Do substance abusers have psychological disorders prior to use, or does the use of drugs and alcohol create disorders?

Answers

Answer 1
There is a lot of debate about this topic. It's unknown fully, yet, in the field of Psychology if there are predisposition psychological disorders about those with substance abuse. Some research has shown that yes, there's is something called an "addictive personality" that we're just born with. Sometimes, substance abuse is genetic, as well.

Related Questions

Why aren't magazine photos a good representation of what a healthy person looks like?

Answers

Magazine photos are usually of people who are anorexic or who starve themselves. they are not a representation at all of normal healthy people. Most of the photos in magazine are photoshopped as well to look like they have nothing wrong with them or no blemishes or fat at all.

There could be many answers to this question, but mainly, two are very common.

First, magazines tend to use Photoshop on their photographs in order to adjust them to the overall graphic design that any given magazine establishes as its own, adulterating, so to speak, the realism of their contents, perhaps deviating from what a healthy human body would probably look like.

Second, there is a global widespread aesthetic that tends to idealize unrealistic body types, both of men and women, though more noticeably in the latter. These body types do not necessarily conform to what a healthy human body would look like; having said that, there is no reason to demonize these body types since some could be perfectly healthy, even if slender or otherwise.    


Why can't sociologists empirically study which religion is true or not true?

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There is no (and can likely be no) empirical proof of a God/gods. Each religion is subjectively true in the eyes of their believers, and none is necessary "more true" than another - though you may be inclined to disagree if you belong to one such religion.

Analyze how federal budget decisions require tradeoffs and choices. How would you attempt to balance the federal budget? For example, would the defense budget be reduced to pay for an increase in transportation infrastructure? If so, why?

Answers

if I answer this can you answer mine

Answer:

Hi! Well, this question is about your personal opinion on the subject, but I will give you mine in case it helps.

Decisions on federal budgets clearly require tradeoffs and very difficult choices. I'd say that is all about trying to find a balance.

Explanation:

Being in charge of these kinds of decisions is a very serious deal. As I said before, I think that the key is to try to find a balance. This doesn't mean that I would adjudicate the same amount of money to every section, it means that I would carefully analyze every situation, decide which ones are essential and would adjudicate more money to those. It will always depend on the necessities of the society and the money I have to afford them. If I had a lot of money, the decision making process wouldn't be so difficult, the problem is if I lack the money. In that case, I would study which are urgent matters and would send more money to those.

As for the specific question on the defense budget and the transportation, I would analyze if defense is actually functioning well, or if it is not. If it is not working, I would put it on the top list of priorities and would send more money to this matter in order to make it work. Defense is one of the key subjects for the rest of subjects to function, so it would be my priority, but, as I said before, this is a very personal opinion and you can disagree and have a different one. Just think about it carefully and see what do you feel about it.

Good luck!

What distinguishes a minority from a society's majority?

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the minority has a distinct identity based on physical or cultural traits, and minority experiences subordination

how are the new circumstances of increased socioeconomic mobility damaging traditional institutions and values

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The traditional instutions and values is based on people taking care of their ownselves in order to move toward the higher economic strata.
The new circumtances on the other hand, encourage people to help others in distributing their wealth so we as a whole society could move together to the higher economic strata.

Final answer:

Increased socioeconomic mobility is altering traditional values and institutions as individuals prioritize wealth and personal advancement, leading to new societal challenges and a disruptive shift from communal to individualistic lifestyles.

Explanation:

The increase in socioeconomic mobility has been a transformative force in society, challenging and changing traditional institutions and values in numerous ways. As individuals prioritize acquiring wealth and seeking upward mobility, there is often a shift away from maintaining family land and traditions, causing disruptions in generational continuity and altering the fabric of social community bonds. The agricultural era's customs gave way to urban life's demands, frequently resulting in harsh living conditions and necessitating new social structures.

Furthermore, traditional institutions such as government, health, and education systems are affected as people question precedence and authority and as social integration and decision-making processes weaken. These institutions struggle to adapt to new societal norms, which may result in the decay of social capital, customs, and long-established ways of life.

Last but not least, the advent of new communication and transportation technologies has facilitated this transition from communal living to individualism within the marketplace, causing a weakening of family and community ties. This shift brings into question the role of state and social systems in adapting to these changes while preserving continuity and addressing the negative impacts on customary authorities and practices.

In almost all states, which degree is required to obtain a license to practice clinical psychology?

Answers

A Doctoral (PhD) is required for this practice.

The process through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural is called:
a. hierarchies.
b. gender stratification.
c. sexual dimorphism.
d. acculturation. and. enculturation.

Answers

The correct option is "d", that is "acculturation and enculturation".
When we study our own culture it is said to be enculturation and when we study the culture of others, it is said to be acculturation. These are the two process in which racial and ethnic groups are involved daily and  through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural.

Explain how income education and age usually affect party affiliation

Answers

Income, education and age all affect party affiliations in different ways. First, with respect to income, the upper class tends to be conservative or at least economically conservative, because it benefits their bottom line with respect to taxes and additional benefits, for example, deductions. With respect to education, highly educated people tend to be socially liberal because throughout their experiences of obtaining their education, they likely interacted with people of different mindsets and backgrounds, and thus, are more likely to be open-minded and more accepting of different views. With respect to age, people who are older tend to be more conservative largely because of their adherence to religion.
Final answer:

Income, education, and age significantly affect party affiliation and voter turnout, with wealthier and more educated individuals tending to vote more, and age influencing the likelihood of aligning with a particular political party.

Explanation:

In the context of political science, income, education, and age have been observed to influence party affiliation and voter turnout. For instance, senior citizens are known to vote in larger numbers compared to younger individuals aged 18 to 30, who have lower voter participation and often identify as Independents rather than align with major parties such as the Democrats or Republicans.

Wealthier individuals tend to vote more frequently than those with lower income, and despite being wealthier, the wealthiest individuals often vote Democrat. Education also plays a significant role; increased education levels generally lead to higher voter turnout and political engagement. People with higher levels of education and income are more likely to form intense political opinions that remain stable over time and therefore become more actively involved in the political process.

Age is another factor; Millennials, for example, are more likely to identify with the Democratic Party compared to the older Baby Boomer generation, although it remains to be seen how Gen Z will align politically. The trends around these demographics help campaign managers predict and strategize for voter turnout on Election Day.

What is the class of drugs for which withdrawal is least likely?

Answers

the answer to this question is Cannabis
Cannabis  is generally really safe to consume.  After a specific period of time after stopping consuming cannabis, the type of withdrawal that people could get are only low grades anxiety without any form of physical or mental addiction toward the drugs.

Which theorist(s) would agree with the idea that we automatically feel startled by a sound before we label it as a threat? cannon-bard james-lange lazarus ledoux?

Answers

Theorist Zajonc LeDoux would agree that we automatically feel startled by a sound before we label it as a threat. LeDoux's findings suggest that at least a portion of our emotional processing is unconscious, and that thought (cognition) and emotion are separate brain functions.

The primary features of _____ are aggressive outbursts in which individuals become assaultive or destructive in ways that are out of proportion to any stress or provocation.

Answers

The answer is intermittent explosive
Examples of intermittent explosive disorder would be a student who screams uncontrollably when hearing an opinion that he/she does not like.
Studies have shown that psychological treatment is more preferable to treat  this disorder because pharmaceutical treatment tend to resulted in little to no effect.

Answer:

intermittent explosive

Explanation:

The primary features of _____ are aggressive outbursts in which individuals become assaultive or destructive in ways that are out of proportion to any stress or provocation.

In a talk to teachers what was baldwins perspective on history

Answers

Baldawin examines history as being grand and broad, with many sides and perspectives and many different ways it can be analyzed to teach the world different lessons about the past and the future. 

I hope this helps :)

The tendency for sexually partnered couples to resemble each other is called:

Answers

Answer: Homogamy

Homogamy is a term used in sociology to describe the tendency for sexually partnered couples to resemble each other, in some culturally important way. It can be based on status, class, gender, ethnicity, or religion, or age.  It is a form of assortative mating.

Why did progressives believe that strong government action was the only way to tackle the social and economic problems of industrialization?

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The problem was that, through unfettered capitalism, industrialization had led to an underclass of people who had little-to-nothing in the way of financial and social resources. The main thrust of progressivism was that governmental action could help make sure that those without could be lifted up to where they were able to survive, thrive, and be productive members of society.

In hinduism the essential self is called

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They are called an Atman.

On february 3,1998, a u.s. marine corps jet struck a(n) _______, killing 20 people.

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A low flying American jet hit a ski lift cable killing 20 people in Italy. The plane had to make an emergency landing and the crew was safe.

Paul has an iq of 71. he lives in his own apartment, has a job, and supports himself. he has many friends, goes bowling, and eats out often. he has no difficulty adapting to everyday life. according to the definition of intellectual disability, paul has a(n) _____ intellectual disability.

Answers

This is a familial intellectual disability. These types of ret@rdation are usually attributed to environmental factors such as impoverishment, poorer diet, and lack of intellectual stimulation. It is not usually due to psychological or neurological factors, so it usually doesn't appear until or isn't diagnosed until later in life.

What is the view that armstrong calls "materialism"?

Answers

This view holds that everything in human experience can be viewed in physical and chemical terms. It is a way of thinking heavily rooted in bioscience: that is, the components that make up the structure and function of our brains and selves are much more important than our learned experiences.

Holding police officers responsible for any unprofessional (or criminal) behavior is referred to as

Answers

the answer to this question is Civic Accountability
Civic Accountability refers to an action to make sure that people who work in social related engagement is responsible for their actions.
This will make sure that thoise civil workers wouldn't abuse their power and use it for their own benefit.

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. this phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?

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Negative reinforcement. They are used to having a bad reaction to the sheep, they eventually learn that eating sheep is bad. It can make them sick and die. Even if the sheep isn't laced with anything, they will stay away because they think it is laced.

Explain the emergence and role of the equestrian class.

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Equestrians were a social class that emerged in ancient Rome and was changing their customs. The Ă©quites fought in struggles of the Middle Ages. The combats, they did it in mass loading the enemy. In times of peace, they kept the horses of the Roman people in good condition.

What types of groups are defined as economic interest groups?

Answers

Business, labor, and professional organizations. 

A backward collar is a(n) _____ for a priest. negative status symbol standard in all cultures status symbol ascribed status

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The answer is status symbol. The use of status symbols help to proclaim statuses to others and to assist us smooth our connections in everyday life. For example, people wear wedding rings to proclaim their marital status; guns, uniforms, coat of arms to proclaim that they are law enforcement agency officers, and "backward" collars to pronounce that they are Roman Catholic or Lutheran ministers or Episcopal priests.

A backward collar is a negative status symbol for a priest, indicating disrespect for religious norms.

A backward collar is not a negative status symbol for a priest, rather, it is a status symbol that represents their dedication and role within the religious community. In many cultures, a minister or priest wearing a clerical collar, which is a stiff, white band around the neck, signifies their ascribed status as an individual authorized to perform religious services.

The width of this collar can be approximated by the distance between the thumb and index finger.  A clerical collar is standard in many cultures, and typically, it is not appropriate to interpret it through a purely cultural lens as this may vary significantly from one culture to another.

What is the unofficial title of groups like the media that influence the government?
a. silent power
b. anchor of balance
c. fourth branch of the government (fourth estate)
d. interpreters of the law

Answers

c is the answer, good luck                            

In "the destructors," the most likely reason the boys refer to mr. thomas as "old misery" is because

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Most likely the reason is that Mr. Thomas does not interact too much with others and lives alone a solitary life for which the boys refer to him as "Old Misery".
"The Destructors" is a 1954 story written by Graham Greene where "Wormsley Common Gang" is a gang who plan to destroy a two hundred year house. The boys got their gang name from the place where they live.

Answer:

He lives a solitary life and does not interact well with others.

Explanation:

Insurance can help you:

A) minimize monthly expenses

B) financially protect you against unexpected accidents

C) reduce the chances of getting into an accident

D) cover all out-of-pocket costs

Answers

The answer is B. That is the one main purpose of Insurance
B. Financially protect you against unexpected accidents

As a general rule, you should start small assignments __________ before they are due.

Answers

Final answer:

As a general rule, you should start small assignments well in advance before they are due.

Explanation:

As a general rule, you should start small assignments well in advance before they are due. This approach involves planning ahead and breaking down the assignment into smaller, manageable tasks. By doing this, you can avoid procrastination, reduce the pressure and anxiety associated with large or challenging assignments, and ensure a higher quality of work.

For example, if you have a paper to write or a book to read, don't wait until the day before it's due to start. Begin by setting aside enough time for proper research and understanding of the content. Divide the project into sections, such as outline creation, research, drafting, and revision. Assign time slots in your schedule for each section, allowing for rest and reflection in between. This methodical approach not only gives you the benefit of revisiting and refining your work with a fresh eye but also helps mitigate last-minute emergencies or unforeseen complications.

What conclusion can be drawn from solomon asch's experiment on group conformity?

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We can draw the conclusion that the social imperative to agree with the majority will, most of the time, override the individual's ability to assert their own judgement. We can see that the assertions of the group (even if plainly false) do influence the judgement of the individual.

Solomon Asch's experiments illustrated that a significant proportion of individuals conformed to incorrect group norms to be liked or because they assumed the group was better informed. When allowed to respond privately, conformity rates dropped, highlighting the role of public social pressure. Additionally, group size affected the degree of conformity pressure.

The conclusion that can be drawn from Solomon Asch's experiment on group conformity is that individuals have a strong inclination to conform to group norms even when the group norms are clearly incorrect. Asch's experiments, wherein participants were asked to match the length of a line to a standard line in the presence of confederates who unanimously chose an incorrect answer, demonstrated that 76% of the participants conformed at least once to the incorrect majority, and on average, people conformed one-third of the time.

Asch concluded that the primary reasons for this conformity were the desire to be liked by the group and the belief that the group was more informed. Additionally, when subjects could write down their answers privately, instances of conformity dropped significantly, emphasizing the impact of public social pressure on conformity. The experiments also showed that the size of the group influenced the pressure felt by individuals to conform.

What is taught in schools around the world reflects local cultures?

Answers

Often but not always. Sociologists have become increasingly concerned that national culture is being pushed aside in favour of the culture of Western Powers. This is an effect often cited as cultural imperialism.

buying the territory from Mexico, never mind

Answers

Yes, the US did buy some territory from Mexico. This was called the Gadsen Purchase, in which the US bought ~29 - 30k square miles from Mexico for 10 million dollars

hope this helps

Answer:

thanks for the points

Explanation:

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