The treatment of prions with denaturants reduces disease transmission because prions do not contain genetic information, which is affected by ionizing radiation.
Further Explanation:
Disease transmission can be defined as a process which involves the transfer of infectious agent from one individual to another. This transmission can be direct or indirect depending upon the mode of the transfer of the agent to an individual.
The term prion refers to protein infection particle. Normal prion protein is a protein on the surface of the cells which is encoded by a PRNP gene. Mutation in the PRNP gene results in abnormal or misfolded prion protein. Altered prions contains proteinaceous infectious particle which can transmit disease by inducing normal proteins to become misfolded ones.
Treatment of prion preparations with ionizing and UV-radiation does not reduce transmission of disease as it is not a genetic material or DNA. Denaturants can reduce disease transmission by denaturing the structure of misfolded protein which cannot reform again to become infectious.
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Answer Details:
Grade: College Biology
Subject: Biology
Chapter: Life processes-Virus
Keywords:
Prion, protein infection particle, proteinaceous infectious particle, denaturants, misfolded protein, PRNP gene.
Prions' resistance to ionizing and UV radiation suggests that they do not contain nucleic acid genomes, and their infectivity being reduced by denaturants confirms the role of protein structure in disease transmission. Their robustness necessitates special handling guidelines in medicine and related fields to prevent transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
From the observations that ionizing radiation and UV radiation do not reduce the transmission of disease caused by prions, but treatment with denaturants does, it can be inferred that prions are not inactivated by methods that damage nucleic acids, such as ionizing and UV radiation. This suggests that prions do not rely on nucleic acid components like DNA or RNA for their infectious properties, which is consistent with the fact that prions do not contain their own genome. Since denaturants, which disrupt protein structures, do reduce transmission risk, it underscores the role of the abnormal protein conformation in prion infectivity. This aligns with the unique nature of prions as infectious agents that are composed solely of misfolded protein.
Prions are particularly resistant to methods that typically destroy other infectious agents. This information is critical in fields that deal with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), and it guides the development of safety practices for handling prions. The guidelines must address the robustness of prions and the specific ways to reduce their infectivity, emphasizing the importance of using denaturants over other, less effective methods.
Think about what you know about science today. How do you think scientific knowledge will be different in 100 years? Explain your answer.
Answer:
We will know more about the world around us as we continue to collect data.
Much of the basic knowledge we have now will still be important.
There will be new technologies that allow scientists to explore the world in different ways.
Explanation: edge 2022
The word science surrounds the whole universe. This word may be defined as the complete source of knowledge that is concerned with the external world. It also has implications for the inside of an organism.
What is Scientific knowledge?Scientific knowledge may be defined as information or source of implications that are estimated through the utilization of scientific methods. They include observations, hypothesis, methodology, conclusion, evidence, etc.
The scientific knowledge will be different in 100 years because there must be the development of technologies that assist scientists to explore more in a much broader sense.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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Seasonal variations in the color of the snowshoe hare's fur is an example of ________
A seasonal variation in the color of the snowshoe hare’s fur is an example of environmental cues fluctuating gene expression. Gene expression is a progression by which the proprietorship of a gene leads to the presence of the phenotype of the equivalent character.
What type of cellular transport do they use for large molecules? what features of the cell membrane permit it?
Answer: The type of transport that amoebas use for large molecules is endocytosis and exocytosis.
Explanation: Endo- and exocytosis are two types of active transport. In both of these forms of transport, small spheres of membrane called vesicles are used to move molecules.
Identify what structures in a skeletal muscle will shorten in length during contraction of the muscle. choose all that apply. (0.5 pts)
a. the skeletal muscle itself (the whole muscle organ)
b. muscle fascicle
c. muscle fiber
d. myofibril and. sarcomere f. thin filament g. thick filament
Final answer:
Muscle fibers, myofibrils, and sarcomeres shorten in length during muscle contraction.
Explanation:
During muscle contraction, the structures that shorten in length include:
Muscle fibers: Muscle fibers are the individual muscle cells that make up a skeletal muscle. They contain myofibrils that shorten during contraction.Myofibrils: Myofibrils are tiny structures within muscle fibers that consist of protein filaments called actin and myosin. These filaments slide past each other, causing the myofibrils to shorten.Sarcomeres: Sarcomeres are the functional units of a muscle fiber. They are composed of overlapping actin and myosin filaments. During muscle contraction, sarcomeres shorten as the actin and myosin filaments slide past each other.Which immune cells are disrupted when a child is infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)?
What are the psychosocial effects of BDD?
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) leads to severe psychosocial effects such as depression and anxiety, heightened self-consciousness, unhealthy coping mechanisms like substance abuse, and stress particularly related to puberty.
Explanation:Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) has profound psycho-social effects on individuals suffering from it. These include negative impacts on interpersonal relationships, mental health, and typical social functioning. Here are some key psychosocial effects of BDD:
Depression and Anxiety: People with BDD often experience co-morbid disorders, including depression and anxiety (Al-Asadi, Klein, & Meyer, 2015). This can result in feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a constant state of worry and fear. Self-consciousness: Individuals with BDD are overly concerned with their appearance, leading to severe self-consciousness and embarrassment. They often avoid social interactions and can become quite isolated (Falagas et al., 2007). Unhealthy Coping Mechanisms: Due to the mental distress caused by BDD, individuals may resort to unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as substance abuse or self-harm (Wisner et al., 2013). Stress related to puberty: Puberty can exacerbate feelings of self-consciousness, which can be particularly challenging for individuals with BDD (Ge, Conger, & Elder, 2001).
It's vital to provide support to individuals with BDD to mitigate these psychosocial effects and promote overall well-being.
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Which part of the brain regulates hunger and thirst
Final answer:
The hypothalamus in the brain regulates hunger and thirst by receiving neural and hormonal signals, which indicate when to eat and when you are full.
Explanation:
The part of the brain that regulates hunger and thirst is the hypothalamus. It functions as the main control center, integrating various neural and hormonal responses from the digestive system. The hypothalamus contains neural circuits that respond to chemical signals indicating nutrient levels in the blood, as well as mechanical signals from the stomach regarding its fullness. These responses determine whether we feel the need to eat or the sensation of satiety. Additionally, fat tissue produces the hormone leptin, which communicates with the hypothalamus to help regulate food intake and energy balance.
During emerging adulthood, all body systems _____. function optimally age rapidly cease developing begin to develop
Biological rhythms that occur on a daily basis are called _____ rhythms.
Approximately 80 percent of the illicit drugs smuggled into the united states are interdicted (stopped) at the border.
a. True
b. False
What occurs when an earthquake causes a sudden vertical change in the sea floor? a. isostasy b. soil creep c. sheet erosion d. a tsunami
apex D. a tsunami
Answer: d. Tsunami
A tsunami is a natural disaster in which high speed waves generate in the ocean due to the gravitational force exerted by the moon on the water of the ocean resulting in flood. But these may also occur because of the underwater earthquakes, landslides and volcanic eruptions. All these events causes changes in the sea floor.
Therefore, tsunami will occur when an earthquake causes a sudden vertical change in the sea floor.
Which body of water is home to the ENSO cycle?
equatorial Pacific Ocean
The correct answer is equatorial pacific ocean.
Equatorial pacific ocean is a body of water is home to the ENSO cycle.
ENSO cycle refers to southern Oscillation or El Nino. The interaction which occurs between ocean and atmosphere in tropical pacific results to periodic differences.
The three phases of ENSO include La nina, El Nino and neutral phase. ENSO lasts for nine to twelve months. They mostly develop on March to June and weaken on May to July.
ENSO is caused when atmospheric pressure across the pacific of equatorial.
An individual who cannot access memories created before brain damage or injury is suffering from _____ amnesia.
The main hazard from a quiet volcanic eruption is a. volcanic gases. b. lava flows. c. geysers. d. pyroclastic flows. Please select the best answer from the choices provided
The main hazards from a quiet volcanic eruption are volcanic gases and lava flows. These can have substantial long-term effects on the atmosphere, climate, and terrestrial landscapes. Explosive phenomena like geysers and pyroclastic flows are more characteristic of violent eruptions.
Explanation:The main hazard from a quiet volcanic eruption is not geysers or pyroclastic flows, as these usually occur in explosive eruptions. Instead, the primary dangers are a. volcanic gases and b. lava flows. Volcanic gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, are released massive quantities during eruptions. These gases can have long-term effects on the atmosphere and climate. Furthermore, even quiet eruptions can produce enormous amounts of lava. Lava flows can spread rapidly from long cracks during an eruption, forming vast lava plains, like those that exist on the Moon and some of the other terrestrial planets. These flows can cover large areas, causing significant harm to human settlements and ecosystems.
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Why would removing eosin y and/or methylene blue from emb agar alter the medium's sensitivity or specificity/?
Ou have screened for several new recessive mutations in a species of wasp. wasps homozygous for apricot (aa) have pale orange eyes. (wild-type eyes are brown.) wasps homozygous for blunt (bb) have short wings. (wild-type wings are long.)
The non-recombinant gametes are AB and ab which are found in the parents whereas aB and Ab are recombinant in nature as they are absent in parent genotype.
Further explanation:
The true-breeding or pure-breeding represents the parents that are homozygous in nature and will pass on the specific trait to the progeny as they contain either recessive or dominant alleles but not both. The parents heterozygous for a trait will not be able to produce exactly the same phenotype in the offspring due to the presence of both types of alleles.
The genotype of pure-breeding double-mutant can be depicted as ‘aabb’ for apricot and blunt while the wild-type genotypes can be considered ‘AABB’. The cross between the mutant and wild type genotypes would result in the progeny with only ‘AaBb’ genotype.
Parent: aabb × AABB
Filial 1 (F1) generation: AaBb
The F1 hybrids are then test crossed with double-mutant line and result as follows:
AaBb × aabb
F2 generation:
The genotypes obtained in the F2 generation are AaBb, Aabb, aaBb, and aabb which have the phenotypes wild-type, wild-type apricot, pale orange-wildtype, and double-mutant, respectively.
AB, Ab, aB, and ab are the haploid genotypes that were received as gametes from the F1 generation. The gametes Ab and aB are considered recombinant while gametes ab and Ab are said to be non-recombinant because the recombinant gametes are not found in the parents while the non-recombinant ones have been transferred from the parents.
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Answer details:
Grade: College Biology
Subject: Genetics
Chapter: Gene Interactions
Keywords:
Gametes, recombinant gametes, non-recombinant gametes, pure-breeding, true-breeding, F1 generation, F2 generation, genotypes, phenotypes, recessive allele, dominant allele, wild-type, mutant.
Cellular (aerobic) respiration takes place in the presence of and with the use of which o the following?
water
carbon dioxide
oxygen
sunlight
Cellular (aerobic) respiration takes place in the presence of and with the use of the following: oxygen.
Cellular respiration is the process that converts stored food or glucose into energy called ATP with carbon dioxide and H2O as byproducts. Cellular respiration is either aerobic or anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration is divided into three main stages: Glycolysis, the Citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain.Oxygen is needed to help the process of turning glucose into ATP. The initial step releases just two molecules of ATP for each glucose.The later steps release much more ATP.Most of the reactions of cellular respiration are carried out in the mitochondria.Thus, Cellular (aerobic) respiration takes place in the presence of and with the use of the following: oxygen.
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What enzyme came from the digestive tract of the mondoni
The question refers to an enzyme from the digestive tract of a 'mondoni', which could be a mistake or misinterpretation. In general, organisms like 'mondoni', if they exist, would have enzymes like amylase, lipase, and protease in their digestive tract to break down food for absorption.
Explanation:The question doesn't specify a particular enzyme related to the digestive tract of the 'mondoni,' which appears to be a misspelling or misunderstanding. However, generally speaking, organisms have multiple enzymes that function in the digestive process. Enzymes like amylase, lipase, and protease work to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins respectively into their smaller constituent parts for absorption and utilization in the body. Amylase breaks starches into simple sugars, lipase splits fats into glycerol and fatty acids, while proteases break proteins into amino acids. If the 'mondoni' refers to a specific organism, a further and more accurate answer may require additional information about the organism.
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one of the effects of hurricane Katrina, which devastated new orleans in 2005 was the death of almost all of the plants in flooded areas. initially, toxic chemicals and bacteria were suspected as a possible cause. Scientist later determined that the salt concentration in the floodwater caused the plants to die. The death of the plants was most likely due to? A. water moving into plant cells from the surrounding environment. B. Water moving out of plant cells into the surrounding environment.
C. both water and salt moving from plant cells into the surrounding environment.
D. both water and salt moving into plant cells from the surrounding environment.
B. Water moving out of plant cells into the surrounding
environment is the cause of the plants death in flooded areas in New Orleans in
2005 because of the hurricane Katrina. Since the floodwater has a salt
concentration that penetrates into the plant cells.
The plants in the flooded areas of New Orleans died after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 due to the high salt concentration in the floodwaters. This caused water to move out of the plant cells (plasmolysis) leading to dehydration and death.
Explanation:The death of the plants in the flooded areas of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 was most likely due to B: Water moving out of plant cells into the surrounding environment. This effect is largely related to the concept of osmosis. Essentially, the high salt concentration in the floodwaters created a hypertonic environment, causing the water in the plant cells to move out towards the saltier environment in a bid to balance the concentration. This process, known as plasmolysis, results in dehydration and ultimately the death of the plant.
Furthermore, some plant species, known as halophytes, can tolerate such salty conditions due to special adaptations. However, the majority of the plants in the flood-hit areas of New Orleans were not halophytic, thus could not withstand the high salt concentrations. This demonstrates that while some organisms can well regulate the effects of osmosis, many cannot when faced with extreme conditions.
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How can scientific knowledge impact a decision about treating a disease outbreak?
Scientific knowledge may be able to tell us what the disease is immune to, and which kind of cure would actually work against the disease present, and which would be ineffective or may even help the disease spread and mutate.
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Which organelles' function is primarily locomotion?
The main organelles linked with cell locomotion are flagella and cilia. They are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, with structural differences. Other contributing organelles include pseudopodia in amoeba and flagellum in Euglena.
Explanation:The primary organelles associated with locomotion, or movement within cells, are flagella and cilia. These organelles are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, though their structures are distinct. In eukaryotic cells, the flagellum resembles a flexible whip and is made up of nine parallel pairs of microtubules surrounding two central ones, which are arranged in a 9+2 array. The cilia are similar to flagella but shorter and can be used for locomotion, feeding, or the movement of extracellular particles.
Other organelles that contribute to locomotion include pseudopodia in amoeba, which are lobe-like extensions used to anchor the cell to a surface and pull it forward, and the whip-like flagellum in Euglena.
It's important to note that these organelles not only enable the cells to move independently, they also help maintain the cell's shape, secure other organelles in specific positions, and allow the cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell.
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The location (room) in which a surgery can be conducted is not dependent on which factor?
The first step of the ted five-step protocol for effective presentations is to plan your delivery.
a. True
b. False
Which of these is an advantage of using wind as a source of energy? A. Wind energy doesn't pollute the air.
B. Wind turbines take up a lot of space.
C. Wind turbines can produce noise pollution.
D. Wind turbines can harm local wildlife, such as birds.
Answer: A. Wind energy doesn't pollute the air.
Explanation:
Wind energy is a renewable source of energy due to abundance of wind in the atmosphere. The wind energy is harnessed by high speed wind currents used to run the wind turbine. The turbine convert the wind energy into electrical energy.
The wind energy does not generate pollutants like the energy generated by conventional fuels like fossil fuels.
A car has positive acceleration. what information can you infer from this? A. The car is changing direction B. The car is speeding up in the same direction as it traveling C. The car is slowing down is down and changing he direction it is traveling D. The car is slowing down
Answer:
The correct answer is option B. "The car is speeding up in the same direction as it traveling".
Explanation:
A positive acceleration is defined as change of velocity upwards the direction that the object has taken. Therefore, a car having a positive acceleration means that the car is speeding up in the same direction as it traveling. Basically, after a positive acceleration, the car is traveling faster in the same direction that it was before.
when two plants, both tall, were crossed, they produce some offspring that were dwarves. Assuming that the height of the plant is controlled by a single gene and the allele for the tall plant is dominant, what is the genotype of the parents
The Answer is
D. Tt and Tt
What would happen to a neuron if it was exposed to tetrodotoxin?
How do biological organisms use energy worksheet answer key?
Answer:
Organisms use energy in two steps:
Conversion of food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP):Organisms harness the chemical energy of the food and convert it into more usable for that is, ATP. The set of chemical reactions involved in this process is termed as cellular respiration. It may include glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation.
ATP hydrolysis:Organisms use the energy associated with ATP through a hydrolysis reaction. The hydrolysis of ATP releases ADP, Pi, and energy. ADP is further hydrolyzed to produce AMP, Pi, and energy.
Piper accidentally cuts her finger while chopping vegetables. Why does she feel pain?
The nerves can’t transmit an action potential.
Nerves in the finger detect stimuli and send the message to the brain.
The nerves signal the arteries to stop circulation to the area.
Nerves send a reflexive action through the spinal cord.
Answer:
Nerves in the finger detect stimuli and send the message to the brain
Explanation:
When Piper cuts her finger, the pain receptors on her finger skin sense the cut and transmit the message to the brain. This is done via nerve cells which communicate with each other and transmit the message. The dendrites of a nerve cell pick up the pain signal and it is passed through the axon and the synaptic cleft to the next nerve cell. Likewise, the process continues and finally the central nervous system receives the message and she feels the pain.
Click on the true statements about dna. (select all that apply.)