Based on the citation how does this clause represent a check on unlimited government power

As a strategy to curb drug abuse, drug testing by employers is primarily designed to address safety concerns.

A drug is any chemical substance that, when consumed, causes a change in the physiology or psychology of an organism. Food and substances that provide nutritional support are typically distinguished from drugs.

Drugs can also alter the way the brain and the rest of the body function, resulting in changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, and behaviour.

Drug use can have unanticipated consequences in the lives of those involved. It can have an impact on one's health, relationships, employment, and education.

Therefore, Employer drug testing is primarily intended to address safety concerns as a strategy to combat drug abuse.

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Final answer:

Mark Malkoff's reduction of fear after living on an airplane for 30 days best illustrates the process of exposure therapy. Exposure therapy is a technique in behavioral therapy that helps individuals overcome fears or anxieties by gradual exposure to the feared object or context without any danger.

Explanation:

Exposure therapy is grounded in the principles of conditioning where the subject is exposed to the fear-inducing stimuli in a controlled manner until the fear responses are extinguished. In Mark Malkoff's case, his constant exposure to the environment of the airplane allowed him to confront his fear directly. Over time, this reduced his anxiety, as his brain learned that the stimulus (plane travel) was not harmful and ceased responding with fear. This technique relies on the psychological concepts of habituation and classical conditioning, where the subject learns to disassociate the stimulus from the fear response. As he lived on the airplane without negative consequences, his fear faded, demonstrating how exposure therapy utilizes the body's own mechanisms to overcome irrational fears.

It is an example of non-gender free. It is because in order for it to be classified as a gender free word, or for it to be considered to be one, it has to have no connection in regards to a specific gender.

The difference between behavior theory from other psychological theories is that a behavior theory is considered to be as a major determinant in regards with the behavior of an individual in which they are affected because of the external stimulus or factors that may affect them or the environment surrounding them rather than their own.

Final answer:

Behavior theory focuses on how behavior is shaped by external reinforcements and consequences, rather than on biological factors. It puts less emphasis on the mind and internal mental processes and instead focuses on observable behavior.

Explanation:

Behavior theory differs from other psychological theories in several ways. One major difference is that behavior theory focuses on how behavior is shaped by external reinforcements and consequences, rather than on biological factors. This means that behaviorists believe that personality and behavior are not inborn traits, but are learned through prior experiences and conditioning. Another difference is that behavior theory puts less emphasis on the mind and internal mental processes, and instead focuses on observable behavior. Behaviorists believe that all behaviors, including thoughts and feelings, can be explained in terms of basic physical factors.

Spencer's desire to drive without a license exhibits egocentrism and a lack of formal operational thought, where he fails to consider the consequences and legality of his actions. He also lacks the experience-based practicality of postformal thought, which typically develops later in life and involves making decisions factoring in what is likely to happen.

The kind of thinking exhibited by fifteen-year-old Spencer, who wants to drive the family car without a driver's license, can be characterized by a few key psychological concepts. One such concept is egocentrism, which is typical of adolescent thinking wherein teenagers may have difficulty differentiating between their own perspective and that of others, leading them to make statements like 'other kids do it, so why can't I?' Additionally, Spencer's reasoning reflects a lack of formal operational thought, a stage of cognitive development where individuals are able to think abstractly and consider the potential consequences of their actions. This stage generally develops around the age of 11, but it takes time to fully mature, as observed in younger adolescents compared to adults in their late 30s. In this case, Spencer is also demonstrating a lack of postformal thought, which involves practical decision-making based on experience and understanding the difference between what is possible and likely.

Spencer's argument lacks the experience-based practicality that an adult might show in the same situation. Instead of understanding the legal and safety reasons for why he must wait to drive, he appeals to what he perceives as an unfairness, based on anecdotal evidence rather than logical reasoning or consideration of the potential risks involved. In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the ability to think logically and evaluate the likelihood of different outcomes — a characteristic of postformal thinking — usually develops later in life.

Answer:

Egyptians used the Hieroglyphics as the alphabet, and in Mesopotamia, it was used the Cuneiform alphabet.

Explanation:

In some respects the writing in Egypt and Maesopotamia is similar. Both are based on a phonetic alphabet and do not mark the vowels in the word. However, they have their differences.

In Egypt we have the famous hieroglyphics, a system based on small icons that are associated with figures of reality and that make their sense from the relation between the enunciation of terms and the name of the being that appears as an image. Meanwhile, the mesopotamian cuneiform is composed of less delimited figures, going through a process of abstraction of the figures and basing the marking of writing on three wedge shapes (the vertical, the horizontal and the open).

It's B. Bahrain.

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Answer:The answer B.Bahrain is correct!!!!!!

Explanation:

Answer:

.

Explanation:

The correct developmental psychologist who believed that cognitive development is a result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to solve problems is Lev Vygotsky.

Lev Vygotsky was a pioneering psychologist who introduced the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner. According to Vygotsky, cognitive development occurs as children interact with others, particularly with more knowledgeable others, such as parents, teachers, or peers. Through these interactions, children are able to move from what they can do on their own to what they can do with assistance, thus advancing their cognitive abilities.

Vygotsky emphasized the importance of social and cultural factors in cognitive development. He argued that children learn through participating in activities that are just beyond their current level of independent performance, with the support of someone more knowledgeable. This process of ""scaffolding"" allows children to build on their existing knowledge and skills, gradually becoming capable of performing tasks independently.

In contrast to Jean Piaget's theory, which focused on the stages of cognitive development that children go through individually, Vygotsky's theory highlights the essential role of social interaction in the development of cognition. Vygotsky's ideas have had a significant impact on educational practices, emphasizing the importance of collaborative learning and the role of teachers as facilitators who guide students through the learning process.

Answer:

In chapter 24 of Great expectations, Pip presented a mixed emotions on Joe's visit. Pip acknowledged that he has strong ties with Joe but he is not happy to introduce him to Bentley. He does not wanted to highlight his humble beginnings in front of people. Hence, a contrast of feelings and meanness despite having strong ties with Joe advocates mixed feelings of Pip.

Explanation:

Pip wanted to keep Joe away from him by paying money and was mean about his present reputation. However, he was also keen to impress Joe when he visits him by showing him his grandeur. He chose good food for dinner and lighted fire to make him comfortable. He also hired a servant boy to make Joe's stay extravagant.

When Joe visited Pip, both of them were uncomfortable and preoccupied. Pip was suffering from an inner conflict about whether to meet Joe wholeheartedly or keep him at a distance.

Answer:

Normative Social Influence

Explanation:

Saul admits that he conforms so as to be liked by others. this is known as Normative Social Influence.

The act of conforming to a social norm in order to fit in and be part of a group is known as normative social influence. They act in this way because it is socially beneficial or because they want to avoid social rejection (such being made fun of for not "fitting in").

Peer pressure, or the urge to fit in and "belong," is an illustration of normative social influence. Simply said, you follow the rules of a group to ensure that you are accepted and protected from scorn for being an outsider.

Normative influence describes the fact that people occasionally alter their behavior, attitudes, or values in an effort to win the approval and respect of others. As a result, people become more conformist, changing their words or behavior to match what they see.

Thus, Normative Social Influence.

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