Which of these activities might involve a chemist?

Advent of new information that poses challenges to existing theories would result in a theory being replaced rather than revised.

Theory is defined as a thoughtful explanation which is provided for observations which is constructed using scientific methods.The theory brings together many facts and hypothesis.

It is called as theory as it provides some set of assumptions initially which provide description to the field's approach to the subject.These are elementary theorems of a particular theory.It is a rational type of thinking about a set of observations.

They may be scientific,or non scientific or have no discipline at all.There are three types of theory:1) scientific, 2)philosophical and 3) moral.It provides explanation regarding the underlying mechanisms .

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The average atomic mass of carbon is calculated based on the relative abundances and masses of its isotopes, carbon-12, and carbon-13, which results in an average atomic mass of approximately 12.01 atomic mass units.

The average atomic mass of an element is calculated based on the masses and relative abundances of its naturally occurring isotopes. In the case of carbon, the two main isotopes are carbon-12 (with 6 protons and 6 neutrons) and carbon-13 (with 6 protons and 7 neutrons), each having different abundances. The atomic mass of carbon-12 is 12 amu (atomic mass units) and it accounts for approximately 98.89% of the carbon. The atomic mass of carbon-13 is 13 amu and it accounts for approximately 1.11% of the carbon. We can calculate the average atomic mass like this: (12 amu x 0.9889) + (13 amu x 0.0111) = 12.01 amu. Therefore the average atomic mass of carbon is approximately 12.01 amu.

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Hey, I know i'm too late but the answer is

C. Kelvin

Kelvin is the correct SI unit used to measure the temperature of substance.

Hope this somewhat helps! :)

AMP is a nucleotide which stands for Adenosine monophosphate and it is also known as 5'-adenylic acid. It can exist as a cyclic adenosine monophosphate molecule and non cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

Effective nuclear charge by 2p = 13.35

Effective nuclear charge by 3p = 6.1

The effective nuclear charge is the nuclear charge which is influenced by the shielding effect of electrons

The effective nuclear charge (Zeff) can be formulated as:

[tex]\large{\boxed{\bold{Z_{eff}\:=\:Z\:-\:S}}}[/tex]

with

Z = nuclear charge = atomic number

S = shield constant

Shielding constants are constants that are generated from the core attraction of electrons in the inner skin

Rules for calculating shield constants

/ 1s / 2s, 2p / 3s, 3p / 3d / 4s, 4p / 4d / 4f / 5s, 5p / 5d / 5f /

* Electrons in the same shell shielding effects = 0.35

* Electrons in the skin have deeper shielding effects = 0.85

* Electrons in the skin are deeper than shielding effects = 1.00

On Cl atom which have electron configurations:

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵

1s² 2s² 2p⁶

the electron to the right of 2p does not have a shielding effect

so the shield constant:

S = 0.35. 8 + 0.85.1

S = 3.65

Zeff = Z - S

Zeff = 17 - 3.65 = 13.35

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵

because 3p⁵ then only 4 electrons are counted so there are 2 + 4 = 6 electrons in the skin 3

so the shield constant:

S = 0.35 x 6 + 0.85 x 8 + 1 x 2

S = 10.9

Zeff = 17-10.9 = 6.1

The effective nuclear charge

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X is the effective nuclear charge, and it increases across a period.

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The effective nuclear charge of an atom is primarily affected by

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Keywords: The effective nuclear charge, electron, core, electron configurations:

The effective nuclear charge can be calculated from Slater's rules.

According to Slater's rule, the effective nuclear charge is obtained from;

Zeff = Z - S

Zeff = effective nuclear charge

Z = nuclear charge

S = screening

Note that;

For a 2p chlorine electron;

Chlorine has electron configuration, 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

S = 7(0.35) + 2(0.85) = 2.45 + 1.7 = 4.15

The total nuclear charge of chlorine Z = 17

Zeff = 17 - 4.15

Zeff = 12.85

For the 3p electron;

S = 6(0.35) + 8(0.85) + 2(1.00)

S = 2.1 + 6.8 + 2 = 10.9

Zeff = 17 - 10.9

Zeff = 6.1

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high amounts of sunlight  cold temperature

A minimal amount of sunlight, and cold temperature is the conditions seen in an aquarium. So the correct option is B.

Aquarium, freshwater or marine receptacle for aquatic animals, or a facility where a group of aquatic organisms is shown or researched

Many of the world's major cities now feature both public and commercial aquariums. Another category includes aquariums that primarily function as research facilities. Among the most well-known are those at Naples, the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco, the Plymouth Marine Laboratory in England, and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California. Transient aquariums that have functioned as displays at world fairs and expositions are another kind.

Marineland, the first oceanarium or huge marine aquarium, was founded as a private venture near St. Augustine, Fla., in 1938, with a massive communal fish pond and trained dolphins. The Miami Seaquarium is similar. The emphasis in this form of the aquarium is really on large containers, up to 1,000,000 gallons in size, in which a wide variety of fishes are housed together with no attempt to segregate them. Most exhibits at a formal aquarium (for example, the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago) divide the different varieties of fish.

Therefore the correct option is B.

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Any rational equation that the denominator is equal to zero will be rejected. The denominator of the rational equation must never be equal to zero. These are called Extraneous Roots and this must be rejected. The extraneous roots appear when we are solving an equation in a perfectly correct way, because certain operations have more than one solution.

Answer : The correct name of [tex]H_2S[/tex] compound is, Hydrogen sulfide.

Explanation :

As we know that, [tex]H_2S[/tex] is a covalent compound in which the sharing of electrons takes place between hydrogen and sulfur. Both the elements are non-metals and hence, will form covalent bond.

The nomenclature of covalent compound is given by:

The less electronegative element is written first.

The more electronegative element is written then, and a suffix is added with it. The suffix added is '-ide'.

If atoms of an element is greater than 1, then prefixes are added which are 'mono' for 1 atom, 'di' for 2 atoms, 'tri' for 3 atoms and so on..

In [tex]H_2S[/tex], hydrogen is an electropositive element and sulfur is an electronegative element.

So, the correct name for [tex]H_2S[/tex] is hydrogen sulfide.

The compound H2S is accurately named as hydrogen sulfide. It's a poisonous, colorless gas often associated with the smell of rotten eggs, seen in hot springs and during the oxidation of natural gas.

The correct name for the compound H2S is hydrogen sulfide. In the case of binary compounds like this one (compounds made of two different elements), the first element is usually named fully while the second element is named as though it is an anion, which usually ends in -ide, hence 'sulfide' in hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic, colorless gas that exhibits the smell of rotten eggs. Nit causes this smell in hot springs and in the process of oxidizing natural gas.

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Answer:

B. that the patterns were different

Explanation:

Answer 1) The maximum height at which the solvent should condense (in the condenser) during the reflux should be halfway up to the condenser.

Explanation : If the solvent molecules exceeds the maximum height of the condenser there may be loss of molecules of the solution. The maximum height is maintained during the reflux so that the volatile molecules travels back to the solution and initiate the reaction process.

Answer 2) If the solvent condenses higher than this, then the solution vapors will go back to the reaction flask and start the reaction much earlier than before.

Explanation : If this is prevented by not allowing solvent vapors to exceed the maximum height of the reflux condenser then reaction will not happen fast or will not start early. Therefore, the condensation of the solution vapors should occur at the maximum height not higher than that.

The solvolysis of 1−chloro−2,2−dimethylpropane (also known as tert-butyl chloride) will occur faster than the reaction of tert-butyl chloride in ethanol due to the greater stability of the resulting carbocation.

The solvolysis of 1−chloro−2,2−dimethylpropane (also known as tert-butyl chloride) will occur faster than the reaction of tert-butyl chloride in ethanol. The reason is because 1-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane is a tertiary alkyl halide, which means it has a highly substituted carbon atom attached to the halide. This high substitution stabilizes the transition state via hyperconjugation, thereby significantly accelerating solvolysis.

This implies that the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the stability of the carbocation formed during solvolysis; tertiary carbocations are more stable than secondary ones due to hyperconjugation and inductive effect. Therefore, tertiary halides undergo solvolysis more readily than secondary halides.

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The boiling point of a 4.5 m solution of [tex]\( Na_2SO_4 \)[/tex] in water is [tex]115.6 \( ^\circ C \).[/tex]

The boiling point of a solution is elevated in proportion to the concentration of solute particles in the solution. The relationship between the boiling point elevation [tex](\( \Delta T_b \))[/tex] and the molal concentration of the solute ([tex]m[/tex]) is given by the equation:

[tex]\[ \Delta T_b = i \cdot k_b \cdot m \][/tex]

where:

- [tex]\( \Delta T_b \)[/tex] is the boiling point elevation,

- [tex]\( i \)[/tex] is the van 't Hoff factor, which represents the number of particles the solute dissociates into,

- [tex]\( k_b \)[/tex] is the ebullioscopic constant (for water, [tex]\( k_b = 0.52 \ ^\circ C \cdot kg \cdot mol^{-1} \)),[/tex]

- [tex]\( m \)[/tex] is the molality of the solution (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent).

For [tex]\( Na_2SO_4 \)[/tex], the van 't Hoff factor [tex]i[/tex] is 3, because one mole of [tex]\( Na_2SO_4 \)[/tex] dissociates into three moles of ions (2 moles of [tex]\( Na^+ \)[/tex] and 1 mole of [tex]\( SO_4^{2-} \))[/tex]

Given:

- [tex]\( m = 4.5 \ m \)[/tex] (where 1 m = 1 mol/kg),

- [tex]\( k_b = 0.52 \ ^\circ C \cdot kg \cdot mol^{-1} \),[/tex]

- [tex]\( i = 3 \).[/tex]

We can calculate the boiling point elevation as follows:

[tex]\[ \Delta T_b = i \cdot k_b \cdot m \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \Delta T_b = 3 \cdot 0.52 \ ^\circ C \cdot kg \cdot mol^{-1} \cdot 4.5 \ mol/kg \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \Delta T_b = 3 \cdot 0.52 \cdot 4.5 \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \Delta T_b = 15.6 \ ^\circ C \][/tex]

To find the boiling point of the solution, we add the boiling point elevation to the normal boiling point of water ([tex]100 \( ^\circ C \)[/tex]):

[tex]\[ T_b = T_{b(water)} + \Delta T_b \][/tex]

[tex]\[ T_b = 100 \ ^\circ C + 15.6 \ ^\circ C \][/tex]

[tex]\[ T_b = 115.6 \ ^\circ C \][/tex]

The number of atoms can be calculated by multiplying the number of moles with the Avogadros number. The Avogadros number is 6.022 x 10^23 atoms / moles, therefore:

number of atoms = 2.36 moles * 6.022 x 10^23 atoms / mole

number of atoms = 1.42 x 10^24 atoms

Answer:

1.42 x 10^24 xenon atoms

Answer:

c

Explanation:

because its c

Reaction 2 is 3.385 times faster compared to reaction 1

The reaction rate (v) shows the change in the concentration of the substance (changes in addition to concentrations for reaction products or changes in concentration reduction for reactants) per unit time.

Can be formulated:

Reaction: aA ---> bB

[tex]\large{\boxed{\boxed{\bold{v~=~-\frac{\Delta A}{\Delta t}}}}[/tex]

or

[tex]\large{\boxed{\boxed{\bold{v~=~+\frac{\Delta B}{\Delta t}}}}[/tex]

A = reagent

B = product

v = reaction rate

t = reaction time

For A + B reactions ---> C + D

Reaction speed can be formulated:

[tex]\large{\boxed{\boxed{\bold{v~=~k.[A]^a[B]^b}}}[/tex]

where

v = reaction speed, M / s

k = constant, mol¹⁻⁽ᵃ⁺ᵇ⁾. L⁽ᵃ⁺ᵇ⁾⁻¹. S⁻¹

a = reaction order to A

b = reaction order to B

[A] = [B] = concentration of substances

Reaction 1 uses 0.130 mol / l of reactant, and reaction 2 uses 0.440 mol / l of reactant.

Assuming a reaction order is one then:

reaction rate 1 =

v₁ = k. [A]

v₁ = k. 0.130

reaction rate 2 =

v₂ = k. [B]

v₂ = k. 0.440, so that

[tex]\frac{v_2}{v_1}~=~k.\frac{0.440}{0.130}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{v_2}{v_1}~=~3,385[/tex]

v₂ = 3.385. v₁

the factor can decrease the rate of a chemical reaction

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increase the rate of a chemical reaction

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Which of the following does not influence the effectiveness of a detergent

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Keywords: reaction rate, reaction order, molar concentration, products, reactants

The rate of reaction 2 is approximately 3.38 times faster than reaction 1, assuming that it is a first-order reaction where the rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant.

The student is comparing the rates of two reactions with different initial concentrations of reactants. To determine how many times faster reaction 2 is compared to reaction 1, it is essential to understand the order of the reaction. In this context, it is suggested that the reaction is first order since rates of reaction are directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant, which follows the rate law rate = k[Reactant]. Therefore, if we double the concentration of the reactant, the reaction rate doubles, which is a characteristic of a first-order reaction. Hence, without needing explicit rate constants or measurements, we can infer that if the concentration of reactant in reaction 2 is 0.440 mol/L, which is roughly 3.38 times the concentration in reaction 1 (0.130 mol/L), the rate of reaction 2 would also be 3.38 times faster than reaction 1.

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The Final temperature of the mixture is -10.54 °C.

Heat lost by copper = heat gained by the water

Formula:

CM(z-y) = cm(y-x)................. equation 1

Where:

Make y the subject of the equation:

From the question,

Given:

Substitute these values into equation 2

Hence, The Final temperature of the mixture is -10.54 °C

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The formula for pH given the pKa and the concentrations are:

pH = pKa + log [a–]/[ha]

Therefore calculating:

3.75 = 3.75 + log [a–]/[ha]

log [a–]/[ha] = 0

[a–]/[ha] = 10^0

[a–]/[ha] = 1

Answer:

[tex]\frac{[A^-]}{[HA]}=1[/tex]

Explanation:

Hello,

In this case, one state the following relationship among the pH, pKa and the [a–]/[ha] ratio for the formic acid:

[tex]\frac{[A^-]}{[HA]}=\frac{Ka}{[H^+]}[/tex]

In such a way, we compute both the concentration of hydrogen ions and the acid's dissociation constant as:

[tex][H^+]=10^{-pH}=10^{-3.75}=1.78x10^{-4}M[/tex]

[tex]Ka=10^{-Ka}=10^{-3.75}=1.78x10^{-4}[/tex]

Thus, the [a–]/[ha] ratio becomes:

[tex]\frac{[A^-]}{[HA]}=\frac{1.78x10^{-4}}{1.78x10^{-4}}\\\frac{[A^-]}{[HA]}=1[/tex]

Best regards.

Every compound or element has a fixed number of molecules per mole. This is given by the Avogadros number which is about 6.022 x 10^23 molecules per mole. Therefore:

molecules = 2.50 moles * (6.022 x 10^23 molecules / mole)

molecules = 1.5055 x 10^24 molecules of SO2

Final answer:

To find the number of molecules in 2.50 moles of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), multiply 2.50 moles by Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10²³ molecules/mole), resulting in 1.506 x 10²⁴ molecules of SO₂.

Explanation:

The question of how many molecules are in 2.50 moles of SO₂ (sulfur dioxide) can be answered by using Avogadro's number, which is a key concept in chemistry. Avogadro's number (6.022 × 10²³) represents the number of entities, in this case, molecules, in one mole of a substance.

Therefore, to find out how many molecules are present in 2.50 moles of SO₂, we multiply the moles of SO₂ by Avogadro's number.

2.50 moles of SO₂ × 6.022 × 10²³ molecules/mole = 1.506 × 10²⁴ molecules of SO₂.

Answer: The density of rock is 3.60 g/mL

Explanation:

To calculate density of a substance, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Density of a substance}=\frac{\text{Mass of a substance}}{\text{Volume of a substance}}[/tex]

We are given:

Mass of rock = 47.6 g

Volume of rock = 13.2 mL

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]\text{Density of rock}=\frac{47.6g}{13.2mL}\\\\\text{Density of rock}=3.60g/mL[/tex]

Hence, the density of rock is 3.60 g/mL