While writing your lecture notes, you are trying to develop a way to impart to your students how the removal of a water molecule, a hydroxyl and a hydrogen atom, will be used in making macromolecules. A molecule is a collection of atoms joined through different types of bonds. A macromolecule is the joining of numerous molecules into something that is relatively quite large. The addition of a molecule to a macromolecule, as well as the removal of a molecule from the macromolecule, involves a molecule of water. From past experience you are aware that when you state this to your students many will unfortunately assume you are referring to liquid water. Your students must understand that in biological reactions water, H2O, is actually a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a hydrogen atom (H+) that will be removed or added when altering macromolecules. A dehydration synthesis (removal of water) reforms atomic bonds between molecules to create a larger macromolecule. In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group is removed from one reactant molecule while a hydrogen atom is stripped from another reactant molecule.

Answer:

A. contains the cell's DNA

Explanation:

Prokaryotic cells such as the bacterial cells and the cells of archaeans do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. Their genetic material DNA is present in the cytoplasm only. However, their genetic material is concentrated in a specific region inside their cells. This is called a nucleoid. Nucleoid does not have any surrounding membrane. It represents the nuclear area where the DNA of the prokaryotic cells is present.

The nucleoid region in a prokaryotic cell primarily contains the cell's DNA and does not have a distinct membrane, separate RNA, or produce organelles.

The nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell primary function is to house the cell's DNA. Prokaryotic cells do not have a true nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Therefore, option A. 'contains the cell's DNA' is correct. Instead, their genetic material is located within a region called the nucleoid. This region is not surrounded by a nucleoid membrane as it would be in eukaryotic cells (disqualifying options C and D). It is also not specifically involved in separating RNA from the cytoplasm or in the production of organelles (eliminating options B and E).

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Answer: Amphetamines

Explanation:

Addiction of this drug results in serious types of risks with heavy recreational amphetamine use but it is unlikely to be used for a longer period of time.

Very high dose of this drug can result in the psychosis which rarely occurs in the paranoia and delusions.

Recreational doses can have more side effects on the body of individual and have greater risk on life.

Answer:

The correct answer is A ^_^

Explanation:

Answer:

No, because he will not have broken covalent bond.

Explanation:

Denaturation  is the process adopted to affect or alter the chemical structure of a protein. This can be done or achieved by heat or addition of acid.

Denaturation can't break the peptide bond of the protein , this means that the , amino acid sequence is unaffected after the process.

Physiological pH is the pH Darin won't be able to have amino acid because the pH at which denaturation was being carried is basic, while the process requires acidic medium.

Collagen is a form of protein that can be found in the body.

Answer:

Second

Explanation:

Childbirth involves three stages:

The first stage starts with the onset of true labor and lasts until the cervix is completely dilated to 10 cm.

The second stage continues after the cervix is dilated to 10 cm until the delivery of your baby. This stage is called the "descent and emergence of the baby" stage.  It involves the pushing by the mother and the delivery of your baby. Now that your cervix has fully dilated to 10 cm, this is the time for mother to help by pushing. This stage can last from 20 minutes to 2 hours.

The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta.

The stage of birth in question is the second stage of labor, also known as the pushing stage. It lasts for 45-60 minutes and involves the mother pushing the baby out of her body.

The stage of birth described in the question is known as the second stage of labor. During this stage, also known as the pushing stage, the mother uses her abdominal muscles to bear down and push the baby out of her body. It typically lasts 45-60 minutes but can vary depending on the individual.

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Options:

a) They have different sets of genes but the same set of proteins. (b) They have different sets of genes and different sets of proteins. (c) They have the same set of genes and the same set of proteins. (d) They have the same set of genes but different sets of proteins.

Answer:

d) They have the same set of genes but different sets of proteins

Explanation: Auxins are found in leaves cytokines are found in root tips and shoot tissues.

Answer:

Membrane proteins contains a broad range of proteins that are present within or along the cell membrane. They have various functions, but according to the statement the most precise function of cell membrane proteins is to serve as a transport channel.

Explanation:

Proteins are an integral part of cell memebrane. They are transmembrane proteins, integral proteins and peripheral proteins.

All these proteins serve different essential functions for the maintainence of cell and survival of organism.

They act as

1) Membrane receptors

2) Transport proteins

3) Membrane enzymes

Integral membrane proteins are attached within the cell membrane permanently.

Peripheral proteins are attches to the lipid bilayer thorugh integral proteins by covalent hydrostatic and electrostatic forces.

These proteins may be modified by added fatty acids and carbohydrate chains.

Answer: ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT

Explanation:

A cell membrane is a collage of different proteins embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer.

Major functions of membrane proteins include:

1. INTERCELLULAR JOINING

Proteins on adjacent cells hook together, briefly, for cell interaction/sharing.

2. TRANSPORT

Transport proteins are used in various ways to move substances back and forth across the cell membrane.

3. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Transmission of molecular signals from a cell's exterior to its interior.

4. ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY

When a protein built into the membrane may be an enzyme with its active site exposed to substances in the adjacent solution

5. CELL-CELL RECOGNITION

Cell's ability to distinguish one type of cell from another

When some glycoproteins (proteins bonded to short chains of sugars) serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells

6. ATTACHMENT TO CYTOSKELETON AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

Maintains cell shape and stabilizes cytoskeleton

Answer: died

Explanation: Simon was dead, and Jack had died. 'Was' is a past continuous tense word showing an action that had been performed moments, seconds, minutes or even years ago, and that action or event will continue to be in the past. 'Had' on the other hand is showing an event that just occured recently. Simon might have died 2 days ago and Jack's death might have come seconds ago.

Answer:

The diagnostic procedure in which a small piece of muscle is removed to be sent to the laboratory for examination and analysis is called as biopsy.

Explanation:

Answer:

"Muscle Biopsy" is the abbreviation for a diagnostic procedure in which a small piece of muscle is removed to be sent to the laboratory for examination and analysis.

Explanation:

The microscopically or biochemically examination of a piece of muscle tissue which is removed from an organism in medicine is called as "muscle biopsy".

There are basically two major methods for performing this diagnostic procedure: A method in which small amount of tissue is taken out as sample by inserting biopsy needle into a muscle or by open biopsy in which muscle tissue is removed by making a small cut in the skin and muscle.

This procedure is helpful in discovering issues related to musculoskeletal, connective, nervous and vascular systems of body. It is known for detecting  polymyositis or dermatomyositis known as inflammatory diseases of muscle  and polyarteritis nodosa called as connective tissue and blood vessels diseases.

Answer:

The correct option is c. The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as gyri while the shallow grooves are termed sulci.

Explanation:

The brain consists of many elevated ridges of tissue and grooves. Gyri are parts of the brain that are collected in the form of a crease between the grooves of the cortex. On the lateral face (external face) of the cerebral hemiferium. It appears as a wrinkled surface where there are folds (gyri) separated by indentations or shallow grooves (sulci). On this face it is possible to distinguish four large regions or lobes whose names relate to the cranial bones that cover them. They are the lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.

The ridges on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called 'gyri', whereas the shallow grooves are called 'sulci'. These formations help to increase the surface area of the brain and are used as landmarks to separate it into functional regions.

The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as gyri, while the shallow grooves are termed sulci. These terms refer to the distinctive pattern on the cerebral cortex of the brain. The gyri (singular: gyrus) refer to bumps or ridges, while the sulci (singular: sulcus) refer to grooves or depressions. These features create the characteristic wrinkled appearance of the brain and help increase the surface area.

The most prominent sulcus is the longitudinal fissure, which separates the brain into two hemispheres: the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere. These gyri and sulci are important landmarks, as they allow for the brain to be separated into functional centers.

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Answer:

The correct answer is D) There are signs that Mars once had liquid water on its surface.

Explanation:

Researchers have not found life, or evidence of life, on Mars yet. This planet is considered to be a good candidate in the search of extraterrestrial life because, even though it is smaller than the earth, it still is a huge planet with high possibilities of life on it.  

There is evidence that more than 3.500 million years ago, Mars was a warmer planet with water on its surface. There are, for example, some dry riverbeds that reflect the presence of rivers on the planet´s surface.  They believe that Mars once had an atmosphere with CO², but after losing it, the planet became cold and desertic.

Researchers have found subterranean water, which was detected by radar. There is a lake in the martian south pole, 1.5 km under a thick ice layer, that has at least a meter wide, 20 kilometers long, and is surrounded by high ground. They establish that its origin is the melting of the ice. It is very cold and salty, which makes it difficult to find life on it, but the only ecological niche that could exist for life is underground where there is protection from extreme cold and high radiation levels.

Answer:

Ergonomists or human factors engineers.

Explanation:

Egronomics may be defined as the scientific field that includes the interaction of the human psychology with the scientific theory and methods for the well being and overall development of humans.

Egronomists may be defined as the scientists that mainly studies the difefrent factors that affects the human psychology at the work place. The egronomists  mainly work to design and evaluation of the different factors that makes the human compatible with their work place.

Thus, the answer is ergonomists.

The main functions of glial cells are to insulate neuron axons, which increases the speed of neural messages, and provide structural support and nutrition to neurons. Both option a and option d is correct.

The primary function of the glial cells is both to a. insulate the axon and increase the speed at which neurons convey their message and d. provide structural support and nutrition to the neuron. Glial cells wrap around the axons of neurons creating an insulating layer known as myelin sheath, which helps increase the speed of electrical signals aka action potentials along the neuron. Furthermore, they provide vital support and nutrients for the neurons, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and partake in signal transmission in the nervous system.

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OPTION D.

The primary function of glial cells is to provide structural support and nutrition to the neurons, although they also perform other functions such as insulating axons.

The primary function of the glial cells is option d. They provide structural support and nutrition to the neurons. Glial cells make up about 90% of the brain's cells and they are crucial to neuronal health and functioning. They hold the neurons in place, supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, insulate neurons from each other, and remove dead neurons. The other options listed are either partially correct or incorrect. For instance, some types of glial cells, called oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, do insulate the axons of neurons (option a), but this is not their only or primary function.

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Answer:

multifactorial transmission

Explanation:

It is mostly assumed that one genetic trait is regulated by one gene. However, some genetic traits are controlled by more than one gene. Also, some of these genetic traits are influenced by both genes and abiotic factors such as temperature conditions, diet, lifestyle, etc. These genetic traits are said to be following the multifactorial transmission as they are regulated by more than one controlling factor.

For example, skin color in human beings is regulated by more than one gene. Exposure to light and pollution also affects the skin tone of a person. Being a multifactorial trait, skin color in human beings does not exhibit distinct categories. Rather it exhibits continuous variation and the phenotype ranges from light to very dark with many intermediate categories in between.

Answer:

The most inclusive level of organization is called the Biosphere.

Explanation:

The biological level of organization is organized from the simplest(least inclusive) to the most complex(most inclusive)

The Atom is the simplest unit. Two or more atoms will form a molecule.

The molecules come together to form a cell which is the basic functional unit of life. Cells come together to form tissues then organs and the organ system. Together they make an organism

Populations is formed by a group of the same organisms living in the same area.

Different populations will form a community. The communities together with the environment they live in form an Ecosystem.

Lastly, The Biosphere is the most inclusive and encompasses all ecosystems on Earth

Answer:

A) 25%

B) 100%

Explanation:

This involves a single gene. Let's assume the gene is Z. The dominant allele (Z) produces a tiger with normal phenotype i.e. presence of fur pigmentation and no cross eye while the recessive allele (z) produces a tiger with no fur pigmentation (white) and cross-eye.

According to the question, a heterozygous tiger will have normal phenotype because the dominant allele (Z) is masking the expression of the recessive pair (z). Hence, in a cross between Zz and Zz (two heterozygous tigers), four possible offsprings will be produced, in which three(3) will be phenotypically normal (Zz) and one(1) will be phenotypically recessive (zz) i.e. possess cross-eye and white furs. Hence, the percentage of cross-eyed (recessive) tiger offsprings will be 1/4 × 100 = 25%. (See attached image)

For question B; The recessive allele for the gene induces both lack of fur pigmentation and cross-eyed phenotypes I.e. The two recessive phenotypes are caused by the same recessive alleles on the same locus. This means that a tiger that is cross-eyed must also be white-furred or lack fur pigmentation. Hence, the percentage of having a cross-eyed tiger that is white is 100%.

When two heterozygous tigers are mated, 25% of the offspring will be cross-eyed, and 100% of cross-eyed tigers will be white.

In tigers, let's assume white fur and cross-eyed condition are represented by the recessive allele 'a', and the normal pigment and eye condition are represented by the dominant allele 'A'. If two heterozygous tigers (Aa) are mated, the probability of having cross-eyed (recessive phenotype) offspring can be found by setting up a Punnett square.

The genotypes of the offspring would be as follows:

This means, 1 out of 4 or 25% of the offspring will be cross-eyed, which answers Part A.

For Part B, since all cross-eyed tigers must be homozygous recessive (aa), 100% of cross-eyed tigers will be white. Thus, all cross-eyed tigers will have white fur.

Answer:

a. food and drink.

Explanation:

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as represented by a pyramid, has the most fundamental and basic needs placed at the bottom, which are physiological needs. They are followed by safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

Physiological needs include food, drink, shelter. These are needs necessary and essential for physical survival that motivates human behaviors.

Food and drink are the most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow’s hierarchy of human motives .

Final answer:

The lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives is the need for food and drink, which are fundamental physiological needs that must be met before higher-level psychological and social needs.

Explanation:

The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for food and drink. Maslow's hierarchy is portrayed as a pyramid with several levels of needs. At the base of the pyramid, we find the physiological needs vital for survival, such as nourishment and hydration. As one moves up the pyramid, the needs become more psychological and social, ending with self-actualization. Before higher-level needs like love and friendship or self-esteem can be pursued, these fundamental physiological needs must be fulfilled. This concept shows the progression from basic survival to achieving one's full potential, which is culminated with self-actualization at the top of the pyramid.

Answer: Blood sugar is also called Blood glucose

Explanation:

Hypoglycemia or low blood glucose is a condition when the blood sugar falls below 70mg/DL. It is an harmful condition that makes person weak ,hungry and dizzy. Anyone that experience such except for diabetes patients can take Carbohydrates like crackers, fruit juices.

But for the case of diabetic patients, medication of insulin. Should be given to them if they have been properly diagonised by Doctor.

Answer: blood glucose

Explanation: Blood Glucose is synonymous to blood sugar and low blood sugar is referred to as hypoglycemia.

Answer:

The thylakoid space to into the stroma.

Explanation:

Chemiosmosis refers to the process of the synthesis of the chemical called ATP by the osmosis of protons from high concentration to low concentration.

The process of chemiosmosis takes place in both the mitochondria and the chloroplast in which the enzyme ATP synthase is embedded in the inner membrane and the thylakoid membrane respectively.

In Mitochondria the proton flow from the intermembrane space to the matrix side drives the synthesis of ATP whereas in chloroplast the proton flow from the thylakoid space to the stroma drives the synthesis of ATP.

Thus, the selected option is the correct answer.

In chemiosmosis, protons flow from the intermembrane space into the matrix in mitochondria, whereas in chloroplasts, protons flow from the stroma into the thylakoid space.

In the process of chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts, protons flow across the membrane to facilitate the production of ATP. In mitochondria, protons flow from the intermembrane space into the matrix. Conversely, in chloroplasts, during the process of photosynthesis, protons flow from the stroma into the thylakoid space. This difference is due to the distinctive functions and structures of the mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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Answer: Quaternary structure

Explanation:

The proteins exists in all the structures such as primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary structure of the protein is simple, secondary is made of two sheets like structure.

The tertiary structure of the proteins is made of beta pleated structure. The monomeric proteins do not form quaternary structure. It is reserved for proteins having two or more polypeptide chains.

Hence the correct answer is Option D

Monomeric proteins lack a quaternary structure; this level of structure refers to the assembly of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional protein complex. Monomeric proteins only possess primary, secondary, and tertiary structures.

Monomeric proteins do not have a quaternary structure. A quaternary structure is formed only when multiple polypeptide chains, also known as subunits, come together to form a functional protein complex. Monomeric proteins, composed of a single polypeptide chain, include only the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. The secondary structure refers to local configurations such as α-helices and β-sheets within a polypeptide chain, resulting from hydrogen bonding. The tertiary structure represents the overall three-dimensional shape of the protein, which is critical for the protein's function.

Answer:

[Observations]

- The Andromeda Galaxy is similar in structure to our own Milky Way

- All planets orbit the Sun in the same direction and nearly the same plane

- More distant galaxies are moving away from us faster than nearby galaxies

- Stars can shine brightly for billions of years

[Explanations]

- The universe is expanding because it began with a Big Bang

- The Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies formed in the same way

- The orderly orbits of planets arose from their formation in a rotating gas cloud

- Stars shine with energy generated by nuclear fusion in their cores

Answer:

D. Chemoautotrophs

Explanation:

Autotrophs in plain are organisms that synthesize their own food while hetrotrophs are organisms that do not synthesize their own food.

Chemotrophs (Chemoautotrophs and Chemohetrotrophs) are a group of organisms that obtain their energy through the oxidation of inorganic molecules, These organisms require carbon to survive and reproduce.

Chemoautotrophs are able to produce inorganic molecules by the fixation of CO2 from their immediate environment. The energy required for this process is got from Nitrogen, Magnesium, Sulphur etc.

Chemohetrotrophs are a class of chemotrophs that are unable to synthesize their own food but rather ingest complex molecules like carbohydrates from the environment.

Phototrophs are a group of organisms unlike chemotrophs that depend on the source of light or sunlight for synthesizing its food or organic molecules.

Photoautotrophs are basically photosynthetic plants which are able to carry out photosynthesis ie the conversion of CO2 and H2O to give Glucose and Oxygen in the presence of sunlight.

Photohetrotrophs are a class of organisms that do not synthesize their own food but rely on other organisms or already made organic molecules.

Answer: Option C) The arrangement of atoms allows precise hydrogen bonding.

Explanation:

The individual hydrogen bonds between the base pairs confer stability to double helix of DNA.

The bases atoms take SPECIFIC POSITIONS or better still ARRANGEMENT, with Guanine pairing with Cytosine base atoms by three hydrogen bonds, while Adenine pair Thymine base atoms by two hydrogen bonds.

So, the arrangement of base atoms allows precise hydrogen bonding and hence STABILITY of DNA double helix.

Answer:

e) all of the above are true

Explanation:

Genes are the stretch of DNA that code for a specific polypeptide chain. Genes are present in linear order on the chromosomes. A diploid organism has two alleles of a gene. The two alleles of a gene separate from each other during the segregation of sister chromatids in anaphase-II of meiosis.

This results in the presence of one allele for each gene in a gamete. Also, the alleles of two different genes segregate in a random way and produce new combinations of genes in the progeny. Random segregation of alleles of two genes occurs when they are present at different chromosomes.

Answer:

The variation might occur in the population that leads to the evolution of the species. This variation may occur due to natural selection, mutation or recombination.

The variation might change the genotype and allelic frequency of the population and might also change the phenotype of the individual in the population. The breeding adults of the left mouthed in 1981, 1987 and 1990 shows variation and was equally opposite phenotype which is more common in the population.

Answer:

Theory

Explanation:

The theory is referred to the set of documents that are provided for the better understanding of the human emotion, rights, thoughts, and behaviors.

Theory work for two main aspects -  

- it must provide or analyze the behaviors  

- it must induce hypothesis and  predict future behaviors

A theory is a document that gives an explanation about an understanding of the facts. it includes question like why and so. it is a series of documents that present on the wider scale to have been accepted by larger communities.

Final answer:

In psychology, a theory is a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena and includes measurements to test the effects of behaviors. Experiments are used to test hypotheses and determine cause and effect relationships. Hypotheses are tentative explanations for observations that can be scientifically tested.

Explanation:

In psychology, a theory is a set of statements about the mechanisms underlying a particular behavior. It is a hypothetical mechanism used to help explain behavior, and it involves a way to measure an observable characteristic that serves as a stand-in for something that is not observable. This measurement assists in the measurement of the effect that an experience might have.

Psychologists use various research methods to understand and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it. Methods can include observational techniques, in-depth interviews, and experiments, which are designed to test hypotheses in a controlled setting. These experiments are the only research method that measures cause and effect relationships between variables, aiming to explain how certain factors or events produce outcomes.

The hypothesis in psychological research is a tentative explanation for scientific observations that can be framed in a way that is testable. This is critical as it contributes to the validity, which revolves around the accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure. Explaining causal relationships and the mechanisms by which they are mediated can be extrapolated to predict and explain events in new contexts.

Answer: The advantages of spines in these unrelated organisms are as follows:

- for escape and defence

- for regulations of body temperature

- for conservation of water

Explanation:

The evolution of spines in Tenrecs, echidnas and hedgehogs represent STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION i.e when a part of the body of a living organism undergoes changes to become structurally adapted to its mode of life.

- The evolved spines in hedgehogs are for physical defence

- in tenrecs, they are for physical defense

Answer:

Extended family

Explanation:

An extended family is a type of family that consists of the father, mother, children and other relatives living in the same household. It goes beyond consisting of just father, mother and children.

The family above consist of the father, mother, children and a grandparent, which makes it a type of extended family. It goes beyond a typical nuclear setting of a family.

Answer:

His sisters son

Explanation:

Mitochondrial DNA are small circular chromosomes found inside the mitochondria. They are passed exclusively from the mother to children through the egg cell therefore it is maternally inherited.

In the given question. Mitochondrial DNA of an extended family was sequenced and compared to a single male.

His sisters son will match because the person and the sister will have similar mitochondria since they have the same mother. The sister will pass it down to her son.

Answer:

pleiotropy

Explanation: