Why were you able to see the dna after adding ethanol? what chemical process led to the visible masses of dna?

Answers

Answer 1
The chemical process is called precipitation. 

Usually, a combination of salt and ethanol are added to a solution in order to allow the DNA to precipitate or come out of solution. 

Polar molecules are those with uneven distribution of charges in their structure, which gives them partial positive and partial negative parts in their structure. In general, the rule in solubility is "like dissolves like," which means that polar or charged solutes can dissolve in a polar solvent. Ionic and polar solutes which are "attracted" to and dissolve in water are called "hydrophilic" (water-loving), while nonpolar solutes, which do not dissolve in water are called "hydrophobic" (water-fearing or hating). 

DNA has a sugar-phosphate backbone in its structure. The phosphate (PO3-) groups of the backbone are negatively charged. Water, being a polar molecule (with the oxygen end being more negatively charged, and the hydrogen ends being more positive), can interact with the negatively-charged phosphate groups of the DNA and allow the DNA to dissolve in water. 

When salt (usually sodium acetate) is added, the positive ions of the salt (e.g. Na+ for sodium acetate) interact with the negatively-charged ends of the phosphate groups (PO3-) in the sugar backbone. This "neutralizes" the charges of the negatively-charged phosphate groups. As a result, the amount of water molecules able to interact with the phosphate groups diminishes, and this lessens the solubility of the DNA. 

However, because water has a relatively high dielectric constant (index of polarity), it would be fairly difficult for the Na+ ions to interact with the PO3- groups. Adding the ethanol, which has a lower dielectric constant than water, makes it easier for the Na+ ions to come together with the PO3- groups, and shields it charge from the water molecules. This makes the DNA molecules less hydrophilic and less soluble. As a result, the DNA molecules come out of solution (through a process called precipitation). 

Related Questions

How did you test your hypothesis? which variables did you control in your experiment and which variable did you change in order to compare your growth results?

Answers

Hypothesis is a proposed explanation which is made on the basis of given experimental data taken as starting point for further investigation. All hypothesis test are conducted in a same manner fiollowing the four main steps:

1. State the hypothesis

2. Formulate an analysis plan

3. Analyzing the data obtained

4. Final step is to analyze the results

There are three types of variables taken in an experiment:

1. Independent variable: light, temperature, humidity

2. Dependent Variable: these depends upon the other variable. changes in the independent variable may cause the dependent variable to change, for example, growth of plant is a dependent variable which depends upon the amount of light(independent variable), the plant receives

3. Controlled Variable: these variable can be controlled and prevented from being change like ty[pe of plant, type of soil


. Scoria is one type of igneous rock like Pumice with lots of holes in it. The holes are made when the rock hardens while __________ bubbles escape.
Choices: magma,lava,gas,above,slowly, granite,quickly, underneath

Answers

gas bubbles, hope this helps:)

The nurse taking care of mrs. t needs to teach her how to manage her condition, since mrs. t will be administering her desmopressin by herself at home. what do you think the nurse needs to emphasize?

Answers

Final answer:

The nurse needs to emphasize proper administration, storage, monitoring, and follow-up when teaching Mrs. T how to manage her condition and administer desmopressin at home.

Explanation:

The nurse needs to emphasize several important points when teaching Mrs. T how to manage her condition and administer desmopressin at home:

Proper administration technique: The nurse should explain and demonstrate how to correctly administer the medication, including the correct dosage and route of administration. This may involve teaching Mrs. T how to use specific devices, such as a syringe or nasal spray, depending on the prescribed form of desmopressin.

Storage and handling: Mrs. T should be informed about the appropriate storage conditions for desmopressin, such as storing it at a specific temperature and protecting it from light or moisture. The nurse should also emphasize the importance of keeping the medication out of reach of children or pets.

Monitoring and reporting: Mrs. T should be educated on the signs and symptoms of any adverse reactions or complications related to desmopressin. The nurse should teach her how to monitor her condition and when and how to report any concerns to her healthcare provider.

Follow-up appointments and communication: Lastly, the nurse should stress the importance of attending scheduled follow-up appointments with her healthcare provider and keeping open lines of communication.

A nurse observes a 10-month-old infant chewing on the security alarm attached to his identification bracelet. the nurse should:

Answers

The answer to this question would be: 3. distract the infant with a more appropriate toy.
An infant wouldn't understand the instruction given by the nurse. It is more appropriate to give the infant another toy to distract him/her from the bracelet. The identification bracelet is important to make sure that a procedure is done for the right patient and shouldn't be removed before the admission is over.

which of these actions is a reproductive strategy?

1. a lioness teaching her young how to hunt
2. a tiger hunting deer
3. cattle grazing on meadows
4. bats hanging upside down on a trees

Answers

The answer is a lioness teaching her young how to hunt
An action could be considered as a reproductive strategy is it's being done to ensure the continuation of the next generation.
Teaching the young lion to hunt will definitely improve the young lion capability's to survive and help their survivability

what strategies/ideas can we pose to promote the effective use and conservation of energy

Answers

One strategy that we can pose to promote the effective use and conservation of energy is to offer tax incentives to people and organizations who install solar panels and convert to solar energy. Tax incentives can also be offered to people who drive more efficient vehicles, such as hybrid cars.

When the algae in coral reefs die off due to environmental stresses, the coral subsequently dies because of lack of food. this process is referred to as ____.​?

Answers

Coral bleaching. The name is apt, as coral affected by this process will lose their vibrant color and become white, which is the color of the calcium carbonate substrate that the coral polyps build around themselves. Coral bleaching can be reversed, but only if ideal conditions return quickly.

The equations summarize the process of fertilization. Which equation represents fertilization?

Answers

What are the equations? Could you post them?

The equation that represents fertilization is haploid + haploid = diploid

The correct option is (c).

Fertilization is a crucial process in sexual reproduction where two haploid gametes, one from each parent, combine to form a diploid zygote. The fusion of these gametes results in the formation of a new individual with a complete set of chromosomes, one set from each parent.

In the equation "haploid + haploid = diploid," both sides of the equation represent the genetic material involved in fertilization. The term "haploid" refers to cells containing one set of chromosomes, representing either the sperm or egg cell. During fertilization, these two haploid gametes unite to form a diploid zygote, which contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent. Therefore, the equation accurately represents the genetic process of fertilization.

Option a, "haploid + diploid = diploid," does not accurately represent fertilization because it implies that one of the gametes involved is already diploid, which is not the case in typical fertilization.

Option b, "diploid + haploid = haploid," also does not represent fertilization accurately. This equation suggests the production of a haploid offspring, which is not the result of fertilization.

Option d, "diploid + diploid = diploid," does not reflect the process of fertilization either. This equation implies the fusion of two diploid cells, which does not occur during normal fertilization.

In summary, option c, "haploid + haploid = diploid," best represents the process of fertilization, accurately depicting the fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote, which is the fundamental event in sexual reproduction.

complete question given below:

The equations summarize the process of fertilization. Which equation represents fertilization?

a.haploid + diploid = diploid

b.diploid + haploid = haploid

c.haploid + haploid = diploid

d.diploid + diploid = diploid

Spinal bifida may result in a hernia of the spinal cord and its covering membrane protruding to the outside of the body. this condition is known as:

Answers

This condition is known as Myelomeningocele. This can affect humans of all ages, but is more commonly found in babies who've had birth defects where the spine doesn't develop fully. This can be treated shortly after birth with a surgery.

What plausible causal channel(s) runs directly from the treatment to the outcome?

Answers

A high-interest rate means the opportunity cost to built or buy a house is high it is a possible channel. So when the interest rate is higher, there may be fewer new housing starts. The abstract point-scoring task requires a minimal model that illustrates a plausible causal channel.

Unless a series of sedimentary rock layers has been overturned, which layer is usually the oldest? the layer on the top

Answers

The llayer on the bottom is going to be the oldest because it was the first layer that occured/formed with the sedimentary rock.

Answer:

The correct answer is the layer on the bottom.

Explanation:

The formation of the sedimentary rock takes place by the deposition of sediments at the bottom of the water bodies like seas and oceans. The newer deposits of soil that comes via inland inlets, get settled over the previously deposited sediments. The sediments are brought in spontaneously unless and until they become sufficiently big in order to impart intense pressure on the layers underneath and thus results in the formation of rocks.

True or false: vitamin b12 can build up in your system and cause damage.

Answers

the answer to that question would be false

Vitamin B12 is not harmful. Food or high-dose supplements don't create adverse effects or high levels. Therefore, its false.

What is vitamin B12?

Cobalamin, also referred to as vitamin B12, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for metabolism.  Animals need it because they use it as a cofactor in the creation of DNA and in the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids. Additionally, it plays a significant role in the growth and operation of brain and nerve cells. The protein in the foods we eat forms a bond with vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 becomes free vitamin in the stomach when enzymes and hydrochloric acid break its bond.

The amounts of vitamin B12 do not build up to hazardous levels. Whether you acquire it through food or by taking supplements at high doses, consuming a lot of it won't have any negative effects or result in high levels in your system.

Learn more about vitamin B12, here:

https://brainly.com/question/28214348

#SPJ5

This was formerly used as a refrigerant and as a propellant in aerosol cans. These chemicals damage the ozone layer of the Earth

Answers

CFCs = chlorofluoro carbons (:

Answer:

Chlorofluorocarbon ( CFC )

Explanation:

Chlorofluorocarbon ( CFC ) is halogenated paraffin hydrocarbon that consists of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine and chlorine. It is derivative of methane, ethane and propane. It was used as refrigerant and propellant in aerosol cans. It triggers ozone depletion hence its manufacture has been stopped under Montreal Protocol and it has been replaced with other hydro fluorocarbons.

UV light on striking a CFC molecule in upper atmosphere, breaks the carbon chlorine bond which produces a chlorine atom. This chlorine atom reacts with an ozone molecule and destroys it. Hence, CFC damage the ozone layer of the Earth.

When an antigen attacks the body, it activates adaptive immunity. This adaptive immunity produces a strong response when it encounters the same antigen for the second time. Which feature of adaptive immunity is essential for this kind of response?
A.the ability to remember the antigen it encounters
B.the ability to distinguish between self and nonself antigens
C.the ability to produce nonspecific antibodies against the foreign antigen
D.the ability to secrete lysozymes against pathogenic antigens
NextReset

Answers

A.the ability to remember the antigen it encounters. Adaptive immunity is an important part of the immune system. It is protection from an infectious disease agent that is mediated by B- and T- lymphocytes following exposure to specific antigen, and characterized by immunological memory.

Answer:

the ability to remember the antigen it encounters

Explanation:



In which phylum do we first see tissue–level organization? Polifera Cnidaria Nematoda

Answers

cnidarian is the answer I think

Tissue-level organization first appears in phylum Cnidaria, which includes Cnidarians with organized tissues and specialized cnidocytes, unlike the simpler phylum Porifera.

Tissue-level organization is first seen in the phylum Cnidaria. Organisms in phylum Porifera, like sponges, do not possess true tissues, but rather have a simple organization comprising different cell types that together perform necessary functions.

In contrast, Cnidarians such as jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones, have developed organized tissues from two embryonic cell layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm, and have specialized cells called cnidocytes used for stinging and capturing prey.

______ is a rock with fine dark texture that makes up the oceanic crust

Answers

Basalt

Hope this helps (:

Igneous is a rock with fine dark texture that makes up the oceanic crust . Ocean crust is made up of mafic magma . It erupts  over the seafloor to make basalt lava flows or it may cools  down to form  the intrusive igneous rock gabbro . Igneous rock are further divided according to their mineral content.

which of these describes of these describes conduction?

Answers

What are the choices?

Answer: transfer of heat between two objects that are touching. Conduction involves contact. My son just took this quiz, he was correct with his answer.

Meso-level analysis focuses on small group interactions.
a. True
b. False

Answers

The answer is:  [B]:  FALSE.
_______________________________
Small is the same as MICRO. Big is the same as MACRO. However, the answer to this question is FALSE. Msso level analysis focuses on interactions between small and large groups. That is; the interaction between micro and macro groups. Have a nice day

How can analyzing and interpreting scientific data allow scientists to make informed decisions?

Answers

Analyzing and interpreting scientific data allow scientists to make informed decisions by gathering and presenting data in the form of charts, tables and graphs. The ability to present and use data charts, tables, and graphs correctly is essential for good scientific practice and also prevents unnecessary or inappropriate work and misinterpretation of the data.



Final answer:

Analyzing and interpreting scientific data helps scientists make informed decisions by providing quantitative evidence to support or refute hypotheses, theories, or conclusions. This process leads to deeper understanding, prediction of outcomes and guidance for future research and decision-making.

Explanation:

Analyzing and interpreting scientific data is crucial for scientists as it enables them to make informed decisions. This is because scientific data provides quantifiable evidence that can support or refute scientific hypotheses, theories, or conclusions.

For example, if scientists are conducting a study on the effects of a specific drug on cancer cells, they collect data in the form of measurements, observations, and experiments. Then they analyze this data, which may involve statistical tests to evaluate the significance of the drug's effects. The interpretation of this data can then guide their conclusions about the drug's effectiveness and determine the next steps in their research.

In conclusion, the analysis and interpretation of scientific data enables scientists to attain a deeper understanding of the phenomena being investigated, anticipate potential outcomes, and guide their future research and decision-making processes.

Learn more about Scientific Data here:

https://brainly.com/question/37590879

#SPJ6

This type of learning can develop skills like physical strength and endurance, social bonding, and cognitive abilities:

Answers

Answer:

Playing

Explanation:

Playing is a form of learning using which a child can learn new skills and various things in the world around him. It helps the child to learn cognitive skills, gain more confidence, develop a stronger body and become more social. Playing helps to do so by providing an environment and opportunity to engage in various activities and learn new things.

Answer:

Playing.

Explanation:

The habit of playing is somewhat old, some popular games such as chess, checkers, dominoes, caste or even sports had been practiced by ancient people, for thousands of years. Like these games, electronic games aim for greater integration of people, because a gathering of people for a football game, board games and also for virtual games, in which most often the individuals who play the game go to interact from that moment on.

Playing has many benefits for body and mind, as well as being fun and relaxing, playing is a type of learning that can develop skills such as strength and endurance, social bonding and cognitive skills.

Inspiration will ____ thoracic and lung volume and _____ intrapulmonary pressure.
a. increase, increase
b. increase, decrease
c. decrease, increase
d. decrease, decrease

Answers

the correct answer is C

Which organization tracks shipments of legal chemicals used to produce illicit drugs?

Answers

The Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs ( INCSR ) will likely deal with such matters.

Another thermophile, thermus aquaticus, was isolated from a hot spring in yellowstone national park. it is the source of the enzyme taq polymerase, which is used in the molecular technique called polymerase chain reaction (pcr). pcr is used to amplify sequences of dna. what extremophile characteristic of this enzyme makes it an essential component in a pcr reaction?

Answers

The extremophile characteristic of the enzyme that makes it an essential component in a PCR reaction IS THAT IT IS HEAT STABLE AND CAN WITHSTAND HIGH TEMPERATURES. An extremophile refers to a living organism which can exist in an extreme environment, under high temperature and pressure. 

Which of the below is not a function of the exoskeleton?

Answers

Breathing, moving blood throughout the body, and so forth. 

Some of the Non-functions of the exoskeleton are ;

Breathing Blood circulation Digestion

The exoskeleton is the external part of the human skeleton that determines an organisms shape and size, the primary functions of the exoskeleton is to protect the organism and provide the necessary support as well.

Also some other functions of the exoskeleton includes; excretion, sensing and it also aids the Individual during feeding as well. the internal functions carried out in an organisms such as Breathing,  Blood circulation and digestion is aided by the endo skeleton.

Hence we can conclude that some of the Non-functions of the exoskeleton are  Breathing, Blood circulation and Digestion

Although the options related to your question is missing a general answer is provided above

Learn more : https://brainly.com/question/14093899

When testing fertilizer on a tomato farm one patch of soil is given fertilizer and another patch (the same size) is not. Which one is the experimental group

Answers

The experimental group is the group you change from the normal. the fertilizer group is experimental

Which of the following could be a sequence in the carbon cycle? (Hint: light enters the atmosphere… then what?)

a. plants take in carbon dioxide and produce glucose -> animals consume plants -> animals break down glucose and release carbon dioxide

b. animals break down glucose and release carbon dioxide -> animals consume plants -> plants take in carbon dioxide and produce glucose

c. animals consume plants -> plants take in carbon dioxide and produce glucose -> animals break down glucose and release carbon dioxide

d. plants take in carbon dioxide and produce glucose -> animals break down glucose and release carbon dioxide -> animals consume plants

Answers

i beleave its d. plants felter oxygen

The correct answer is option A,  Plants take in carbon dioxide and produce glucose-animals consume plants-animals break down glucose and release carbon dioxide.

Reason -

The carbon cycle comprises of following stages

a) Release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere – carbon is released in the form of CO2 as a result of  exhalation process during respiration of all living species or by burning of fuels or decomposition of dead organic matter etc.

b) Carbon uptake by plants – Plants take in CO2 to produce glucose and oxygen during the process of photosynthesis.  

c) Usage of carbon product produced by plants – All animals or human beings consume the plant to take in the carbon entrapped by the plant in the form of glucose  

d) Release of carbon by animals/living species – Again after consuming plants, the living beings including animals exhale out CO2 by respiration, or microorganisms feed on the dead remains to release carbon in the soil

This process continues in a cyclical chain manner again and again.

_______ is (are) associated with permafrost

Answers

High latitudes and altitudes are associated with permafrost. These areas provide the lengthy cold conditions that support permafrost development. Permafrost is soil, rock or sediment that is frozen for more than two consecutive years and is not found in warmer climates.

All of the listed human actions affect the nitrogen cycle, with the exception of the

Answers


runoff of pesticides into streams and lakes.

The client's cbc with differential reveals small-shaped hemoglobin molecules. the nurse expects to administer which medication to this client?

Answers

The medication that the nurse should administer to the client experiencing the following symptom is iron because the client may have been experiencing iron deficiency because of the results shown above where there are small shaped hemoglobin molecules in the CBC.

Please answer as soon as possible.... The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and what gas?

A. nitrogen
B. hydrogen
C. water vapor
D. carbon dioxide

Answers

it should be B

hope it helped <3
The correct response would be D. Carbon dioxide. These are the 2 dominant gases involved in gas exchange both on the multi cellular level for the organism and also the cellular one.
Other Questions
The battle of yorktown was a victory for the british a. True b. False what percentage do the elements hydrogen and helium account for in the universe? A. 100% B. 99.9% C. 98% D.99.8% Cul de estos instrumentos no pertenece a la familia de percusin? There are 6 quarters in a jar. Jill adds 2 quarters to the jar every day. Which linear equation represents the total amount of quarters in the jar after x days? A. 6y = 2x B. y = 6x + 2 C. y=16x+2 D. y = 2x + 6 Which change in an abiotic factor causes coral bleaching? a. increased salinity b. decreased salinity c. decreased turbidity d. increased temperature WILL GIVE BRAINLESS factor the polynomial Explain how the reduction in dopaminergic signaling that could precede the development of motor symptoms in pd could explain the "parkinsonian personality Japans attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941, led the United States into World War II and radically changed the lives of 120,000 men, women, and children of Japanese ancestry living in the United States. The attack intensified racial prejudices and led to fear of potential sabotage and espionage by Japanese Americans among some in the government, military, news media, and public. GET 20 POINTS AND BRAINLIEST ANSWER!!!Which identifies the best inference, based on the passage?No one spoke out in defense of Japanese Americans following the Pearl Harbor attack.The American government interned all Japanese Americans following the Pearl Harbor attack.Japanese Americans helped to plan the Pearl Harbor attack.The attack on Pearl Harbor was a major contributing factor in America's decision to enter World War II. During the early 20th century which group was dedicated to providing aid to the poor in America Stella is driving in the far right lane of a multi-lane road, but she needs to make a left turn that's coming up in 50 feet. what should she do? All our sources of fresh water, like rivers, wells, and aquifers, are dependent on When decision makers carefully and conscientiously execute all six stages of decision making, the decision makers are said to have exercised? dna and rna interact in the process of protein formation.which is a correct description of a step in protein synthesis that involves the action of nucleic acids?a.dna molecules move into the cytoplasm to produce transfer rnab.messenger rna is made on a dna template by the process of transcriptionc.transfer rna functions to proofread rna to eliminate errors during replicationd.the original code for proteins is contained in rna which is transcribed and translated by dna The nurse is caring for a client who comes to the clinic with tinea corporis, for which the prescriber orders clotrimazole. what education about this medication should the nurse provide? Why were creoles ready to revolt by 1808? Both the employee and the employer contribute to the F.I.C.A. fund and to the Medicare program. True or False which of the following is a factor of 15x2-14x-8 Why can diamonds form in the mantle?a.the weight of the rocks above the mantle results in high pressure.b.the weight of the rocks in the outer core results in high pressure.c.the weight of the rocks in the outer core increases the temperature.d.the sun and moon cause a low pressure in the upper mantle? Find the missing terms in the polynomial problems. Answers will have multiple terms. 1. (c^3 + c^2 - 5) + ( ) = c^2 + 2c - 7 2. (2d^2 + d) - ( ) = - d^3 + 3d - 1 3. ( ) - (2x^4 - 2x^2 - 3) = x^4 + x^3 - 2x^2 + x Which one of the following choices best represents a stress hormone Steam Workshop Downloader