Answer:
b. domains is the correct answer
Explanation:
A domain is a taxonomic classification higher than the kingdom level.
The three-domain system proposed by Carl Woese.
The three domains classification
Bacteria: they have no nuclear membrane.Examples: Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria
Archaea: are prokaryotic and they do have a nuclear membrane.Examples: methanogens, thermoacidophile
Eukarya: they have a membrane-bounded nucleus.Examples: Saccharomycotina,Bryophytes
Which of the following represents the correct order of anatomical structures in the nephron?
A) glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubules
B) proximal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubules, glomerulus
C) glomerulus, distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubules
D) distal convoluted tubules, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle
E) glomerulus, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The structural and functional unit of kidney is nephrons. They are present in huge numbers in the kidney that helps in filtration of the blood in the body.
The anatomical structure of the nephron is made of different parts. The structure in the nephrons are in the order as follows.
The first is proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and then distal convulated tubule and finally the glomerulus. These structures combinely helps in the purification of blood.
The correct order of the anatomical structures in the nephron is glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubules, the loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubules (Option A).
A nephron is the functional and structural unit of the kidney that acts to generate urine and thus removes waste from the blood.The glomerulus refers to the network of small blood vessels found at the beginning of a nephron.The distal convoluted tubule refers to the tubule between the loop of Henle and the collecting tubule.The loop of Henle is a U-shaped part of the nephron tubule that acts to conduct the urine.In conclusion, the correct order of the anatomical structures in the nephron is glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubules, the loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubules (Option A).
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A flat, wide, white, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that attaches a flat muscle to a bone or to deep muscles is known as a/an ____.
Answer:
Aponeurosis
Explanation:
Aponeurosis refers to the connective tissue elements that extend as a broad, flat sheet. Therefore, an aponeurosis refers to a sheet-like tendon that joins one muscle with another or a muscle with bone. Aponeuroses are the extensions of connective tissue that go beyond muscle fibers. They are different from tendons in shape. An aponeurosis is wide and flat. For example, epicranial aponeurosis is present at top of the skull between the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle.
An aponeurosis is a flat, wide, white, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that attaches a flat muscle to a bone or to deep muscles.
Explanation:A flat, wide, white, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that attaches a flat muscle to a bone or to deep muscles is known as an aponeurosis.
what are all the possible sources of genetic variation in sexuaally repdoucing organisms?
Answer:
Mutation, Gene flow/Migration/Immigration of gene and Recombination
Explanation:
For any species there are majorly three sources of genetic variations –
a) Mutation – This leads to change in the genetic code with in the DNA of an organism. Sometimes mutation does not produce any effect on the organism. Mutation can produce both positive and negative impact. Its effect is observed in long run as its rate is slow.
b) Recombination – When an organism undergoes sex, his/her genes recombine with the genes of mating partner. The rate of recombination is faster than the rate of mutation
c) Gene flow /Migration/Immigration of gene – In this gene travel from one set of population to the other. The frequency of gene in the mixed population lies between the original population gene frequency and the migrated or donor population gene frequency
Which refers to the movement of a piece of one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome?
Answer:
Translocation
Explanation:
Translocation is a chromosomal abnormality (mutation) in which a chromosome breaks and a portion of it reattaches to a different chromosomal location. It can occur during the formation of sperms and eggs during meiosis.
Translocation is of two main types: 1. Reciprocal location, in which two fragments break off from two different (non-homologous) chromosomes and switch places.
2. Robertsonian translocation, in which an entire chromosome (usually acrocentric) becomes attached to another chromosome (acrocentric) at the centromere to form a metacentric chromosome.
Translocation can either be BALANCED, where no genetic information is missing or additional. Hence, there is an even exchange with no adverse effect on the affected individual or UNBALANCED, where the exchange of chromosomal material is unequal resulting in an extra or missing genes.
What are the three factors that contribute to water scarcity?
a) Climate change, ocean droughts, and water pollution.
b) Hurricanes, overuse of groundwater, and water pollution.
c) Climate change, overuse of groundwater, and water pollution.
d) El niño, hurricanes, and ocean drought.
Answer:
c) Climate change, overuse of groundwater, and water pollution
Climate change: Increase in temperature leads to and increase in water evaporation and also affect the amosphere's ability to keep water in
Overuse of water: Many people living in more priviledged countries consume excess water than needed (eg: some people leave the tap running while brushing their teeth)
Water pollution: I don't think I need to explain this one
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The inactive form of a vitamin that can be converted into an active form upon absorption or in the liver is called a(n) __________. __________ is an example of this.
Answer:
provitamin, beta-carotene
Explanation:
Beta-carotene is an example of a provitamin. It is a less active form of retinol (Vitamin A) that is synthesized by plants. Animals i.e. humans, cannot synthesize or make use of this form of Vitamin A. It can only be made available for use in humans through normal metabolic processes. Humans can access this provitamin by consuming food that is rich in beta-carotene. When beta-carotene undergoes normal metabolic processes in the body, it is transformed into retinol, which is an active form of Vitamin A. Vitamin A is needed by humans for healthy skin, good vision and eye health, as well as maintaining strong immune system.
The total collection of alleles in a population at any one time makes up that population's ________.a. genotypeb. gene poolc. allele frequencyd. heterozygote frequency
About 45 to 60 minutes after LTP, all of the following occur among dendritic spines EXCEPT ______.
a. partial bridging of the cleft
b. appearance of more AMPA receptors that are transported from the dendrites
c. enlargement or splitting to become separate spines
d. pruning of those that were not used in the process
Answer:
Pruning of those that were not used in the process.
Explanation:
LTP (long-term potentiation) may be defined as the strengthening of the synapse that are mainly based on the recent pattern activity. They are mainly based on the synaptic activity.
This LTP also denotes the phenomena of the synaptic plasticity. Dedndritic spines shows the LTP. The binding of the cleft occurs at the synaptoc end and the transfer of the receptor strength increases. Different spines amy form during the LTP. The pruning do not occur even if they are not in use.
Thus, the correct answer is option (d).
The distinguishing characteristic between birds and all other organisms is ________.
Answer:the possession of feathers
Explanation:birds are warm blooded animals , that possess feathers.these feathers cover their bodies and used for flight and warmth.their forelimbs are modified into wings,which fold into a Z shape at rest.feathers grow from the skin follicles and are replaced by scales on their legs.they possess oil gland to dress the feathers.
Other features of birds include
1) beaks with no teeth
2) fully ossified bones with air cavities
3)females with left ovary and oviducts only
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene B. binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity C. entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA D. activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones
Answer:
The correct option is A. Steroid hormones exert their action by entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene.
Explanation:
Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and regulate multiple biological processes. All steroid hormones exert their action by crossing the plasma membrane and by binding with their respective intracellular receptors. They stimulate cell growth in a very different way, their lipophilic nature gives them the ability to cross lipid barriers, so, without the need for extracellular signals, these hormones can easily enter the cell, cross the cytoplasm and reach the nucleus. There they bind to specific receptors that are associated with DNA promoter regions, modifying their structure and promoting the expression of the genes under their control.
Steroid hormones work by entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene. They do this by forming a hormone-receptor complex with specific receptors in the cytoplasm before going into the nucleus.
Explanation:Steroid hormones exert their action by entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene. Unlike many hormones that bind to receptors on the cell surface and initiate a signal cascade, such as cAMP activity, steroid hormones can pass through the cell membrane because they are lipophilic. Once inside the cell, they bind to specific receptors in the cytoplasm, forming a hormone-receptor complex. This complex then enters the nucleus and binds to specific genes, initiating or altering their expression, thus influencing the cell's function. It is no the case that these hormones would activate mitochondrial DNA or instigate the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones.
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Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of insect species that could interbreed except that one mates on goldenrod flowers and the other on autumn daisies that both blossom at the same time?
A) temporal isolation
B) habitat isolation
C) behavioral isolation
D) mechanical isolation
E) gametic isolation
Answer:
Answer is B, habitat isolation.
Explanation:
Habitat isolation can simply be explained as a situation whereby two insects or organisms of the same species, that have the ability to meet and reproduce could not, because they are living in different habitats.
These different habitats might even be in the same geographical location or area. That is, one insect might be living in or on the surface of the water, and the other living in the soil or the tree. Due to this effect, the insects are unlikely to meet and reproduce.
In figure 13-3 which code specifies the same amino acid as UAU
Answer:The answer is A. UAC
Explanation:
The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for evolution is ________.
(a) mutation
(b) genetic drift
(c) gene flow
(d) sexual recombination
(e) random fertilization
Answer:
(a) mutation
Explanation:
A mutation is defined as a change in an individual's DNA, these mutations can be transmited in gametes and therefore they modify the gene pool of a population, over long time the accumulation of these mutation can lead to evolution.
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Cell communication is critical for the function of both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Which of the following is likely true of cell signaling?
(A) Cell signaling uses the highest molecularweight molecules found in living cells.
(B) Cell signaling has largely been replaced byother cell functions in higher mammals.
(C) Similar cell signaling pathways in diverseeukaryotes are evidence of conservedevolutionary processes.
(D) Cell signaling functions mainly during earlydevelopmental stages.
Answer:
Similar cell signaling pathways in diverse eukaryotes are evidence of conserved evolutionary processes.
Explanation:
Cells communicate by signaling one another using chemical compounds. A signaling molecule binds to a receptor molecule on the cell surface or within the target cell to transduce the signal and to generate the desired cellular response. Cell signaling pathways are important for cell-cell communication in both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Several signaling pathways are conserved and are exhibited by diverse groups of eukaryotes.
For example, cAMP serves as a second messenger in both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes and serves to relay a signal from the plasma membrane to protein in the cytosol. The cAMP serves as the second messenger in amoeba-like cellular slime mold such as Dictyostelium under the conditions of food scarcity and directs the movement of several slime molds to form a multicellular slug-shaped colony.
The cell accepts, processes and transfers signal to connect the outer and inner environment through cell communication and signalling. It is a necessary attribute in living organisms.
The correct answer is:
Option C. Similar cell signalling pathways in diverse eukaryotes are evidence of conserved evolutionary processes.
In a cell signalling groups of molecules work together to bring about a chemical reaction that controls the cell functioning.Cell surfaces have receptors for binding of the signalling molecules that induce the signal and produces the cellular responses. Cell signalling is very important for cell communication in majorly all types of eukaryotes.For example, cell signalling in the yeast uses an endocrine pathway that is similar to the insulin signalling pathway of humans.Therefore, similar signalling pathways in diverse bare evidence of conserved evolutionary processes.
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What are the three sections of the small intestine and what role does each section play in digestion or absorption?
Answer:
The three sections of the small intestine are the duodenum,
Explanation:
The duodenum
It receives chyme from the stomachs
Its intestinal cells enzymes such as secrete amylase, sucrase, and lipase enzymes that break down fats and sugars.
The jejunum
It is covered in villi and microvilli giving the name THE PRINCIPAL SITE of digestion.
the ileum.
Aid absorption e.g. amino acids, lipids, fat-soluble vitamins, and vitamin B12.
Answer:
The three sections of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum
Explanation:
Duodenum: The beginning and the shortest part of the small intestine where iron is absorbed. Duodenum is shaped like a letter "C.
Food passes from the stomach to duodenum through a muscle called the pyloric sphincter.
Jejunum: The middle part of the small intestine where sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids are absorbed.
Ileum: The last part of the small intestine where vitamin B12, bile acids, and other nutrients are absorbed
The protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of the T2 phage is termed the:______
A) Capsid.
B) Envelope.
C) Nucleoid.
D) Membrane.
E) Cell wall.
Answer:
Th correct answer is A. Capsid
Explanation:
T-2 phage is a bacteriophage which is virulent to E.coli which means T2 phage infects E.coli. The genetic material of T2 phage is linear DNA which is double-stranded. The genetic material of T2 phage is enclosed in a protein coat which is called capsid.
This capsid protects the genetic material of bacteriophage by any enzymatic digestion, helps the virus to attach the host cell and helps the virion to penetrate the cell membrane of the host cell and inject its genetic material in the host cell. Therefore capsid is the correct answer.
A researcher studying a group of individuals of the same species living and interacting in a shared environment is said to be working at the level of a ______
Answer:
the answer is " POPULATION".
Explanation:
A population is a group of individuals of same species living and inhabiting the same environment. in other words : All the inhabitants of a particular space forms a population in which the species interbreed.
so the correct answer is POPULATION.
Cell signaling involves converting extracellular signals to specific responses inside the target cell. Different molecules are involved at each stage of the process. In this activity, you will sort items based on which stage they are involved in:
a) reception.
b) transduction.
c) response.
Answer:
Each cell can receive and respond to signals that they get from their surroundings. The three stages involved in transduction are reception, transduction, and response.
Reception: It involves receptor molecules and inducers. Receptors can be intracellular or extracellular. Receptors like G- protein-coupled receptor, receptor tyrosine kinase, and signaling molecules are the items that come under reception.
Transduction: In transduction, signals are transferred from outside of the cell to the inside of the cell. Secondary messengers are majorly involved in signal transduction like cAMP, cGMP, IP3, Ca2+, nitric oxide, etc.
Response: The response of cell signaling includes processes like protein synthesis, cell division, cell growth, etc.
Collectively, which group of organisms are the most diverse representatives of life?
Answer:
the most diverse group of organisms are the " insects".
Explanation:
the group of organisms which are the most diverse representatives of life include the " insects". they have a vast variety and are extremely large in numbers and have a variety of species.
insects colonize nearly every corner and nook of the globe.
they have evolved from very simple to complex organisms.
Bacteria are the most diverse group of species on Earth.
When considering the full variety of life, or species diversity, there is an astounding range of organisms on Earth. Estimates suggest that Earth's biodiversity includes somewhere between 1 to 6 billion distinct species. Among these, the most diverse group of species is bacteria, which belong to one of the three major lineages of life along with Archaea and Eukaryotes.
Bacteria, as single-celled organisms, exhibit a vast array of characteristics and exist in virtually every environment on Earth. They demonstrate incredible adaptability and genetic diversity, which contributes to their overwhelming numbers.
Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal "inside out." The little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP.
These inside-out membrane vesicles will _____.
A) become acidic inside the vesicles when NADH is added
B) become alkaline inside the vesicles when NADH is added
C) make ATP from ADP and Pi if transferred to a pH 4 buffered solution after incubation in a pH 7 buffered solution
D) hydrolyze ATP to pump protons out of the interior of the vesicle to the exterior
Answer:B
Explanation:
This is Because Plasma membranes purified from human red cells were Converted into small vesicles by disruption in alkaline buffer of low ionic strength. Therefore, Most of these vesicles were inside-out.
Which statement correctly identifies an enzyme involved in DNA replication and describes its primary function?
A. Ligase catalyzes the binding of RNA primers to DNA via phosphodiester bonds.
B. Primase catalyzes the replacement of RNA primer nucleotides with DNA nucleotides.
C. Helicase catalyzes the separation of the parent DNA strands at the origin of replication.
D. Topoisomerase catalyzes the joining of adjacent Okazaki fragments into a continuous strand of DNA.
Answer:
C. Helicase catalyzes the separation of the parent DNA strands at the origin of replication.
Explanation:
DNA is a double-stranded structure which must be converted into single-stranded to be replicated. So the two parent strands must be separated at the origin of replication by an enzyme and that enzyme is called DNA helicase.
This DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bond between two DNA strands and creates a replication fork between the two strands of DNA which helps in converting the double-stranded DNA into a single strand.
The Single-stranded binding protein attaches to each strand and so that the two separated parent strand do not get annealed again. So the right answer is C.
With regard to the functioning of the thyroid gland, which is an essential element for the manufacturing of thyroxine and triiodothyronine?
Answer:
The correct answer is- iodine
Explanation:
Thyroid glands is an important endocrine gland of the body which release hormone called thyroid hormone in the blood. It plays an important role in metabolism, brain development, and function, muscle control, etc.
The active form of thyroxine is triiodothyronine and the formation of thyroid hormone requires the availability of iodine. Four iodine atoms are present in thyroxine and 3 is present in triiodothyronine. Without iodine, they can not be produced.
Therefore iodine is the essential element that is required for the manufacturing of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
The thin layer of white blood cells and platelets found above the packed red cells in centrifuged blood is called the ______
Answer:
Buffy coat.
Explanation:
Between the plasma, and red blood cells the platelets, and white blood cells form a thin white layer which is known as Buffy coat following density gradient centrifugation of the blood.
Centrifugation is the process where the distinguish between cell fragments, and cell from the liquid intracellular matrix occurs. Centrifugation is a technique which separates the particles according to their size, density, viscosity and shape with the help of centrifugal force.
Dogs are widely used by the police as biological recognition systems to detect drug smuggling and drug caches. Yet recent evidence suggests that insects, rather than mammals, might be used more effectively in this capacity. In the 1950s, German biologist Dietrich Schneider developed the first method that enabled researchers to record activity in insect olfactory nerves and to identify the compounds or class of compounds that trigger a particular behavioral response. The position of the insect olfactory organs on the surface of its body allows for direct investigation of the system’s response. Schneider’s technique formed the foundation of an olfactory detection system based upon insects, a system that is at least as effective as the ones based upon mammals.Insects have olfactory systems that are very similar to those of vertebrates. Insects first detect odors via finger-like protuberances on the antenna, called olfactory sensilla. The odorant molecules pass through pores in the outer cuticle of the sensilla and become attached to an odorant-binding protein. This protein carries the hydrophobic molecules through the lymph fluid found inside the cell and attaches them to receptors on the dendritic projections of a sensory nerve cell. Finally, these receptors send signals to the central nervous system, allowing researchers to detect and interpret the responses.It can be inferred from the passage that insects would be less useful for helping researchers to detect drugs if which of the following were true?A) They were as accurate as, but not more accurate than, dogs in detecting drugs.B) Insect olfactory systems did not deliver odorants to nerve cells, as vertebrate olfactory systems do.C) Dietrich Schneider did not develop the first method that enabled researchers to record the activity in insect olfactory nerves.D) They did not have finger-like protuberances for detecting odors.E) The signal sent to the insect’s central nervous system did not allow researchers to classify the compound that triggered the response.
Answer:
B. Insect olfactory systems did not deliver odorants to nerve cells, as vertebrate olfactory systems do
Explanation:
if insect olfactory system did not deliver odorants to the nerve cell, there will not be any basis for their use in detecting drugs.
The "central dogma" of biology explains how life arose on this planet? A) The union of sperm and egg creates the next generation. B) New species evolve. C) Information stored in DNA comes to life in two fundamental steps. D) DNA is replicated
The question is incorrect. The correct question is:
Question: The "central dogma" of biology explains how
a) life arose on this planet
b) The union of sperm and egg creates the next generation.
c) New species evolve.
d) Information stored in DNA comes to life in two fundamental steps.
e) DNA is replicated
Answer:
d) Information stored in DNA comes to life in two fundamental steps.
Explanation:
According to the central dogma, the genetic information is stored in the nucleotide sequence of DNA molecules. The genetic information of DNA is copied into RNA molecules by the process of transcription. The process of transcription includes the formation of RNA molecules having a nucleotide sequence complementary to that of the template DNA strand.
The mRNA molecule then serves as a template for protein synthesis. The nucleotide sequence of mRNA is read in the form of triplet codons and each codon specifies a particular amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. Therefore, the genetic information stored in DNA is converted into amino acid sequences of specific proteins in two steps: transcription and translation.
Identify the pairs of rates as equivalent or not equivalent.
Answer:
These fractions are equivalent:
3/14= 21/98, 9/12= 21/28, 2/14= 1/7 and 3/21= 1/7.
These fractions are not equivalent:
3/7 is not equivalent to 1/7, 2/5 is not equal to 1/4.
Explanation:
Fractions are said to be equivalent if when the numerator of one is divided by the its denominator and the answers are the same when same is done.
Fractions are said not to be equivalent if when the numerator is divided by the denominator of one, then, the result is different from the other fraction when same is done.
In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, what will likely occur?
A. stimulus generalizationB. stimulus discriminationC. extinctionD. spontaneous recovery
Answer:
C - Extinction
Explanation:
Extinction is the gradual removal or cessation of a learned behavior. It usually occurs when the behavior is not reinforced.
Classical conditioning can be defined as a process in which a conditioned stimulus becomes paired with an unrelated unconditioned stimulus in order to elicit a conditioned response (behavior) from the subject.
It was a process incepted by Ivan Pavlov.
In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response is gradually eroded until it becomes extinct and forgotten.
In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, extinction will likely occur.
option c is correct
Explanation:In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, extinction will likely occur.
Extinction refers to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. This occurs because the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus, and the learned association weakens over time.
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Free-running rhythms are those that occur in environments devoid of __________________ .
Answer:
Free running rhythms
Explanation:
Free running or Circadian rhythms are independent rhythms
that strive when the organism environment is unprovided with necesaary time cues such as constant light by switching on or off the genes that influence the molecular structure of biological clocks.
Assume hydrolysis of ATP proceeds with G = -30 J/mol. RT = -2.5ATP + H2O -> ADP + PiWhich expression gives the ratio of ADP to ATP at equilibrium, if Pi = 1.0M?a. e^2b. e^3c. e^6d. e^12
Answer: (d) e^12
Explanation:
The relationship between the standard free energy change, ΔG, and the equilibrium constant, K at a particular temperature is represented Using the formula ΔG = -RTlnK, where G = -30, RT = -2.5 and [Pi] = 1
lnK = ΔG/-RT
lnK = -30/-2.5
lnK = 12
taking exponents of both sides
e^(lnK) = e^12
K = e^12
A food scientist is developing a new and improved cereal bar. She consults with you to about the ordering of the ingredients on a food label. The ingredients are: Sugar: 30 g, Puffed wheat: 28 g, Dry milk powder: 5 g, Red food coloring: 35 mg, Salt: 2 g. What is the appropriate order in which to list these ingredients on the food label?
Answer:
Sugar – 30 g
Puffed Wheat – 28 g
Dry milk powder- 5 g
Salt – 2 g
Explanation:
The very basic rule of listing the ingredients in any food item are as follows –
a) The item with the maximum weight must be placed at the top
b) The item with the lowest weight must be placed at the bottom
c) Any ingredient whose weight < 5% of the total food weight, then it must not be listed.
Based on the above rule, the correct order of ingredient list is
Sugar – 30 g
Puffed Wheat – 28 g
Dry milk powder- 5 g
Salt – 2 g
No need to put Red food coloring in the list