The number of which subatomic particle designates the atomic number of an element? select one:

Answer: Option (a) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Atomic number of magnesium is 12 and electrons are distributed in its shell as 2, 8, 2. So, in order to attain stability magnesium easily loses two electrons.

Therefore, there will be decrease in number of electrons as a result, a positive charge will occur and thus, a cation will be formed.

Thus, we can conclude that an atom of magnesium has lost two electrons. It is known as a cation.

Final answer:

In Chemistry, a neutral atom becoming a cation by losing electrons is explained. Metals like magnesium form cations by losing electrons based on the periodic table. Predicting the formation of cations using the periodic table is highlighted.

Explanation:

Cation: When an atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged and is called a cation. For example, a magnesium atom that loses two electrons forms a Mg2+ cation as it aims to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas.

Metal Ions: Metals tend to form cations by losing electrons. A metal like magnesium in group 2 loses two electrons to form a 2+ cation, and the resulting ion is named after the metal itself, like Mg2+ as a magnesium ion.

Periodic Table: The periodic table guides us in predicting whether an atom will form an anion or cation. Main-group metals lose electrons to achieve noble gas configurations, leading to the formation of cations with predictable charges.

Rutherford performed the gold foil experiment and the observation was as follows:

Since it is specifically stated that the hydrogen is an atom and not an ion, therefore it is written simple as H (not H+). So since an atom of Hydrogen (H) has one proton and one electron and it loses its electron, therefore it is left with one proton, therefore now it becomes an ion of H+.

So answer is its charge is +1.

Answer:

D. +1

answer      +1

explanation

The elements combine with other elements in order to complete their octet and attain stability. The combination can take place either by transfer of electrons or by sharing of electrons. The sharing of electrons results in formation of covalent bond whereas transfer of electrons results in the formation of ionic bonds. The loss of electrons will result in the formation of cation whereas the gain of electrons results in formation of anion. The two oppositely charged ions are held together by electrostatic force of attraction between them.

Hence, an ionic is a force that holds two oppositely charged ions together.

An ionic bond is a force that holds two oppositely charged ions together, typically formed between a metal and a nonmetal.

It involves the transfer of electrons, resulting in cations and anions held by electrostatic attraction. A common example is sodium chloride (NaCl).

An ionic bond is best described as the force that holds two oppositely charged ions together. This type of chemical bond occurs when one atom, typically a metal, donates one or more electrons to another atom, typically a nonmetal, forming a cation (positive ion) and an anion (negative ion). The electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged ions creates the ionic bond. A classic example is the formation of sodium chloride (NaCl), where sodium (Na) donates an electron to chlorine (Cl), resulting in a strong ionic bond that holds the two ions together.

Final answer:

In the given reaction, 1 mole of nitrogen reacts with 3 moles of hydrogen to produce 2 moles of ammonia. Given a volume of 520 mL of ammonia, the number of moles of nitrogen required can be calculated using the ideal gas law. The correct answer is 0.0232 mol.

Explanation:

In the given reaction, 1 mole of nitrogen reacts with 3 moles of hydrogen to produce 2 moles of ammonia. From the information provided in the question, the volume of ammonia produced is 520 mL. To calculate the number of moles of nitrogen required, we can use the balanced equation:

1 mole N2 : 3 moles H2 : 2 moles NH3

Therefore, 520 mL of NH3 is equivalent to 520/1000 L = 0.52 L

Using the ideal gas law, we can calculate the number of moles of NH3:

moles = (volume in liters) / (molar volume)

moles = (0.52 L) / (22.4 L/mol) = 0.0232 mol

Therefore, the correct answer is 0.0232 mol.

The correct answer is 0.0116 mol of nitrogen would react with excess hydrogen to produce 520 mL of ammonia.

To solve this problem, we need to use the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between nitrogen [tex](N_2)[/tex] and hydrogen [tex](H_2)[/tex] to form ammonia [tex](NH_3)[/tex]. The balanced equation is:

[tex]\[ N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) \rightarrow 2NH_3(g) \][/tex]

From the ideal gas law, we know that:

[tex]\[ PV = nRT \][/tex]

where:

- [tex]\( P \)[/tex] is the pressure,

- [tex]\( V \)[/tex] is the volume,

- [tex]\( n \)[/tex] is the number of moles,

- [tex]\( R \)[/tex] is the ideal gas constant, and

- [tex]\( T \)[/tex] is the temperature in Kelvin.

We can rearrange the ideal gas law to solve for the number of moles [tex]\( n \)[/tex]:

[tex]\[ n = \frac{PV}{RT} \][/tex]

Given that the volume [tex]\( V \)[/tex] of ammonia is 520 mL (or 0.520 L), we need to convert this to liters for the calculation. The pressure [tex]\( P \)[/tex] and temperature [tex]\( T \)[/tex] are not given, so we assume standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions, where [tex]\( P = 1 \) atm[/tex] and [tex]\( T = 273.15 \) K[/tex]. The value of [tex]\( R \)[/tex], the ideal gas constant, is 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K).

First, let's calculate the number of moles of ammonia produced:

[tex]\[ n_{NH_3} = \frac{PV}{RT} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ n_{NH_3} = \frac{(1 \text{ atm})(0.520 \text{ L})}{(0.0821 \text{ L.atm/(mol.K)})(273.15 \text{ K})} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ n_{NH_3} = \frac{0.520}{22.41} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ n_{NH_3} \approx 0.0232 \text{ mol} \][/tex]

Now, using the stoichiometry of the balanced equation, we know that 2 moles of [tex]NH_3[/tex] are produced from 1 mole of [tex]N_2[/tex]. Therefore, to find the moles of [tex]N_2[/tex] that reacted, we divide the moles of [tex]NH_3[/tex] by 2:

[tex]\[ n_{N_2} = \frac{n_{NH_3}}{2} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ n_{N_2} = \frac{0.0232 \text{ mol}}{2} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ n_{N_2} = 0.0116 \text{ mol} \][/tex]

Thus, 0.0116 mol of nitrogen would react with excess hydrogen to produce 520 mL of ammonia under STP conditions. This matches option (a) 0.0116 mol.

To create half equations, balance the atoms and charges in each half-reaction, ensure they contain the same number of electrons, and then combine them to form the overall equation.

To make half equations, follow these steps:

Write each half-reaction that shows either oxidation or reduction.

Balance the atoms other than O and H in each half-reaction.

Balance oxygen atoms by adding H₂O, and hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions.

Balance the charges by adding electrons.

Multiply each half-reaction by a factor chosen to make each of the resulting half-reactions contain the same number of electrons.

Combine the two half-reactions to get the overall equation, ensuring the electrons cancel.

An example of this process would be the combination of the iron half-reaction's coefficients being multiplied by 6 to equalize the number of electrons transferred in the reactions.

Answer:

Explanation:

the blanks will be properties and hazard

       Working on chemicals can be a dangerous job so before working on chemicals we should have all the knowledge of the chemicals properties.

         And also while working on the chemical you should also have the knowledge of the hazard caused by the chemicals.

The osmotic pressure of seawater at 20∘C can be calculated using the formula II = MRT, assuming the solute is NaCl. By converting the osmotic pressure to atmospheres and determining the molar concentration, the osmotic pressure can be calculated.

The osmotic pressure of seawater at 20∘C can be calculated using the formula for osmotic pressure, II = MRT, where T is the temperature in Kelvin and R is the gas constant. Assuming the solute consists entirely of NaCl, the molar concentration can be determined using the given information. By converting the osmotic pressure to atmospheres, we can find the molar concentration and calculate the osmotic pressure of seawater at 20∘C.

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The atomic weight of an element is a weighted average of the masses of its isotopes, each multiplied by its relative abundance. Therefore, if the heaviest isotope is the most abundant, it largely influences the average atomic weight, increasing it.

The atomic weight of an element, like beanium, is determined by the relative abundance and the mass of its isotopes. If the heaviest isotope of beanium is more abundant, it would increase the average atomic weight of beanium. This is because the atomic weight is calculated as the average of the masses of its isotopes, each multiplied by the relative abundance of that isotope.

For example, if beanium has isotopes A, B and C with the respective masses of 10, 20 and 30 units, and their relative abundances are 10%, 20% and 70%, the atomic weight of beanium will be (10*0.10) + (20*0.20) + (30*0.70) = 27 units.

Therefore, if the heaviest isotope ('C' in this example) is the most abundant, it makes the biggest contribution to the atomic weight of the element, increasing the average atomic weight.

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If the heaviest isotope is more abundant and the other two isotopes are less abundant, the atomic weight of Beanium would increase.

The atomic weight of an element is determined by the relative abundance and atomic masses of its isotopes. If the heaviest isotope is more abundant and the other two isotopes are less abundant, the atomic weight of the element would increase.

For example, let's consider an element called Beanium with three isotopes: A, B, and C. If isotope A has a higher atomic mass and is more abundant than isotopes B and C, then the atomic weight of Beanium would increase due to the contribution of isotope A.

It's important to note that the atomic weight of an element is an average value that takes into account all the isotopes and their relative abundance.

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The chemical formula of the product when sodium combines with bromine is NaBr, forming an ionic compound with a 1:1 ratio of Na+ and Br- ions.

When the metallic element sodium (Na) combines with the nonmetallic element bromine (Br2), the chemical formula of the product is NaBr. Sodium and bromine react in a 1:1 ratio because sodium (Na) has an oxidation number of +1 and bromine (Br) has an oxidation number of -1 as a bromide ion (Br-). Consequently, the ionic compound that forms is composed of equal numbers of cations (Na+) and anions (Br-).

In similar reactions, such as when sodium (Na) combines with chlorine (Cl2) to form sodium chloride (NaCl), we used the diatomic nature of the halogens (Br2, Cl2) to balance the equation properly. It is also essential to remember that halogens like bromine exist as diatomic molecules. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and bromine would be: 2Na (s) + Br2 (l) → 2NaBr (s).

Separating oxygen isotopes by gaseous diffusion using CO₂ instead of CO has advantages such as larger molecular size, stability, and environmental benefits due to scCO₂ technology. Disadvantages include difficulty in analyzing polar solutes and varying diffusion rates. Additionally, diffusion constants and molecular affinity and binding must be considered for efficiency.

The advantages and disadvantages of separating oxygen isotopes by gaseous diffusion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) instead of carbon monoxide (CO) can be analyzed in the context of their physical properties, reaction kinetics, and safety considerations. Separating isotopes by gaseous diffusion involves the movement of gaseous molecules through a membrane or series of membranes that selectively allow lighter isotopes to pass through more quickly than heavier ones.

Advantages of using CO₂ for isotope separation include its relatively larger molecular size compared to CO, which may result in more efficient separation due to kinetic isotope effects. Additionally, CO₂ is a more stable molecule, reducing the risk of accidental releases of toxic gases and enhancing operational safety. The availability of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) technology provides an effective route for separation without producing hazardous solvents, beneficial for the environment and applications in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries.

Disadvantages of using CO₂ for this process include potential issues with analyzing highly polar solutes due to the nonpolar nature of CO₂ as a mobile phase. Additionally, the gaseous diffusion rate for CO₂ may vary from that of CO, which can affect separation efficiency. In cases of chemical reactions such as the reaction of CO with oxygen to form CO₂, the activated complexes have only been observed spectroscopically, indicating that this gas-phase reaction is incredibly rapid, and separating intermediates might be difficult.

When choosing between CO and CO₂ for gaseous diffusion, one should also consider the diffusion constants, which increase with temperature due to increased molecular speed, affecting the overall efficacy of the separation process. Furthermore, the affinities and binding sites of CO₂ and O₂ need to be considered, as different gases can have different electrostatic potentials influencing their diffusion rates.

Final answer:

Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in their three-dimensional structures, leading to distinct chemical properties. Structural isomers have different placements of covalent bonds, while stereoisomers have different spatial arrangements while maintaining the same connectivity of atoms.

Explanation:

Molecules with identical chemical formulas but different three-dimensional structures are known as isomers. This phenomenon highlights that the three-dimensional placement of atoms and chemical bonds within organic molecules is central to understanding their chemistry. Structural isomers, such as butane and isobutane, have the same chemical formula, i.e., C₄H₁₀, but due to different placements of their atoms and bonds, they have distinct chemical properties.

For example, butane is commonly used as a fuel for lighters and torches, whereas isobutane finds use as a refrigerant and a propellant in spray cans. These differences illustrate that even with the same molecular formula, the arrangement of atoms in three-dimensional space can lead to compounds with diverse properties and uses. The concept of isomers extends to other types of isomerism as well, such as stereoisomers, where the connectivity of atoms remains the same but the spatial arrangement differs.

The number of moles of gas is 2.14 moles and the molar mass (Mr) is approximately 122.43 g/mol. Based on the molar mass, the gas could be diatomic sulfur (S₂) or another substance with a similar molar mass.

To determine the number of moles of a gas from a given mass and volume, we use the ideal gas law and the concept of molar mass. When we are given that 48 dm³ of a gas has a mass of 262 grams, we can first convert the volume to liters since standard molar volume is commonly used in these units.

Since 1 dm³ equals 1 L, the volume of the gas is 48 L. At standard temperature and pressure (STP), 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.4 L. Therefore, to find the number of moles, we divide the volume of gas by the molar volume at STP:

Number of moles (n) = Volume of the gas at STP / Molar volume at STP

= 48 L / 22.4 L/mol

= 2.14 moles.

To find the molar mass (Mr), we use the mass of the gas divided by the moles of the gas:

Mr = Mass / Moles

= 262 g / 2.14 mol

= 122.43 g/mol.

Based on the molar mass, the element could be Sulfur (S), which has an approximate molar mass of 32.07 g/mol when formed as a diatomic molecule (S₂), or another substance with a molar mass around 122.43 g/mol.

E. Horizon

A map is a symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place or a given location. It present information about the world in a simple, visual way.

Several key features must be included on a map to aid the viewer in understanding the communication of a given map. They include;

ATP adds energy to a chemical reaction via exchange, of which is considered a type of reaction. This is a process that ATP is adding energy in exchange of having to produce a reaction of which is chemical reaction to produce its function or mechanism in the body.

Answer:

Exchange reaction.

Explanation:

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is known as the energy currency of the cell. The ATP is used in the body during various metabolic reactions and during the transport of molecules against the concentration gradient.

The ATP molecule undergoes the chemical reaction and the exchange reaction. The phosphate molecule is exchanged during the reaction that makes the ATP active and used to add energy in the cell system of the body.

Thus, the example is exchange reaction.