use the equation: q = mcΔT, where q is the heat absorbed, m is the mass of the water, c is the specific heat capacity of water, and ΔT is the change in temperature. The heat absorbed by the water can be calculated as follows:
q = (4.184 J/g °C) × (20.0 g) × (100.0 °C - 32.0 °C)
q = 5690.24 J
Now, this amount of heat is transferred to the skillet, so:
q (skillet) = q (water)
Now, we can use the formula for the change in temperature of the skillet:
ΔT = q / (m skillet x c skillet)
By substituting the values, we can find the change in temperature of the skillet.
The specific heat capacity of iron is approximately 0.45 J/g °C.
ΔT = 5690.24 J / ( 1150g x 0.45 J/g °C)
So, the change in temperature of the skillet is approximately 10.9 °C.
How many moles of hydrogen are in a 14 gram sample of propane gas?
describe the pathway of non-cyclic photophosphorylation \ photolysis --> PSII (P680) --> primary ETC --> PSI (P700) --> secondary ETC --> NADP reductase to make NADPH.
Answer:
The non-cyclic photophosphorylation which is the light-requiring part of photosynthesis in some higher plants, in which an electron donor is required, and oxygen is also produced as a waste product. this consists of two photoreactions, resulting in the synthesis of ATP and NADPH 2.
Explanation:
A. When photosystem II absorbs light, an electron excited to a higher energy level in the reaction center chlorophyll (P680) is captured by the primary electron acceptor. The oxidized chlorophyll is now a very strong oxidizing agent; its electron “hole” must be filled.
B. An enzyme extracts electrons from water and supplies them to P680, replacing the electrons that the chlorophyll molecule lost when it absorbed light energy. This reaction splits a water molecule into two hydrogen ions and an oxygen atom, which immediately combines with another oxygen atom to form O2. This splitting of water is responsible for the release of O2 into the air.
C. Each photoexcited electron (energized by light) passes from the primary electron acceptor in photosystem II to photosystem I via an electron transport chain. This electron transport chain is very similar to the one in cellular respiration; however, the carrier proteins in the chloroplast ETC are different from those in the mitochondrial ETC.
D. As electron move down the chain, their exergonic “fall”to a lower energy level is harnessed by the thylakoid membrane to produce ATP (by chemiosmosis). The production of ATP in the chloroplast is called photophosphorylation because the energy harnessed in the process originally came from light. This process of ATP production is called non-cyclic photophosphorylation. The ATP generated in this process will provide the energy for the synthesis of glucose during the Calvin cycle (light independent reactions).
E. When an electron reaches the “bottom” of the electron transport chain, it fills an electron “hole” in the chlorophyll a molecule in the reaction center of photosystem I (P700). The hole was created when light energy drives an electron from P700 to the primary electron acceptor of photosystem I.
F. The primary electron acceptor of photosystem I passes the excited electrons to a second electron transport chain which transmits them to an iron-containing protein. An enzyme reaction transfers the electrons from the protein to NADP+ that forms NADPH (which has high chemical energy due to the energy of the electrons). NADPH is the reducing agent needed for the synthesis of glucose in the Calvin cycle.
The partially positively charged hydrogen atoms of one water molecule can interact with the partially negatively charged oxygen atoms of another water molecule. This interaction between water molecules is called_______.
Answer: Hydrogen bonding
Explanation:
All but one product of the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis is utilized in the light independent reaction. That is
Answer: ATP Adenosine triphosphate
Explanation: During light reaction plants produce glucose and as well as ATP and NADPH as another products. Now during the Dark or light independent reaction there is no presence of light energy to fuel the process so ATP is used as an alternative to fix CO2 molecules.
Practice entering numbers that include a power of 10 by entering the diameter of a hydrogen atom in its ground state, dH=1.06×10−10m, into the answer box.
Answer:
dH = 1.06 x 10⁻¹⁰ m
Explanation:
Scientific notation is a way of minimizing large figures in smaller decimal form. For example, 2300000 is a large figure so, its size can be minimized by converting it into scientific notation form, 2300000 can also be written as 2.3 x 106.
There are number of formats to write dH=1.06×10−10m in scientific notation by shifting the decimal in right or left direction. For example, if we shift the decimal in right direction, the addition of +1 will occur in the power of 10 i.e. 1.06 x 10-10 will become 10.6 x 10-11 or 106 x 10-12 (these formats of scientific notation are also correct).
In some softwares and programming languages, scientific notation are written as 1.06E-10 so, avoid using these kinds of notations since, E indicates as variable in mathematics.
Variables are alphabetical value in an equation. For example, in equation 2a + 3b, a and b are variables while 2 and 3 are constants.
To express the diameter of a hydrogen atom in scientific notation, it would be 1.06×10⁻¹⁰ meters. Scientific notation simplifies the representation of very large or small numbers and is particularly useful for expressing measurements in physics, like the mass of a hydrogen atom, which is 1.67×10⁻¹⁼ kilograms.
Explanation:The diameter of a hydrogen atom in its ground state is given as dH=1.06×10⁻¹⁰ meters. To enter this number in scientific notation, you place the decimal point such that there is only one non-zero digit to the left of the decimal point. In this case, the diameter would be 1.06×10⁻¹⁰ m.
Scientific notation is a convenient way to express large or small numbers. For instance, the mass of a hydrogen atom can be expressed as 1.67×10⁻¹⁼ kg. This system lets us write numbers as a product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10.
An example of applying scientific notation is a scale model of a hydrogen atom: if one were building a scale model where the atom's diameter is 1.00 m, finding the proportional size of the nucleus would require understanding the actual size relationship, which in scientific notation is a much simpler task than with standard numeral representation.
A health clinic uses a solution of bleach to sterilize petri dishes in which cultures are grown. The sterilization tank contains 150 gal of a solution of 4% ordinary household bleach mixed with pure distilled water. New research indicates that the concentration of bleach should be 8% for complete sterilization. How much of the solution should be drained and replaced with bleach to increase the bleach content to the recommended level?
Answer:
6.25 gallons solution should be drained and replaced 6.25 gallons with bleach to increase the bleach content to the recommended level.
Explanation:
Volume of the solution in the tank = 150 gal
Percentage of bleach in solution = 4%
Volume of bleach present = (4% of 150)gal
Let the volume of solution removed = x
Volume of bleach removed = (4% of x )gal
Desired percentage of bleach solution = 8%
Volume of bleach in 8% solution = 8% of 150 gal
(4% of 150)gal +x - (4% of x )gal = 8% of 150 gal
(4% of 150) +x - (4% of x ) = 8% of 150
[tex]6+x-0.04x=12[/tex]
[tex]0.96x=6[/tex]
x = 6.25
6.25 gallons solution should be drained and replaced 6.25 gallons with bleach to increase the bleach content to the recommended level.
To increase the bleach solution from 4% to 8% in a 150-gallon tank, 6.25 gallons of the existing solution should be drained and replaced with pure bleach.
To adjust the concentration of bleach in the sterilization tank from 4% to 8%, we need to find out how much of the current solution should be removed and replaced with pure bleach. Initially, there are 150 gallons of a 4% bleach solution. If x gallons of this solution are drained and replaced with pure bleach, the amount of bleach in the tank remains the same because pure bleach is being added to compensate for the amount drained.
The initial amount of bleach in the solution is 4% of 150 gallons, which is 0.04 × 150 = 6 gallons of bleach. We need to end up with 8% bleach in a 150-gallon tank, so the final amount of bleach needed is 0.08 × 150 = 12 gallons. Since the initial and final amount of bleach has to be the same to ensure complete sterilization, we can set up the following equation:
Initial Bleach + Replaced Bleach - Removed Bleach = Final Bleach
6 + x - (0.04 × x) = 12
This simplifies to:
6 + 0.96x = 12
Solving for x gives:
0.96x = 6
x = 6 / 0.96
x = 6.25 gallons
Therefore, to achieve an 8% bleach concentration, 6.25 gallons of the 4% bleach solution should be drained from the tank and replaced with pure bleach.
Although all protein structures are unique, there are common structural building blocks that are referred to as regular secondary structures. Some have alpha helices, some have beta sheets, and still others have a combination of both. What makes it possible for proteins to have these common structural elements?
Answer:
The explanation is provided below
Explanation:
This is possible because proteins result from the polymerization of amino acids, which have repeated arrangements of amino acid s residue in the long polypeptide chain. Also, the bonding force resulting between hydrogen bonds, amide hydrogen and the carbonyl oxygen of the peptide backbone makes it stable, flexible and dimensional.
Answer:
Hydrogen bonds across their molecules.
Explanation:
Proteins can be defined as large molecules which consist of one or more chains of amino acid. Proteins perform a whole lot of functions within an organism and they are include; enzymes for catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, in structuring cells and transport molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another due to their sequence of amino acids which is governed by the nucleotide acids (DNA and RNA) which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure. There are 2 types of this three-dimensional structure of protein and they are:
1. Alpha helical structure: Amino acids vary in their ability to form secondary structure elements. Not all amino acids promote regularity, Proline and glycine are sometimes known as "helix breakers" because they interrupt the regularity an alpha helical conformation. Amino acids that promote this helical conformations are glutamate, lycine, methionine, alanine etc.
2. Beta pleated structure: They form a syretch of polypeptides and they are held hy 2 or 3 hydrogen bonds.
In a neutral solution the concentration of _____. a. hydrogen ions is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions b. water molecules is less than the concentration of hydrogen ions c. hydrogen ions is greater than the concentration of hydroxide ions d. hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions e. water molecules is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions
Answer:
In a neutral solution the concentration of hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions
Explanation:
When:
[H⁺] > [OH⁻] the pH is acid, so the solution is practically acid.
When
[H⁺] < [OH⁻], the pH is basic, so the solution is practically basic
In neutral solutions:
[H⁺] = [OH⁻], so the pH is neutral (7)
pH > 7 → BASIC SOLUTIONS
pH < 7 → ACID SOLUTION
In a neutral solution,d) the concentration of hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions. This balance comes from water's autoionization process, with discrepancy coming from the addition of acids or bases.
Explanation:In a neutral solution, d) the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-).
This balance is a result of water's autoionization process wherein water molecules split into equal numbers of hydrogen (H+) ions and hydroxide (OH-) ions. In an acid solution, the concentration of hydrogen ions is greater than the hydroxide ions, and in a basic solution, the concentration of hydrogen ions is lesser than hydroxide ions. The understanding of these concentrations is key in determining a solution's properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. The relative acidity or alkalinity is indicated by a solution's pH, where a pH of 7 is considered neutral. Non-neutral pH readings result from dissolving acids or bases in water. High concentrations of hydrogen ions yield a low pH number, whereas low levels of hydrogen ions result in a high pH.Learn more about Neutral Solution here:https://brainly.com/question/3294661
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If nutrients move into and out of ecosystems they can do so from various sources. Select which of the following is an example of nutrient input into a terrestrial ecosystem? Select all that apply:A. Nutrients dissolved in rain.B. Nitrogen fixation by bacteria.C. Chemical weathering of rocks by organic acids released by plant roots.
Answer:
Options (A), (B) and (C)
Explanation:
In an ecosystem, the transfer of nutrients takes place from one place o another. This input and output of nutrients continuously takes place in the ecosystem.
The rainwater is also essential as it carries a certain amount of valuable nutrients such as calcium, fluoride, magnesium, and iron that are mixed with water, and this enriches the fertility of the soil and the water is taken up by the roots of the plants for the growth and expansion of plants. The nitrogen-fixing bacteria refers to those micro-organisms that are present in the soil and helps in the conversion of the atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds, which are helpful for the enhancement of the soil fertility. Chemical weathering usually refers to the process by which the rocks disintegrates due to the effect of chemical reactions. The micro-organisms and the plant roots release some acids sometimes that react with the rocks and help in breakdown releasing the nutrients that are stored in the rocks. This eventually mixes up with the soil and increases the quality of the soil.Thus, the correct answers are options (A), (B) and (C).
Examples of nutrient input into a terrestrial ecosystem include nutrients dissolved in rain, nitrogen fixation by bacteria, and chemical weathering of rocks by organic acids released by plant roots.
Explanation:An example of nutrient input into a terrestrial ecosystem includes:
Nutrients dissolved in rain: Rain can carry dissolved nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from the atmosphere into the soil, providing a source of nutrients for plants and other organisms.Nitrogen fixation by bacteria: Certain bacteria called nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants. This process provides plants with a source of nitrogen for growth.Chemical weathering of rocks by organic acids released by plant roots: Organic acids released by plant roots can break down rocks, releasing nutrients such as potassium and calcium into the soil.Learn more about Nutrient input into a terrestrial ecosystem here:https://brainly.com/question/31232676
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Why is performing extraction with several small portions of a solvent more officient than a single extraction with the same total volume of the solvent?
With various extractions the amount of material left in the trash will be lower, ergo the extraction will be more perfect. Various extractions with fewer amounts of solvent are more efficient than a single extraction with a huge amount of solvent.
Explanation:
Surely multiple extractions are better than the single large extraction. Because extraction is about maximizing outside field communication between the two solvents, and you easily get more surface area contact with fewer amounts.
You can merge two smaller portions quicker and more completely than with large portions.
A typical eukaryotic cell that has an abundant supply of glucose and O2 will generate a proton gradient in its mitochondria by ____ that is used primarily for ____.
Answer:
A typical eukaryotic cell that has an abundant supply of glucose and O2 will generate a proton gradient in its mitochondria by the electron transport chain that is used primarily for chemiosmosis
Explanation:
Some terms explained
Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles, and are enclosed by a plasma membrane and whose DNA is bound together by proteins into well-defined chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material). Examples of eukaryotic cells are plants, animals, protists, fungi.
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a membrane and it takes place in the mitochondria during cellular respiration and in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis, it is the method which cells use to create ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which is the main molecule used for energy by the cell. Mitochondria generate most of the ATP in cells driven by the proton flow across the inner membrane by a process called chemiosmosis. The free energy from the series of reactions that make up the electron transport chain is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane, this energy allows protons (H+) to travel down a proton gradient via chemiosmosis.
Mitochondria are specialized organelles present in the cells of animals, plants and fungi that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
At particular temperature, Kp = 70.9 for the following reactionN2O4(g) == 2NO2(g)1. A certain pressure of N2O4 is initially added to an otherwise evacuated.2. At equilibrium, 25.8% of N2O4 remains.3. What is the partial pressure of NO2 at equilibrium?
Answer : The partial pressure of [tex]NO_2[/tex] is, 12.34 atm
Explanation :
For the given chemical reaction:
[tex]N_2O_4(g)\rightleftharpoons 2NO_2(g)[/tex]
The expression of [tex]K_p[/tex] for above reaction follows:
[tex]K_p=\frac{(P_{NO_2})^2}{P_{N_2O_4}}[/tex] ........(1)
The equilibrium reaction is:
[tex]N_2O_4(g)\rightleftharpoons 2NO_2(g)[/tex]
Initial x 0
At eqm (x-y) 2y
Putting values in expression 1, we get:
[tex]70.9=\frac{(2y)^2}{(x-y)}[/tex] ..............(2)
As we are given that, 25.8 % of [tex]N_2O_4[/tex] remains at equilibrium. That means,
[tex]25.8\% \times x=(x-y)[/tex]
[tex]\frac{25.8}{100}\times x=(x-y)[/tex]
[tex]0.258\times x=(x-y)[/tex]
[tex]0.742x=y[/tex] ..............(3)
Now put equation 3 in 2, we get the value of 'x'.
[tex]70.9=\frac{(2\times 0.742x)^2}{(x-0.742x)}[/tex]
[tex]x=8.31[/tex]
Now put the value of 'x' in equation 3, we get:
[tex]0.742x=y[/tex]
[tex]0.742\times 8.31=y[/tex]
[tex]y=6.17[/tex]
Now we have to calculate the new partial pressure of [tex]NO_2[/tex] at equilibrium.
Partial pressure of [tex]NO_2[/tex] = (2y) = (2\times 6.17) = 12.34 atm
Hence, the partial pressure of [tex]NO_2[/tex] is, 12.34 atm
To determine the partial pressure of NO2 at equilibrium, use the equilibrium expression and substitute the given values into the equation.
Explanation:To determine the partial pressure of NO2 at equilibrium, we will use the equilibrium expression for the reaction:
Kp = (P(NO2))^2 / P(N2O4)
Given that the equilibrium constant Kp is 70.9 and the equilibrium concentration of N2O4 is 25.8% of its initial concentration, we can calculate the partial pressure of NO2 at equilibrium:
P(NO2) = sqrt(Kp * P(N2O4))
Substituting the values, we get:
P(NO2) = sqrt(70.9 * (1 - 0.258))
P(NO2) = sqrt(70.9 * 0.742)
At 25°C the decomposition of N2O5 (g) into NO2 (g) and O2(g) follows first-order kinetics with k = 3.4×10−5 s−1. How long will it take for a sample originally containing 2.0 atm of N2O5 to reach a partial pressure of 380 torr?
Answer:
6.1 h = 6 h and 8 min
Explanation:
First, let's found the rate of disappearing of N2O5. Knowing that it's a first-order reaction, it means that the rate law is:
rate = k*pN2O5
Where k is the rate constant, and pN2O5 is the initial pressure of N2O5 (2.0 atm), so:
rate = 3.4x10⁻⁵*2.0
rate = 6.8x10⁻⁵ atm/s
Thus, at each second, the partial pressure of the reagent decays 6.8x10⁻⁵ atm. The rate is also the variation of the pressure divided by the time. Because it is decreasing, we put a minus signal in the expression.
1 atm = 760 torr, so 380torr/760 = 0.5 atm
rate = -Δp/t
6.8x10⁻⁵ = -(0.5 - 2.0)/t
t = 1.5/6.8x10⁻⁵
t = 22,058 s (÷60)
t = 368 min (÷60)
t = 6.1 h = 6 h and 8 min
To determine the time it takes for a sample of N2O5 to reach a certain partial pressure, we can use the first-order rate equation and solve for time.
Explanation:The decomposition of N2O5(g) into NO2(g) and O2(g) at 25°C follows first-order kinetics. The rate constant, k, is given as 3.4×10−5 s−1.
To determine how long it will take for a sample initially containing 2.0 atm of N2O5 to reach a partial pressure of 380 torr, we can use the first-order rate equation:
ln([N2O5]t/[N2O5]0) = -kt
Rearranging the equation and substituting the given values, we get:
ln(380/760) = -(3.4×10−5 t)
Solving for t, we find that it will take approximately 2,370 seconds or about 39.5 minutes.
The combustion of ammonia produces NO and water. If the chemical reaction for this process is properly balanced using the smallest possible integers, what is the sum of the coefficients for the products?
Answer:
10
Explanation:
The unbalanced combustion reaction is shown below as:-
[tex]NH_3+O_2\rightarrow NO+H_2O[/tex]
On the left hand side,
There are 3 hydrogen atoms and 1 nitrogen atom and 2 oxygen atoms
On the right hand side,
There are 1 nitrogen atom and 2 hydrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atoms
Thus,
Right side, [tex]H_2O[/tex] must be multiplied by 6 to balance hydrogen.
Left side, [tex]NH_3[/tex] must be multiplied by 4 to balance hydrogen.
Also, Right side, [tex]NO[/tex] is multiplied by 4 so to balance nitrogen.
Left side, [tex]O_2[/tex] must be multiplied by 5 to balance the whole reaction.
Thus, the balanced reaction is:-
[tex]4NH_3+5O_2\rightarrow 4NO+6H_2O[/tex]
Sum of Coefficient of product - 4 + 6 = 10
You have a stock solution that is 220 mg/mL and you need 10 mL of a working solution that is 43 mg/mL. What volume of stock solution will you need to dilute to have 10 mL of working solution at the above concentration?
Answer:
The answer to your question is 2 ml
Explanation:
Data
Initial volume = ?
Initial concentration = 220 mg/ml
Final volume = 10 ml
Final concentration = 43 mg/ml
Equation
Initial volume x Initial concentration = Final volume x Final concentration
Solve for Initial volume
Initial volume = (Final volume x Final concentration) / Initial concentration
Substitution
Initial volume = (10 x 43) / 220
Simplification
Initial volume = 430 / 220
Result
Initial volume = 1.95 ml ≈ 2.0 ml
Enter a molecular equation for the gas-evolution reaction that occurs when aqueous hydroiodic acid and aqueous potassium sulfite are mixed.
When aqueous hydroiodic acid and aqueous potassium sulfite are mixed, they react to produce iodine, potassium sulfate, water and sulfur dioxide gas. The balanced equation for this gas-evolution reaction is 2HI(aq) + K2SO3(aq) -> I2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) .
Explanation:The gas-evolution reaction that occurs when aqueous hydroiodic acid (HI) and aqueous potassium sulfite (K2SO3) are mixed is as follows:
2HI(aq) + K2SO3(aq) -> I2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
This balanced equation tells us that two moles of hydroiodic acid react with one mole of potassium sulfite to produce iodine, potassium sulfate, water and sulfur dioxide gas. In this reaction, sulfur dioxide is the gas that evolves.
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Final answer:
The reaction between hydroiodic acid and potassium sulfite in aqueous solution results in the formation of potassium iodide, sulfur dioxide gas, and water. It's a double replacement reaction typified by the evolution of sulfur dioxide gas when a sulfite reacts with an acid.
Explanation:
The molecular equation for the gas-evolution reaction that occurs when aqueous hydroiodic acid (HI) and aqueous potassium sulfite (K2SO3) are mixed can be written as follows:
2HI(aq) + K2SO3(aq) → 2KIOD(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
This is a double replacement reaction where hydrogen iodide exchanges anions with potassium sulfite to produce potassium iodide, sulfur dioxide gas, and water. The sulfur dioxide gas is the gas-evolution that bubbles out of the mixture. This reaction is indicative of the typical behavior of sulfites in acid solution: they tend to release sulfur dioxide gas.
I'll reward brainliest to whoever can answer this question. :-)
Using the following diagram, determine which of the statements below is true:
The activation energy for the forward reaction is −60 J.
The overall energy change for the forward reaction is −20 J.
The activation energy for the reverse reaction is −80 J.
The overall energy change for the reverse reaction is −40 J.
Answer:
A B and C
Explanation:
A scientist stores a very large number of particles in a container in order to determine the number of particles the scientist measures the temperature, pressure, and volume of the container and calculate the moles using the ideal gas law in order for the calculated value to have the greatest accuracy the scientist shoulld make sure that:_______.
To achieve the greatest accuracy using the ideal gas law, the scientist should ensure low pressure and high temperature, accurate measurement instruments, and where possible, simple gas molecules. Applying corrections for non-ideal gas behavior can further enhance accuracy.
Explanation:To ensure the greatest accuracy when calculating the number of moles using the ideal gas law, a scientist should make sure the conditions under which the gas measurements are taken approximate those of an ideal gas as closely as possible. The scientist should ensure that the gas is at a low pressure and a high temperature to minimize the interactions between gas molecules and the divergence from ideal gas behavior. Real gases deviate from ideal behavior at high pressures and low temperatures due to the volume occupied by the gas molecules and intermolecular forces.
It is essential to use a highly accurate pressure gauge, thermometer, and volume measurement method to reduce experimental error. Additionally, since deviations from ideal behavior increase with the complexity of the gas molecules, using a simple gas, such as a noble gas or a diatomic molecule like N2 or O2, can help produce more accurate results.
Finally, applying corrections for non-ideal conditions using the van der Waals equation or another real gas model can improve accuracy if the experimental conditions cannot be made to closely mimic those of an ideal gas.
Water is a liquid at room temperature rather than a gas primarily due to it being a very heavy molecule hydrogen bonding between molecules it being nonpolar a low density.
Answer: water is a liquid at room temperature because of the hydrogen bonding between its molecule.
Which of the following are true about mixing liquids in a separatory funnel? (choose all that apply)
A. Everything should be done in your hood You should wear gloves
B. Your hood sash should be between your face and the separatory funnel
C. Don't aim the separatory funnel at anyone
D. You should have a firm grip on the stopper and vent the funnel frequently by using the stopcock
Explanation:
When we are working in a laboratory then it is necessary that certain appropriate measures have to be taken in order to avoid any king of accident or mistake.
So, when we are mixing liquids in a separatory funnel then following safety measures should be followed.
1. Everything should be done in your hood
2. You should wear gloves
3. Your hood sash should be between your face and the separatory funnel
4. Don't aim the separatory funnel at anyone
5. You should have a firm grip on the stopper and vent the funnel frequently by using the stopcock
Therefore, we can conclude that all the given statements are true about mixing liquids in a separatory funnel.
Cosmic rays are:_______.A) high energy radiation produced by the sun.B) high energy radiation produced in the ozone layer.C) high energy radiation produced by the earth's core.D) none of these
Answer:
Option (A)
Explanation:
Cosmic radiations are usually defined as a type of radiations that is comprised of high-energy photons and carry harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. These are emitted from the sun at a speed that is equivalent to the speed of the light.
When these radiations are incident on earth, it interacts with the upper atmosphere, resulting in the emission of charged particles such as pions, which undergoes decay and releases other smaller particles, commonly known as muons.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A).
You start with an equimolar mixture of the gases SO₂ and O₂ in a container. The SO₂ and O₂ react to completion to form SO₃. If the temperature after the reaction is 25°C and the pressure in the container is 1.25 atm, what is the density of the product gas mixture? Assume ideal behavior.
Explanation:
The given reaction is as follows.
[tex]SO_{2} + O_{2} \rightarrow SO_{3}[/tex]
Now, balancing the given equation by putting appropriate coefficients.
[tex]2SO_{2} + O_{2} \rightarrow 2SO_{3}[/tex]
It is given that equimolar [tex]SO_{2}[/tex] and [tex]O_{2}[/tex]. Hence,
Therefore, during completion of the reaction,
[tex]SO_{2} + O_{2} \rightarrow SO_{3} + \frac{1}{2}O_{2}[/tex]
Temperature (T) = [tex]25^{o}C[/tex] = (25 + 273) K = 298 K
Pressure (P) = 1.75 atm
R (gas constant) = 0.0820 L atm/mol K
As on completion of reaction there is [tex]O_{2}[/tex] and [tex]SO_{3}[/tex] remains in the mixture. Therefore, molar mass of the mixture is equal to the sum of molar mass of
Total molar mass = [tex]O_{2} + SO_{3}[/tex]
= (32 + 80) g/mol
= 112 g/mol
Hence, according to the formula we will calculate the density as follows.
Density = [tex]\frac{P \times \text{molar mass}}{R \times T}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{1.25 atm \times 112 g/mol}{0.0820 Latm/mol K \times 298 K}[/tex]
= 5.73 g/L
Thus, we can conclude that density of the product gas mixture is 5.73 g/L.
Answer:
d = 3.27g/L
Explanation:
[tex]2SO_{2} + O_2 => 2SO_3[/tex]
ICF table
2SO_{2} + O_2 => 2SO_3
initial 1 mol 1 mol 0 mol
change -1 mol 0.5 mol 1 mol
final 0 mol 0.5 mol 1 mol
calculate the mole fractions
[tex]X_O_2 = \frac{0.5 mol}{1.5 mol} = \frac{1}{3}\\\\X_S_O_3 = \frac{1 mol}{1.5 mol} = \frac{2}{3}\\[/tex]
[tex]\frac{n}{V} = \frac{P}{RT} = 0.0511 mol / L\\\\d = \frac{n}{RT} * X_O_2 * MM_O_2 + X_S_O_3 * MM_S_O_3\\\\d = (0.0511 mol/L) * (\frac{1}{3} mol * 32.0 g/mol + \frac{2}{3} * 80.06 g/mol)\\\\d = 3.27 g/L[/tex]
Aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl) reacts with solid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to produce aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) and liquid water (H2O) . If 9.17g of water is produced from the reaction of 21.1g of hydrochloric acid and 43.6 of sodium hydroxide, calculate the percent yield of water.
Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits in it.
The percent yield of water in the chemical reaction involving hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, given that we start with 21.1g of hydrochloric acid and 43.6g of sodium hydroxide and end up with 9.17g of water, is 88.2%
Explanation:The question pertains to a chemical reaction involving hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) yielding sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H2O). In this reaction, given that we produce 9.17g of water from 21.1g of hydrochloric acid and 43.6g of sodium hydroxide, we are asked to calculate the percent yield of water.
To calculate percent yield, you must first determine the theoretical yield based on the stoichiometry of the chemical equation. In this case, the equation is balanced such that one mole of HCl reacts with one mole of NaOH to produce one mole of H2O. Given the molar masses of HCl (36.46 g/mol), H2O (18.02 g/mol), the theoretical yield of H2O is (21.1g HCl * 1 mol H2O/36.46g HCl) = 0.578 mol H2O = 10.4g H2O.
Second, divide the actual yield (9.17g water) by the theoretical yield (10.4g water) and multiply by 100 to get the percent yield: (9.17/10.4) * 100 = 88.173%, or rounded to three significant figures, 88.2%
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To calculate the percent yield of water in the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, we must determine the theoretical yield based on stoichiometry and compare it to the actual yield of 9.17g of water using the formula Percent Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100%.
The reaction between aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl) and solid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to produce aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) and liquid water (H2O) is a typical acid-base neutralization reaction. This is represented by the balanced chemical equation:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(s) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
To calculate the percent yield of water in this reaction, we first need to determine the theoretical yield. The theoretical yield is the amount of product that should be produced if the reaction goes to completion with no losses. We can calculate the theoretical yield using the molar masses of the reactants and the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. Once we have the theoretical yield, we can compare it to the actual yield (9.17g of water) to find the percent yield using the following formula:
Percent Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100%
We'll consider the balanced equation and note that the stoichiometry is one-to-one for hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide to water. We'll then use the molar masses to convert the mass of each reactant to moles, and then identify the limiting reactant - the reactant that will be completely consumed first and thus determine the maximum amount of product that can be formed.
Given that 21.1g of hydrochloric acid (molar mass = 36.46 g/mol) and 43.6g of sodium hydroxide (molar mass = 40.00 g/mol) are reacting, calculations will show which one is the limiting reactant. After identifying the limiting reactant, we can find the theoretical yield of water and then the percent yield.
Which of the following compounds has the lowest percent gold content by weight?
Compounds have the lowest percentage of gold content by weight is Aui3
M(Au) =197g/mol
M(O) =16g/mol
M(H)=1g/mol
M(Cl)=35g/mol
M(I)=53 g/mol
1) M=214g/mol =197+1+16
197/214= 0.921
2) M=248g/mol =[tex]197 +3 \times ( 1+16)[/tex]
197/248=0.794
3) M=302g/mol = [tex]197+3 \times 35[/tex]
197/302=0.652
4) M=356g/mol =[tex]197+3 \times 53[/tex]
197/356=0.5533
Explanation:
Iodine is the heaviest out of I, Cl and OH. The items on your list hold less and less gold by mass as you go down. The gold dissolution percentage in a hypochlorite-iodide mix-up is completely conditioned upon the solution pH. So the iodine has the lowest gold content percentage.
Answer: AuI3
Explanation:
The terms Q and K describe mass action for reactions at non-equilibrium and equilibrium conditions, respectively. For a forward reaction to being favored in a living cell, which of the following statements must be true?
a. The value of K must be less than that of Q.
b. The value of Q must be less than that of K.
c. No conclusion can be drawn about Q and K for a favorable process.
d. None of the listed statements are true; cells are at equilibrium.
Answer:
Q should be less than K for the forward reaction to be favoured (option C)
Explanation:
Since the standard gibbs free energy is
ΔG = ΔG⁰ + RT*ln Q
where Q= [P1]ᵃ.../([R1]ᵇ...) , representing the ratio of the product of concentration of chemical reaction products P and the product of concentration of chemical reaction reactants R
when the system reaches equilibrium ΔG=0 and Q=Keq
0 = ΔG⁰ + RT*ln Q → ΔG⁰ = (-RT*ln Keq)
therefore the first equation also can be expressed as
ΔG = RT*ln (Q/Keq)
since R and T are always positive :
ΔG<0 if Q<Keq and ΔG>0 if Q>Keq ( thus the reverse reaction is favoured)
therefore Q should be less than K for the forward reaction to be favoured
If you start with 45.0 grams of ethylene and an excess of oxygen, how many grams of carbon dioxide will be produced?A.29 gB.57 gC.71 gD.141 g
Answer:
D.141 g
Explanation:
Given that:-
Mass of ethylene = 45.0 g
Molar mass of ethylene = 28.05 g/mol
The formula for the calculation of moles is shown below:
[tex]moles = \frac{Mass\ taken}{Molar\ mass}[/tex]
Thus,
[tex]Moles= \frac{45.0\ g}{28.05\ g/mol}[/tex]
[tex]Moles= 1.60\ mol[/tex]
According to the reaction below:-
[tex]C_2H_4+3O_2\rightarrow 2CO_2+2H_2O[/tex]
1 mole of ethylene produces 2 moles of carbon dioxide
So,
1.60 mole of ethylene produces 2*1.60 moles of carbon dioxide
Moles of carbon dioxide = 3.2 mol
Molar mass of carbon dioxide = 44.01 g/mol
Mass = Moles*Molar mass = 3.2 mol x 44.01 g/mol = 141 g
D.141 g of carbon dioxide will be produced
You dissolve 10 grams of sugar in a hundred mL of water in one container and another 10 grams of sugar and 500 mL of water in a different container which one would taste sweeter? Why?
10 g of sugar in 100 ml of water is sweeter.
Explanation:
We need to find the concentration of the two solutions from that we can find which one is dilute and which one is concentrated solution.
Concentration is given in terms of molarity (M) = moles/L
Moles can be found by dividing the given mass by the molar mass of the sugar (342.3 g/mol)
Now we can find the molarity as,
1. 100 ml = 0.1 L
moles = 10 g / 342.3 g / mol = 0.029 moles
molarity = 0.029 moles / 0.1 L = 0.29 M
2. molarity = 0.029 / 0.5 L = 0.058 M
So first solution is more concentrated, and also taste sweeter than the second solution.
10 g of sugar in 100 ml of water is more sweeter.
Calculation for concentration:Molarity is defined as number of moles of solute over volume of solution in litres.
So, concentration is given in terms of molarity (M) = moles / L
Number of moles is given mass over molar mass:
Molar mass of sugar = 342.3 g/mol
Number of moles= 10 g / 342.3 g / mol
Number of moles = 0.029 moles
Molarity for two solutions will be:
Molarity = 0.029 moles / 0.1 L
Molarity = 0.29 M
Molarity = 0.029 / 0.5 L
Molarity = 0.058 M
So, first solution is more concentrated, and also taste sweeter than the second solution.
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Gold is alloyed with other metals to increase its hardness in making jewelery.a) Consider a piece of gold jewelry the weighs 9.85g and has a volume of 0.675cm^3. The jewelery contains only gold and silver which have densities of 19.3g/cm^3 and 10.5g/cm^3. Assuming that the total volume of the jewelery is the sum if the volumes of the gold and silver that it contains, calculate the percentage of gold(by mass) of the jewelery.b) The relative amount of gold in an alloy is commonly expressed in units of karats. Pure gold is 24 karats,and the percentage of gold in an alloy is given as the percentage of this value. For example: an alloy that is 50 percent gold is 12 karats. State the purity of the gold jewelery in karats.
(a) The percentage of gold in the jewelry is 100%.
(b) The purity of the gold jewelry in karats is 24 karats.
How to calculate the purity of the gold?(a) The percentage of gold in the jewelry is calculated as;
The given parameters include;
Density of gold (ρg) = 19.3 g/cm³
Density of silver (ρs) = 10.5 g/cm³
Volume of the jewelry (Vj) = 0.675 cm³
The total volume of the jewelry is the sum of the volumes of gold and silver:
Vj = Vg + Vs
Vg = Vj (since we are assuming the total volume is the sum of gold and silver volumes)
Vs = Vj - Vg
= 0.675 cm³ - 0.675 cm³
= 0 cm³
Mg = Vg x ρg
= 0.675 cm³ x 19.3 g/cm³
= 13.03 g
Ms = Vs x ρs
= 0 cm³ x 10.5 g/cm³
= 0 g
The percentage of gold is;
Percentage of gold = (Mg / (Mg + Ms)) x 100
= (13.03 g / (13.03 g + 0 g)) x 100
= 100%
(b) Since the jewelry is 100% gold by mass, its purity in karats is 24 karats (the highest purity since it's pure gold).
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A 32.00 mL sample of an unknown H3PO4 solution is titrated with a 0.110 M NaOH solution. The equivalence point is reached when 24.83 mL of NaOH solution is added.What is the concentration of the unknown H3PO4 solution? The neutralization reaction is
H3PO4(aq)+3NaOH(aq)→3H2O(l)+Na3PO4(aq)
Answer:
Concentration of [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] in sample is 0.25 M.
Explanation:
From the reaction, one mole of [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] reacts with 3 moles of NaOH.
Now, number of moles of NaOH, n = [tex]molarity \times volume(in \ liters).[/tex]
[tex]n=0.11\times \dfrac{24.83}{1000}\ mol=2.73\times 10^{-3}\ mol.[/tex]
Therefore, [tex]2.73\times 10^{-3}[/tex] mol of NaOH reacts with [tex]3\times 2.73\times 10^{-3}[/tex] [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex].
So, concentration of [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] [tex]=\dfrac{no\ of \ moles}{volume\ in\ liter}=\dfrac{3\times 2.73\times 10^{-3}}{\dfrac{32}{1000}}=\dfrac{3\times 2.73}{32}=0.25\ M.[/tex]
Therefore, concentration of [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] in sample is 0.25 M.
Hence, this is the required solution.