Which of the following is an example of how a scientist might use a model?

Question 5 options:

Stopwatches measure the amount of time it takes for a swimmer to go one lap in the pool.


A saw is used to cut a board in half.


Marbles placed inside a hollow sphere are used to describe protons in a nucleus.


A telescope is used to see the moons orbiting Jupiter.

Answer: stimulus

Explanation: I am a university graduate.

The correct answer is option A, that is, PTSD.  

PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder is the condition that illustrates an extreme and on-going emotional reaction, which occurs due to coming in contact with trauma or extreme stress. Clinically, such incidents comprise threatened or actual death, a threat to physical or psychological integrity, or any kind of serious physical injury.  

PTSD is considered to be mainly an anxiety disorder and should not be confused with usual adjustment and grief post-traumatic events. The symptoms of PTSD comprises flashbacks, nightmares, insomnia, emotional detachment, irritability, loss of appetite, anxiety, and clinical depression.  

Final answer:

The harmful effects of pain relievers, such as oversensitivity to light, increased risk of heart attack and stroke, liver damage, thinning of the blood, and deterioration of the stomach lining, highlight the significant but sometimes overlooked adverse effects of NSAIDs and Acetaminophen.

Explanation:

The question addresses the harmful effects of pain relievers, which can range from oversensitivity to light, increased risk of heart attack and stroke, liver damage, thinning of the blood, to deterioration of the stomach lining. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to prevent blood clots and decrease inflammation but can cause gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeds, as well as kidney disease. Acetaminophen, an alternative with fewer side effects than aspirin, does not inhibit platelet aggregation but poses a severe risk of liver damage in cases of overdose.

Individuals must use these medications as directed and be aware of their potential side effects to minimize health risks.

Plants contribute to karst formation by facilitating rock dissolution, reducing erosion, influencing soil quality, and impacting the aquatic and atmospheric conditions that are essential to the development of karst topography.

Plants are important to the development of karst primarily because they impact chemical and physical attributes of their environment. Their root systems absorb nutrients and water, which facilitates the dissolution process of soluble rocks such as limestone, forming distinctive karst landscapes. Furthermore, plants help to stabilize the soil, reducing erosion and slowing down runoff, which is crucial in karst regions that are prone to the rapid drainage of surface water. The storage of excess water by plants during floods also contributes to the shaping of karst features.

In areas of traditional agriculture, such as the karst topography in Viñales Valley, Cuba, plants support the tobacco-growing industry by influencing the soil quality. The growth form and function of freshwater plants or macrophytes are determinants of aquatic plant function in aquatic ecosystems, which can be part of karst systems. Removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by plants reduces the greenhouse effect, which also influences climatic factors relevant to karst formation.

Therefore, plants play a multifaceted role in the development of karst formations, not only through their physical impact on the landscape but also through their influence on the aquatic environment, soil, and atmospheric conditions.

Over 50 amino acids in a chain are considered a protein.

Answer:

More than 100 amino acids linked together is considered a protein.

Explanation:

The scientists categorize the links of amino acids based on the number of aminoacids:

Peptides: two to ten amino acids  

Polypeptides: 11 to 100 amino acids

Proteins are 100  and more of 100 amino acids.

A protein is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.  They are responsible of the biochemical reaction of cells.

The ovary is the part of the flower that develops into a fruit.

Answer:

Options (C) and (D)

Explanation:

During the process of weathering, the rocks are broken down into smaller and finer particles. These are commonly known as sediments, which are transported from one place and are deposited in another place. These sediments after being deposited are subject to compaction and lithification, resulting in the formation of sedimentary rocks. Some of the rocks formed by this process are sandstone, limestone, siltstone, mudstone, and dolostone.

In the given condition, Limestone and Sandstone are the two sedimentary rocks that are formed from the erosion and deposition of sediments.

Sandstone is dominated by sand particles and limestone are carbonate minerals dominated by calcite. They are often found to contain shells of various fossilized organisms.

Thus, the correct answers are options (C) and (D).

Chemistry includes qualitative analysis, which is descriptive and non-numerical, and quantitative analysis, which involves specific measurements and units. Qualitative analysis provides general descriptions like color or texture, while quantitative analysis offers precise measurements, as seen in titrations and stoichiometry. Both types of analysis are essential in understanding the composition and behavior of substances.

Qualitative analysis in chemistry refers to descriptions of the quality of something, which do not involve measurements or numbers. For example, qualitative properties can be descriptions such as sulfur is yellow, or that a solution turns blue when a penny is dissolved in it. On the other hand, quantitative analysis deals with numbers and units, providing a specific amount of something present in a substance or reaction. It encompasses counting or measuring certain aspects like the concentration of a solution, or the temperature at which sulfur melts, which is 115.21° Celsius.

Quantitative descriptions are critical in the field of chemistry as they help in accurately characterizing substances and in understanding reactions. For instance, the stoichiometry of chemical reactions is essential in quantitative chemical analysis methods such as titrations, where the volume of a titrant required to react completely with a sample is measured and used to calculate the concentration of the analyte. This quantitative approach allows for precise understanding and manipulation of chemical properties and interactions, a cornerstone of modern chemical science as it was for Dalton's atomic theory.

Although qualitative observations are fundamental to chemistry, there is a definitive need for quantitative measurements, especially in fields like solution chemistry. The precise quantitative methods of expressing solution concentration, such as molarity or percent composition, provide a deeper and more comprehensive understanding than qualitative terms like "concentrated" and "dilute".

Answer:

Option D, red shift in electromagnetic spectrum

Explanation:

According to the Big Bang theory the universe is continuously expanding and all celestial bodies are moving away from each other. This fact was established when red shift affect was discovered. A red shift is basically a shift/increase in the wavelength of light released by any star over a period of time. The farther the star, the more is its wavelength red shifted.

This red shift is continuously increasing which means that the light emitting celestial objects are continuously moving away from each other.

Hence, option D is correct answer

Reproductive isolation caused by different mating habits or physical separation leads to the divergence of two groups within a population into separate species through the process of speciation.

When different mating habits cause two groups within a population to be less likely to mate with each other, this leads to reproductive isolation. The outcome of reproductive isolation is often the divergence of the two groups into separate species, a process known as speciation. The driving forces behind this include natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift, which act over time to increase the genetic and phenotypic differences between the populations. As a result, even if individuals from the two groups are brought together, they may no longer be capable of producing viable or fertile offspring, thus cementing the reproductive isolation.

One example of this process involves habitat isolation, where a population of a species moves or is moved to a new habitat that does not overlap with the rest of the species. Over time, this separation can lead to speciation due to the lack of genetic exchange and the different selection pressures in the new environment.

There are two answers – in salt form and fat soluble, depending on which way you look at it. According to Penn Foster's "How Drugs Work”, "No matter what form of the drug is swallowed, the drug must go into the free solution in the stomach or small intestine to pass from the GI tract into circulation. One factor that allows many drugs to go into free solution in the GI tract is that the drug is in a salt form within the commercial preparation. Salts of drugs dissolve readily in stomach liquid."

Also quoted from "How Drugs Work", "The portal blood supply is joined to the small intestine by capillaries connecting to the gastrointestinal mucosal cells. In some cases, it isn’t easy to get through these mucosal cells because there’s a selective process that attempts to allow only important substances through. In the case of drugs, it has been found that the fat-soluble molecules (lipid-soluble  drugs) are absorbed through these mucosal cells very well."

The characteristic which is not in the multi-party system is dictatorship.

A multi-party system is a system of government related to politics in which there are more than two parties have a chance to rule and get real political power. There is an option for parties either they want to rule on their own or they become a part of federation government.

When the patient with emphysema was selected lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram are:

ERV, IRV, RV, FVC, FEV1, FEV1 %

The reason behind the changes of these values are due to the loss or inability of electric recoil. A spirogram (graph like structure obtained by the respiratory movements) is measured by spirometer.

Increased body temperature did this on plato

Answer:

The correct answer would be "increased body temperature".

The homeostasis refers to the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment irrespective of the change in the external environment.

For example, running causes an increase in body temperature as heat or energy, carbon dioxide, and water are produced by cellular respiration. This increase in body temperature activates the sweating of the body.

The sweating with the help of evaporation reduces the elevated body temperature to the normal range.

Thus, homeostasis of body temperature is maintained.

Final answer:

A small number of wild dogs would likely lead to an increase in the rabbit population due to reduced predation. Rabbit coloration is also influenced by natural selection, affecting survival based on environmental factors, such as snow for camouflage. Rabbit population dynamics are complex and also influenced by reproductive strategies and ecological balance.

Explanation:

The effect of a small number of wild dogs on rabbit populations is an example of predator-prey dynamics in an ecosystem. Wild dogs act as predators to rabbits, causing a direct impact on rabbit numbers. A smaller population of wild dogs might lead to an increase in the rabbit population, as fewer rabbits would fall prey to these predators. However, this effect can vary based on the presence of other predators, availability of food, and the habitat's carrying capacity for rabbits.

Changes in rabbit populations can also be driven by other environmental factors and adaptive traits. For example, rabbit coloration is an important factor for survival, as stated in the learning materials that white fur is advantageous for rabbits in snowy environments, in which it acts as camouflage against predators like foxes. On the other hand, darker fur makes rabbits more visible and increases predation risk. Therefore, natural selection can lead to changes in fur color frequency based on the environment.

Furthermore, the reproductive strategies of animals, such as the lack of parental care in species with high offspring numbers, as mentioned in example c, can also influence population dynamics and the ecological balance. In the case of rabbits, which typically have a high reproductive rate, even a small number of predators like wild dogs can have a significant effect by consuming a large number of juveniles, hence influencing the overall population stability.

Final answer:

Van der Waals forces are intermolecular attractions that include dipole-dipole interactions and London dispersion forces, influencing the behavior of molecules in various states of matter.

Explanation:

Van der Waals forces are a type of intermolecular force that include dipole-dipole interactions and London dispersion forces. Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules with permanent dipoles, whereas London dispersion forces arise from temporary dipoles caused by the movement of electrons within atoms or nonpolar molecules. Dispersion forces are present in all matter, and though they are the weakest type of van der Waals force, they can still significantly influence the physical properties of substances.